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Fisher WW, Greer BD, Shahan TA, Norris HM. Basic and applied research on extinction bursts. J Appl Behav Anal 2023; 56:4-28. [PMID: 36193974 PMCID: PMC9868065 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Discontinuation of the contingency between a response and its reinforcer sometimes produces a temporary increase in the response before its rate decreases, a phenomenon called the extinction burst. Prior clinical and basic studies on the prevalence of the extinction burst provide highly disparate estimates. Existing theories on the extinction burst fail to account for the dynamic nature of this phenomenon, and the basic behavioral processes that control response bursting remain poorly understood. In this paper, we first review the basic and applied literature on the extinction burst. We then describe a recent refinement of the concatenated matching law called the temporally weighted matching law that appears to resolve the above-mentioned issues regarding the extinction burst. We present illustrative translational data based conceptually on the model. Finally, we discuss specific recommendations derived from the temporally weighted matching law regarding procedures clinicians could implement to potentially mitigate or prevent extinction bursts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne W. Fisher
- Rutgers Brain Health Institute
- Children's Specialized Hospital–Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services
- Department of PediatricsRutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
| | - Brian D. Greer
- Rutgers Brain Health Institute
- Children's Specialized Hospital–Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services
- Department of PediatricsRutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
| | | | - Halle M. Norris
- Children's Specialized Hospital–Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services
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2
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Jones SH, St Peter CC. Nominally acceptable integrity failures negatively affect interventions involving intermittent reinforcement. J Appl Behav Anal 2022; 55:1109-1123. [PMID: 35822271 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The finding that differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) is efficacious at 80% integrity when continuous reinforcement is programmed for alternative responding may have contributed to a perception that integrity at 80% or above is acceptable. However, research also suggests that other interventions (e.g., noncontingent reinforcement) may not remain effective at 80% integrity. The conditions under which 80% integrity is acceptable for common behavioral interventions remains unclear. Therefore, we conducted two human-operant studies to evaluate effects of 80% integrity for interventions with contingent or noncontingent intermittent reinforcement schedules. During Experiment 1, we compared noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) and DRA when implemented with 80% integrity. During Experiment 2, we compared 2 variations of DRA, which included either a ratio or interval schedule to reinforce alternative behavior. Results replicated previous research showing that DRA with a FR-1 schedule programmed for alternative responding resulted in consistent target response suppression, even when integrity was reduced to 80%. In contrast, neither NCR nor interval-based DRA were consistently effective when implemented at 80% integrity. These results demonstrate that 80% integrity is not a uniformly acceptable minimal level of integrity.
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3
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Franklin AN, Martin AL, Perlman JE, Bloomsmith MA. Functional Analysis and Successful Treatment of a Captive Rhesus Macaque's Disruptive Behavior. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2022; 25:287-296. [PMID: 34056962 PMCID: PMC9836391 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2021.1931868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Functional analysis (FA) is a method developed and used by behavior analysts in human clinical settings to identify possible environmental variables that reinforce undesired behavior. FA is increasingly being applied to better understand the behavior of nonhuman animals. When training monkeys in a room with others, disruptive behavior displayed by neighboring monkeys can impede training progress. In the present study, a FA identified possible reinforcers of disruptive behavior (loud shaking of a toy) exhibited frequently (24% duration pre-treatment) by a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) during in-room training sessions. The functional analysis identified that contingent delivery of foods was maintaining the disruptive behavior, with a mean percent duration of 57% in this condition. The implementation of a function-based treatment consisting of continuous access to a preferred food during in-room training sessions successfully decreased disruptive behavior by over 90% as measured during 15 subsequent sessions. This study advances the current literature applying functional analysis to nonhuman primates as a means of determining the reinforcers maintaining aberrant or undesirable behavior and applying effective treatments based on understanding this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N. Franklin
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A. L. Martin
- Department of Psychological Science, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - J. E. Perlman
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M. A. Bloomsmith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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4
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Miller SA, Fisher WW, Greer BD, Saini V, Keevy MD. Procedures for determining and then modifying the extinction component of multiple schedules for destructive behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 2021; 55:463-480. [PMID: 34897677 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
As a component of reinforcer schedule thinning following functional communication training, multiple schedules of reinforcement produce desirable rates and patterns of communication responses as an alternative response to destructive behavior. However, reinforcement schedule thinning is a gradual process that can take many sessions to obtain therapeutic goals. The desired outcome is that manding occurs only during signaled intervals of reinforcement with a sufficiently lean terminal schedule of reinforcement availability and low rates of destructive behavior. The purposes of this study were to (a) evaluate an assessment for informing the initial duration of extinction for alternative responding, (b) evaluate the utility of competing stimuli during extinction for alternative responding, and (c) assess a method for fading the availability of competing stimuli. With these procedures, all 4 participants experienced terminal schedules of reinforcement with rapid, robust reductions in destructive behavior soon after baseline. We discuss the implications and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Miller
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | - Wayne W Fisher
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School.,Severe Behavior Program, Children's Specialized Hospital-Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH-RUCARES)
| | - Brian D Greer
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School.,Severe Behavior Program, Children's Specialized Hospital-Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH-RUCARES)
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5
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Newman ZA, Roscoe EM, Errera NP, Davis CR. Noncontingent reinforcement: Arbitrary versus maintaining reinforcers for escape-maintained problem behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 2021; 54:984-1000. [PMID: 33667327 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) involves the delivery of maintaining reinforcers on a time-dependent schedule and often includes extinction. However, arbitrary reinforcers may be equally efficacious during NCR without extinction for treating escape-maintained problem behavior. The purpose of this study was to extend previous research on NCR by evaluating the relative efficacy of NCR without extinction and comparing maintaining versus arbitrary reinforcers for 4 individuals with escape-maintained problem behavior. Two different NCR conditions, NCR using the maintaining reinforcer (escape) and NCR using an arbitrary reinforcer (an edible), were evaluated using multielement and reversal designs. Treatment effects varied across participants. Results for 2 participants showed a reduction in problem behavior during NCR without extinction with both the arbitrary and maintaining reinforcers. For 1 participant, results showed a reduction in problem behavior with both the arbitrary and maintaining reinforcers only when extinction was added to NCR. For the 4th participant, the maintaining reinforcer was effective during NCR without extinction, but the arbitrary reinforcer was ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe A Newman
- Department of Psychology, Western New England University.,The New England Center for Children
| | - Eileen M Roscoe
- Department of Psychology, Western New England University.,The New England Center for Children
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6
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Treatment Burst Data Points and Single Case Design Studies: A Bayesian N-of-1 Analysis for Estimating Treatment Effect Size. Perspect Behav Sci 2020; 43:285-301. [PMID: 32647783 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-020-00258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-case experimental designs (SCED) evaluate treatment effects for each participant, but it is difficult to aggregate and quantify treatment effects across SCED participants receiving the same type of treatment. We applied Bayesian analytic procedures to SCED data aggregated across participants that have previously only been applied to large-N and group design studies of treatment effect sizes. For the current study, we defined transient elevated treatment data points as (1) above the range of the last five baseline sessions during the first three sessions of treatment (i.e., extinction burst); (2) within or above the range of baseline after the first three treatment sessions (i.e., recurrence burst); or (3) thinning phase data points above the last three prethinning treatment data points (i.e., thinning burst). Results indicated that the treatment effect sizes remained large regardless of controlling for transient elevated treatment data points. Finally, we examined the effects of reinforcer schedule thinning on estimates of treatment effect size. Results indicated a moderate negative impact of schedule thinning on treatment effect size with a 16% decrease in effect size. Recommendations for research and practice are provided, and the utility of using Bayesian analysis in single-case experimental designs is discussed.
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7
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Meindl JN, Ivy JW, Glodowski KR, Noordin K. Applying Standards of Effectiveness to Noncontingent Reinforcement: A Systematic Literature Review. Behav Modif 2019; 45:619-640. [PMID: 31452379 DOI: 10.1177/0145445519865073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Noncontingent reinforcement is a time-based schedule of reinforcement that has been shown to decrease problem behavior. Although the intervention is considered well established, there exist concerns that much of the supporting research has been conducted under highly controlled experimental conditions that may lack ecological validity. That is, although the efficacy has been demonstrated, the effectiveness in less controlled settings has not. To evaluate this concern, we analyzed research on noncontingent reinforcement between 1993 and 2017. Standards of evidence for effectiveness were adapted from prevention science and applied to noncontingent reinforcement literature. We specifically focused on generalizability across populations and settings, the conditions under which the intervention was applied, specific treatment parameters, opportunity cost, and social validity. Our results indicate several areas where evidence of noncontingent reinforcement effectiveness in applied settings is limited. We identify these limitations and provide a range of recommendations for future research to promote more widespread dissemination of the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan W Ivy
- The Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg, Middletown, PA, USA
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8
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Scheithauer M, Schebell SM, Mevers JL, Martin CP, Noell G, Suiter KC, Call NA. A comparison of sources of baseline data for treatments of problem behavior following a functional analysis. J Appl Behav Anal 2019; 53:102-120. [PMID: 30887502 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It is common practice in research on the treatment of problem behavior to compare levels of targeted behaviors during treatment to levels when treatment is not in place. Some researchers use data collected as part of a multielement functional analysis as the initial baseline, whereas others collect new baseline data following completion of the functional analysis. We evaluated whether the source of baseline data influences the reliability and efficiency of decision-making. Results suggest that similar decisions are made in regard to treatment efficacy using the different sources of baseline data, but using data from a multielement functional analysis as baseline may save time. Interrater agreement was adequate, but lower for some graphs than has been observed in past studies. Several potential explanations for this discrepancy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nathan A Call
- Emory University School of Medicine, Marcus Autism Center
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9
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Patel RR, Normand MP, Kohn CS. Incentivizing physical activity using token reinforcement with preschool children. J Appl Behav Anal 2019; 52:499-515. [DOI: 10.1002/jaba.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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McDougale CB, Coon JC, Richling SM, O'Rourke S, Rapp JT, Thompson KR, Burkhart BR. Group Procedures for Decreasing Problem Behavior Displayed by Detained Adolescents. Behav Modif 2018; 43:615-638. [PMID: 29902929 DOI: 10.1177/0145445518781314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As one component of providing treatment in a residential facility, Brogan, Falligant, and Rapp decreased problem behavior by two groups of detained adolescents using group contingency procedures. The current series of studies evaluated the extent to which group procedures could be extended to other contexts within a residential facility. In Study 1, fixed-time delivery of attention by dormitory staff decreased problem behavior displayed by a group of five to 11 detained adolescents during free periods. In Study 2, rules from a therapist plus contingencies for following those rules increased appropriate line walking during specific transition periods. Subsequently, rules alone maintained appropriate line walking, however, direct training was required to produce appropriate line walking during other transitions. Measures of social validity indicated the procedures and outcomes in both studies were acceptable to facility personnel.
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11
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Development of an in-vivo metric to aid visual inspection of single-case design data: Do we need to run more sessions? Behav Res Ther 2018; 102:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Ninness HAC, Ninness SK. Superstitious Math Performance: Interactions between Rules and Scheduled Contingencies. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03395258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Fritz JN, Jackson LM, Stiefler NA, Wimberly BS, Richardson AR. Noncontingent reinforcement without extinction plus differential reinforcement of alternative behavior during treatment of problem behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 2017; 50:590-599. [PMID: 28513826 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The effects of noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) without extinction during treatment of problem behavior maintained by social positive reinforcement were evaluated for five individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. A continuous NCR schedule was gradually thinned to a fixed-time 5-min schedule. If problem behavior increased during NCR schedule thinning, a continuous NCR schedule was reinstated and NCR schedule thinning was repeated with differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) included. Results showed an immediate decrease in all participants' problem behavior during continuous NCR, and problem behavior maintained at low levels during NCR schedule thinning for three participants. Problem behavior increased and maintained at higher rates during NCR schedule thinning for two other participants; however, the addition of DRA to the intervention resulted in decreased problem behavior and increased mands.
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14
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Saini V, Fisher WW, Pisman MD. Persistence during and resurgence following noncontingent reinforcement implemented with and without extinction. J Appl Behav Anal 2017; 50:377-392. [DOI: 10.1002/jaba.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valdeep Saini
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | - Wayne W. Fisher
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
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15
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Phillips CL, Iannaccone JA, Rooker GW, Hagopian LP. Noncontingent reinforcement for the treatment of severe problem behavior: An analysis of 27 consecutive applications. J Appl Behav Anal 2017; 50:357-376. [DOI: 10.1002/jaba.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Griffin W. Rooker
- The Kennedy Krieger Institute and the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Louis P. Hagopian
- The Kennedy Krieger Institute and the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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16
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Greer BD, Fisher WW. Treatment of Socially Reinforced Problem Behavior. HANDBOOK OF TREATMENTS FOR AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-61738-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Noel CR, Getch YQ. Noncontingent Reinforcement in After-School Settings to Decrease Classroom Disruptive Behavior for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Behav Anal Pract 2016; 9:261-5. [PMID: 27622132 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-016-0117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) is the response-independent delivery of a reinforcer (Vollmer, Iwata, Zarcone, Smith, and Mazaleski in Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 26: 9-21 1993). Two staff members (preservice education majors) implemented NCR procedures for two students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who exhibited problem behavior and attended an after-school program. The amount of training on NCR and procedural fidelity was measured for each staff member, and the effects of the treatment on problem behavior were evaluated. Results indicate NCR is a low-effort procedure that reduced problem behavior of two participants with ASD. • NCR can both reduce problem behaviors of clients who engage in difficult behaviors (Carr, Severtson, & Lepper, 2009). • NCR can be used for clients for whom extinction-induced behaviors are dangerous (Tucker, Sigafoos, and Bushell in Behavior Modification, 22: 529-547, 1998). • Nonbehavioral providers can implement NCR with high fidelity, making it a good procedure to use when collaborating with other professionals (teachers, SLP, parents, etc.; Matson, 2009). • NCR can be used when clinicians first begin working with a client until more detailed interventions are created.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina R Noel
- Department of Special Education, Western Kentucky University, Gary Ransdell Hall 1081, Bowling Green, KY 43402 USA
| | - Yvette Q Getch
- Department of Diversity and Community Studies, Western Kentucky University, 255 Tate Page Hall, Bowling Green, KY 43402 USA
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18
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Moore TC, Robinson CC, Coleman MB, Cihak DF, Park Y. Noncontingent Reinforcement to Improve Classroom Behavior of a Student With Developmental Disability. Behav Modif 2016; 40:640-57. [DOI: 10.1177/0145445516629937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a noncontingent reinforcement intervention package implemented by an interning teacher in a special education classroom to address disruptive behavior and task engagement for a third-grade, 8-year-old boy with developmental disability. Using a within-subject reversal design (A-B-A-B), a teacher interning in Max’s classroom delivered 3-min breaks (i.e., escape) from classroom tasks on a fixed-time 2-min interval schedule for five daily sessions during the first intervention phase and for five daily sessions during the reimplementation phase; breaks were not contingent on his behavior. The intervention package also included a reinforcement menu for the student to select daily from escape activities (i.e., preferred activities including swinging and taking a walk) and a picture prompt to provide a continuous, visual reminder of the upcoming reinforcer. Results indicated increases in task engagement and decreases in disruptive behavior during phases when the intervention was applied. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
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19
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Gabor AM, Fritz JN, Roath CT, Rothe BR, Gourley DA. Caregiver preference for reinforcement-based interventions for problem behavior maintained by positive reinforcement. J Appl Behav Anal 2016; 49:215-27. [PMID: 26792408 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Social validity of behavioral interventions typically is assessed with indirect methods or by determining preferences of the individuals who receive treatment, and direct observation of caregiver preference rarely is described. In this study, preferences of 5 caregivers were determined via a concurrent-chains procedure. Caregivers were neurotypical, and children had been diagnosed with developmental disabilities and engaged in problem behavior maintained by positive reinforcement. Caregivers were taught to implement noncontingent reinforcement (NCR), differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA), and differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO), and the caregivers selected interventions to implement during sessions with the child after they had demonstrated proficiency in implementing the interventions. Three caregivers preferred DRA, 1 caregiver preferred differential reinforcement procedures, and 1 caregiver did not exhibit a preference. Direct observation of implementation in concurrent-chains procedures may allow the identification of interventions that are implemented with sufficient integrity and preferred by caregivers.
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20
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Stimulus Preference and Reinforcement Effects of the Madagascar Hissing Cockroach (Gromphordahina portentosa): A Case of Reverse Translational Research. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-015-0149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Richman DM, Barnard-Brak L, Grubb L, Bosch A, Abby L. Meta-analysis of noncontingent reinforcement effects on problem behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 2015; 48:131-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jaba.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Derosa NM, Fisher WW, Steege MW. An evaluation of time in establishing operation on the effectiveness of functional communication training. J Appl Behav Anal 2014; 48:115-30. [DOI: 10.1002/jaba.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wayne W. Fisher
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
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23
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Marsteller TM, St Peter CC. Effects of fixed-time reinforcement schedules on resurgence of problem behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 2014; 47:455-69. [PMID: 24844682 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Resurgence of problem behavior following the discontinuation of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) may be prevented by response-independent reinforcer delivery. In basic research, response-independent reinforcer delivery following DRA prevented resurgence of the initially reinforced response and maintained alternative responding (Lieving & Lattal, 2003, Experiment 3). We evaluated the generality of these results by assessing if fixed-time (FT) reinforcer delivery following DRA would prevent resurgence of problem behavior and maintain appropriate behavior with 4 children with disabilities. For all participants, extinction following DRA produced resurgence of previously reinforced problem behavior and reduced appropriate requests, but FT reinforcer delivery following DRA mitigated resurgence of problem behavior and maintained appropriate requests.
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Virues-Ortega J, Iwata BA, Fahmie TA, Harper JM. Effects of alternative responses on behavior exposed to noncontingent reinforcement. J Appl Behav Anal 2013; 46:603-12. [DOI: 10.1002/jaba.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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Wallace MD, Iwata BA, Hanley GP, Thompson RH, Roscoe EM. Noncontingent reinforcement: a further examination of schedule effects during treatment. J Appl Behav Anal 2013; 45:709-19. [PMID: 23322927 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2012.45-709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We conducted 2 studies to determine whether dense and thin NCR schedules exert different influences over behavior and whether these influences change as dense schedules are thinned. In Study 1, we observed that thin as well as dense NCR schedules effectively decreased problem behavior exhibited by 3 individuals. In Study 2, we compared the effects of 2 NCR schedules in multielement designs, one with and the other without an extinction (EXT) component, while both schedules were thinned. Problem behavior remained low as the NCR schedule with EXT was thinned, but either (a) did not decrease initially or (b) subsequently increased as the NCR schedule without EXT was thinned. These results suggest that dense schedules of NCR decrease behavior by altering its motivating operation but that extinction occurs as the NCR schedule is thinned. The benefits and limitations of using dense or thin NCR schedules are discussed.
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26
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Yury CA. Noncontingent reinforcement of disruptive behaviors in personal care home settings. J Appl Gerontol 2013; 32:457-67. [PMID: 25474684 DOI: 10.1177/0733464811425172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this case study was to examine the potential of using noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) to reduce the frequency of disruptive behaviors of three elderly persons in personal care home (PCH) settings. Assessment indicated that participants were engaging in the disruptive behaviors to obtain social attention from PCH staff. Social attention, up to 1 min of staff making eye contact with the participant and directing positive verbal statements toward the participant, was given on a fixed time interval (from morning through early evening) beginning every 20 min and fading to every 30 min. Results indicate that NCR reduced the frequency of the disruptive behaviors.
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27
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Sweeney MM, Shahan TA. Effects of high, low, and thinning rates of alternative reinforcement on response elimination and resurgence. J Exp Anal Behav 2013; 100:102-16. [PMID: 23605776 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A common treatment for operant problem behavior is alternative reinforcement. When alternative reinforcement is removed or reduced, however, resurgence of the target behavior can occur. Shahan and Sweeney (2011) developed a quantitative model of resurgence based on behavioral momentum theory that suggests higher rates of alternative reinforcement result in faster response elimination and greater resurgence when removed, whereas lower rates of alternative reinforcement result in slower response elimination but are followed by less resurgence. Thus, the present study was designed to examine whether faster target response elimination and less resurgence could be achieved by beginning with a high rate of alternative reinforcement and gradually thinning it such that a low rate is ultimately removed during a simulated treatment lapse. Results showed that high rates of alternative reinforcement were more effective than low or thinning rates at target response suppression but resulted in resurgence when discontinued. Low and thinning rates, on the other hand, were less effective at response suppression but target responding did not increase when alternative reinforcement was discontinued. The quantitative model cannot currently account for the finding that lower-rate alternative reinforcement may not effectively disrupt behavior relative to an extinction only control. Relative advantages of high, low, thinning, or no alternative reinforcement are discussed with respect to suppression of target response rate during treatment, resurgence when alternative reinforcement is removed, and alternative response persistence, while taking into account differences between this animal model and modern applied behavior analytic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Sweeney
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, UT, USA.
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28
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McGill P. ESTABLISHING OPERATIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ASSESSMENT, TREATMENT, AND PREVENTION OF PROBLEM BEHAVIOR. J Appl Behav Anal 2013. [DOI: 10.1901/jaba.1999.32-393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Thomason-Sassi JL, Iwata BA, Fritz JN. Therapist and setting influences on functional analysis outcomes. J Appl Behav Anal 2013; 46:79-87. [PMID: 24114087 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Functional analyses (FAs) of problem behavior typically are conducted in controlled settings to minimize potential sources of confounding. Several studies have reported that results of FAs conducted in controlled settings occasionally differ from those conducted under more naturalistic conditions, although little is known about factors that may contribute to the different outcomes. We examined correspondence between FAs conducted by staff in a clinic and those conducted either by caregivers as therapists or in the home setting. If results of the 2 analyses were dissimilar, we conducted further analyses to identify variables responsible for the different outcomes. Results showed that, in most cases, correspondence of function was observed across familiar and unfamiliar stimuli. Results are discussed in terms of implications for research and clinical practice for the evaluation of problem behavior.
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30
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Lomas JE, Fisher WW, Kelley ME. The effects of variable-time delivery of food items and praise on problem behavior reinforced by escape. J Appl Behav Anal 2011; 43:425-35. [PMID: 21358903 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2010.43-425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prior research indicates that reinforcement of an appropriate response (e.g., compliance) can produce concomitant reductions in problem behavior reinforced by escape when problem behavior continues to produce negative reinforcement (e.g., Lalli et al., 1999). These effects may be due to a preference for positive over negative reinforcement or to positive reinforcement acting as an abolishing operation, rendering demands less aversive and escape from demands less effective as negative reinforcement. In the current investigation, we delivered a preferred food item and praise on a variable-time 15-s schedule while providing escape for problem behavior on a fixed-ratio 1 schedule in a demand condition for 3 participants with problem behavior maintained by negative reinforcement. Results for all 3 participants showed that variable-time delivery of preferred edible items reduced problem behavior even though escape continued to be available for these responses. These findings are discussed in the context of motivating operations.
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31
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Chowdhury M, Benson BA. Use of differential reinforcement to reduce behavior problems in adults with intellectual disabilities: a methodological review. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2011; 32:383-394. [PMID: 21176869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2010.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The least-restrictive-alternative guideline for providing treatment emphasizes the use of non-aversive procedures to reduce maladaptive behaviors in individuals with intellectual disability (ID). Differential reinforcement (DR) is an excellent example of such a non-aversive, reinforcement based behavioral intervention. The purpose of this literature review was to summarize and provide a methodological analysis of studies, conducted between 1980 and 2009, using a DR contingency to reduce problem behaviors in adults with ID. A total of 31 studies were located that met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 15 reported DR to be an effective intervention when used independently. Of the remaining, 10 studies found DR to be useful as part of a treatment package, and six found a DR contingency used independently to be ineffective, and only observed treatment effects when an aversive component was added. Very few studies assessed the use of DR in older adults and in individuals with mild ID; these reflect areas of future research. A methodological analysis found that several studies did not report information on key methodological variables; for example, conducting a functional analysis and a stimulus preference assessment to guide choice of treatment and reinforcers, thinning very dense DR schedules, assessing collateral behaviors, generalization of behavior change across settings and implementers, and following up treatment outcomes over time. The overall positive findings about the effectiveness of DR are encouraging; however, more methodologically robust studies would serve to make such findings more conclusive and practically relevant for implementation in natural settings for adults with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monali Chowdhury
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 279 McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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32
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Lang R, Davis T, O'Reilly M, Machalicek W, Rispoli M, Sigafoos J, Lancioni G, Regester A. Functional analysis and treatment of elopement across two school settings. J Appl Behav Anal 2011; 43:113-8. [PMID: 20808501 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2010.43-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The elopement of a child with Asperger syndrome was assessed using functional analyses and was treated in two school settings (classroom and resource room). Functional analyses indicated that elopement was maintained by access to attention in the resource room and obtaining a preferred activity in the classroom. Attention- and tangible-based interventions were compared in an alternating treatments design in both settings. Results validated the findings of the functional analyses. Implications for the assessment and treatment of elopement are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Lang
- The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Asperger Research Center, Graduate School of Education, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.
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33
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Luczynski KC, Hanley GP. Do children prefer contingencies? An evaluation of the efficacy of and preference for contingent versus noncontingent social reinforcement during play. J Appl Behav Anal 2010; 42:511-25. [PMID: 20190915 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2009.42-511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Discovering whether children prefer reinforcement via a contingency or independent of their behavior is important considering the ubiquity of these programmed schedules of reinforcement. The current study evaluated the efficacy of and preference for social interaction within differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) and noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) schedules with typically developing children. Results showed that 7 of the 8 children preferred the DRA schedule; 1 child was indifferent. We also demonstrated a high degree of procedural fidelity, which suggested that preference is influenced by the presence of a contingency under which reinforcement can be obtained. These findings are discussed in terms of (a) the selection of reinforcement schedules in practice, (b) variables that influence children's preferences for contexts, and (c) the selection of experimental control procedures when evaluating the effects of reinforcement.
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34
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Lang R, O'Reilly M, Lancioni G, Rispoli M, Machalicek W, Chan JM, Langthorne P, Franco J. Discrepancy in functional analysis results across two settings: implications for intervention design. J Appl Behav Anal 2010; 42:393-7. [PMID: 19949530 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2009.42-393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Functional analyses that were conducted in two settings (playground and classroom) indicated that problem behavior was sensitive to adult attention on the playground and tangible items in the classroom. Attention- and tangible-based interventions were designed based on the results from each of the assessment environments and were compared. The attention-based intervention was more effective on the playground, and the tangible-based intervention was more effective in the classroom. Findings are discussed in regards to the generality of functional analysis results across environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Lang
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Special Education, College of Education, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
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35
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Brief Report: Signals Enhance the Suppressive Effects of Noncontingent Reinforcement. J Autism Dev Disord 2009; 40:378-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-009-0879-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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St Peter Pipkin C, Vollmer TR. Applied implications of reinforcement history effects. J Appl Behav Anal 2009; 42:83-103. [PMID: 19721732 PMCID: PMC2649832 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2009.42-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the influence of reinforcement history is a theoretical focus of behavior analysis, the specific behavioral effects of reinforcement history have received relatively little attention in applied research and practice. We examined the potential effects of reinforcement history by reviewing nonhuman, human operant, and applied research and interpreted the findings in relation to possible applied significance. The focus is on reinforcement history effects in the context of reinforcement schedules commonly used either to strengthen behavior (e.g., interval schedules) or commonly used to decrease behavior (e.g., extinction).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire St Peter Pipkin
- Psychology Department, Box 6040, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA.
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37
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Ingvarsson ET, Kahng S, Hausman NL. Some effects of noncontingent positive reinforcement on multiply controlled problem behavior and compliance in a demand context. J Appl Behav Anal 2008; 41:435-40. [PMID: 18816983 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2008.41-435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Functional analysis suggested that the problem behavior of an 8-year-old girl with autism was maintained by escape from demands and access to edible items. Noncontingent delivery of an edible item was sufficient to increase compliance and reduce the rate of problem behavior without the use of escape extinction in a demand context. Leaner and richer schedules of noncontingent reinforcement were equally effective, and there were minimal differences between noncontingent reinforcement and differential reinforcement of compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar T Ingvarsson
- Department of Psychology, DeBartolo Hall, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555, USA.
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38
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Gouboth D, Wilder DA, Booher J. The effects of signaling stimulus presentation during noncontingent reinforcement. J Appl Behav Anal 2008; 40:725-30. [PMID: 18189107 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2007.725-730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of signaling the return of items or attention during treatment with noncontingent reinforcement were examined. First, functional analyses showed that the problem behavior exhibited by 2 teenagers with developmental disabilities was sensitive to social positive reinforcement. Next, delivery of the stimulus that maintained problem behavior on a fixed-time (FT) schedule was compared to a condition in which the removal of the stimulus during the same FT schedule was immediately preceded by a statement indicating that the stimulus would be returned and the initiation of a digital timer. Results show that the FT schedule reduced problem behavior, and the addition of an informative statement and a timer further decreased problem behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djimir Gouboth
- Florida Institute of Technology and Devereux Florida, 32901, USA
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39
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Rasmussen K, O'Neill RE. The effects of fixed-time reinforcement schedules on problem behavior of children with emotional and behavioral disorders in a day-treatment classroom setting. J Appl Behav Anal 2007; 39:453-7. [PMID: 17236344 PMCID: PMC1702339 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2006.172-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The current study assessed the effects of fixed-time reinforcement schedules on problem behavior of students with emotional-behavioral disorders in a clinical day-treatment classroom setting. Three elementary-aged students with a variety of emotional and behavioral problems participated in the study. Initial functional assessments indicated that social attention was the maintaining reinforcer for their verbally disruptive behavior. Baseline phases were alternated with phases in which attention was provided on fixed-time schedules in the context of an ABAB design. The results indicated that the provision of attention on fixed-time schedules substantially reduced the participants' rate of verbal disruptions. These decreases were maintained during initial thinning of the schedules. The results provide one of the first examples that such an intervention can be successfully implemented in a classroom setting.
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40
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O'Callaghan PM, Allen KD, Powell S, Salama F. The efficacy of noncontingent escape for decreasing children's disruptive behavior during restorative dental treatment. J Appl Behav Anal 2006; 39:161-71. [PMID: 16813038 PMCID: PMC1479781 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2006.79-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effectiveness of a dentist-implemented behavioral intervention in which brief escape from dental treatment was provided on a regular basis, independent of the child's behavior. Within a multiple baseline design across subjects, 5 children, ages 4 to 7 years, were provided with temporary escape from dental treatment on a fixed-time schedule. The intervals were signaled by an electronic timer worn by the dentist. Clinically significant reductions were observed in physically disruptive behavior across all 5 children with the introduction of noncontingent escape, and verbally disruptive behavior was markedly reduced in 4 of the 5 children. In addition, the dental staff s use of physical restraint was reduced to near zero across all 5 children. The research extends the literature in both clinical dentistry and in applied behavior analysis by demonstrating that a dentist can easily and effectively implement noncontingent reinforcement to produce clinically significant and socially important changes in children's health behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keith D Allen
- Correspondence can be addressed to Keith D Allen, Munroe-Meyer Institute, 985450 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, e-mail:
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41
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Abstract
A 3-stage model of intervention is used to contrast the philosophy and treatment practices of 2 behavioral approaches to behavior disorder following traumatic brain injury. The first referred to here as the Operant Neurobehavioral Approach developed from neuropsychology and learning theory. The second referred to as the Relational Neurobehavioral Approach builds on the nonaversive behavioral techniques of the Operant Neurobehavioral Approach. It also incorporates principles of motivational interviewing, places more overt emphasis on the therapeutic relationship, and targets staff attributions for aggression in staff training. The strengths and weaknesses of both approaches are discussed. It is suggested that the Relational Neurobehavioral Approach is more likely to engage and/or reengage clients with traumatic brain injury who are resistant to behavior change. Research implications are discussed including the need to measure the fidelity of all intervention variables.
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42
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Rapp JT. An assessment of preference for caregivers and antecedents for problem behavior. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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43
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Reed GK, Ringdahl JE, Wacker DP, Barretto A, Andelman MS. The effects of fixed-time and contingent schedules of negative reinforcement on compliance and aberrant behavior. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2005; 26:281-295. [PMID: 15668078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2004.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2003] [Revised: 11/07/2003] [Accepted: 01/05/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Prior research has suggested that fixed-time (FT) schedules of reinforcement do not necessarily preclude the acquisition of appropriate behavior (e.g., mands) when combined with differential reinforcement (DRA). These studies also note that dense FT schedules are more likely to interfere with DRA packages than lean FT schedules. In the current investigation, we examined whether similar findings would occur with FT schedules of negative reinforcement. Schedule analyses were conducted with two participants following functional analyses that identified escape from task demands as the maintaining variable for problem behavior. Differential negative reinforcement of alternative behavior (DNRA) was implemented first to establish behavioral control (decreased problem behavior and increased compliance). Breaks (negative reinforcement) were then concurrently delivered on a FT basis under either dense (at a greater rate than that obtained during DNRA alone) or lean (at a lower rate than that obtained during DNRA) reinforcement schedules. In general, results showed that FT escape did not preclude compliance when the FT schedule was lean, but treatment gains were significantly disrupted when dense FT schedules were superimposed.
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44
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Ecott CL, Critchfield TS. Noncontingent reinforcement, alternative reinforcement, and the matching law: a laboratory demonstration. J Appl Behav Anal 2005; 37:249-65. [PMID: 15529885 PMCID: PMC1284503 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2004.37-249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Basic researchers, but not most applied researchers, have assumed that the behavior-decelerating effects of noncontingent reinforcement result at least partly from adventitious reinforcement of competing behaviors. The literature contains only sketchy evidence of these effects because few noncontingent reinforcement studies measure alternative behaviors. A laboratory model is presented in which concurrent schedules of contingent reinforcement were used to establish a "target" and an "alternative" behavior. Imposing noncontingent reinforcement decreased target behavior rates and increased alternative behavior rates, outcomes that were well described by the standard quantitative account of alternative reinforcement, the generalized matching law. These results suggest that adventitious reinforcement of alternative behaviors can occur during noncontingent reinforcement interventions, although the range of conditions under which this occurs remains to be determined in future studies. As an adjunct to applied studies, laboratory models permit easy measurement of alternative behaviors and parametric manipulations needed to answer many research questions.
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45
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Hagopian LP, Toole LM, Long ES, Bowman LG, Lieving GA. A comparison of dense-to-lean and fixed lean schedules of alternative reinforcement and extinction. J Appl Behav Anal 2005; 37:323-38. [PMID: 15529889 PMCID: PMC1284507 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2004.37-323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Behavior-reduction interventions typically employ dense schedules of alternative reinforcement in conjunction with operant extinction for problem behavior. After problem behavior is reduced in the initial treatment stages, schedule thinning is routinely conducted to make the intervention more practical in natural environments. In the current investigation, two methods for thinning alternative reinforcement schedules were compared for 3 clients who exhibited severe problem behavior. In the dense-to-lean (DTL) condition, reinforcement was delivered on relatively dense schedules (using noncontingent reinforcement for 1 participant and functional communication training for 2 participants), followed by systematic schedule thinning to progressively leaner schedules. During the fixed lean (FL) condition, reinforcement was delivered on lean schedules (equivalent to the terminal schedule of the DTL condition). The FL condition produced a quicker attainment of individual treatment goals for 2 of the 3 participants. The results are discussed in terms of the potential utility of using relatively lean schedules at treatment outset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis P Hagopian
- Neurobehavioral Unit, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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46
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DeLeon IG, Uy M, Gutshall K. Noncontingent reinforcement and competing stimuli in the treatment of pseudoseizures and destructive behaviors. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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47
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Fisher WW, DeLeon IG, Rodriguez-Catter V, Keeney KM. Enhancing the effects of extinction on attention-maintained behavior through noncontingent delivery of attention or stimuli identified via a competing stimulus assessment. J Appl Behav Anal 2004; 37:171-84. [PMID: 15293636 PMCID: PMC1284492 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2004.37-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent research has shown that the noncontingent delivery of competing stimuli can effectively reduce rates of destructive behavior maintained by social-positive reinforcement, even when the contingency for destructive behavior remains intact. It may be useful, therefore, to have a systematic means for predicting which reinforcers do and do not compete successfully with the reinforcer that is maintaining destructive behavior. In the present study, we conducted a brief competing stimulus assessment in which noncontingent access to a variety of tangible stimuli (one toy per trial) was superimposed on a fixed-ratio 1 schedule of attention for destructive behavior for individuals whose behavior was found to be reinforced by attention during a functional analysis. Tangible stimuli that resulted in the lowest rates of destructive behavior and highest percentages of engagement during the competing stimulus assessment were subsequently used in a noncontingent tangible items plus extinction treatment package and were compared to noncontingent attention plus extinction and extinction alone. Results indicated that both treatments resulted in greater reductions in the target behavior than did extinction alone and suggested that the competing stimulus assessment may be helpful in predicting stimuli that can enhance the effects of extinction when noncontingent attention is unavailable. DESCRIPTORS Attention-maintained problem behavior, competing stimuli, extinction, functional analysis, noncontingent reinforcement
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne W Fisher
- Marcus and Kennedy Krieger Institutes and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
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48
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Reed GK, Piazza CC, Patel MR, Layer SA, Bachmeyer MH, Bethke SD, Gutshall KA. On the relative contributions of noncontingent reinforcement and escape extinction in the treatment of food refusal. J Appl Behav Anal 2004; 37:27-42. [PMID: 15154213 PMCID: PMC1284475 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2004.37-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the current investigation, we evaluated the relative effects of noncontingent reinforcement (NCR), escape extinction, and a combination of NCR and escape extinction as treatment for the feeding problems exhibited by 4 children. For each participant, consumption increased only when escape extinction was implemented, independent of whether NCR was present or absent. These results were consistent with prior research suggesting that positive reinforcement alone is insufficient for increasing consumption, and that escape extinction often is necessary to increase and maintain food acceptance. However, NCR appeared to decrease inappropriate behavior for some participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory K Reed
- Marcus Institute, 1920 Briarcliff Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
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49
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Laraway S, Snycerski S, Michael J, Poling A. Motivating operations and terms to describe them: some further refinements. J Appl Behav Anal 2004; 36:407-14. [PMID: 14596584 PMCID: PMC1284457 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2003.36-407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, behavior analysts have increasingly used the term establishing operation (EO) to refer to environmental events that influence the behavioral effects of operant consequences. Nonetheless, some elements of current terminology regarding EOs may interfere with applied behavior analysts' efforts to predict, control, describe, and understand behavior. The present paper (a) describes how the current conceptualization of the EO is in need of revision, (b) suggests alternative terms, including the generic term motivating operation (MO), and (c) provides examples of MOs and their behavioral effects using articles from the applied behavior analysis literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Laraway
- Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo 49008, USA
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50
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Roscoe EM, Iwata BA, Rand MS. Effects of reinforcer consumption and magnitude on response rates during noncontingent reinforcement. J Appl Behav Anal 2004; 36:525-39. [PMID: 14768670 PMCID: PMC1284466 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2003.36-525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Results of previous research on the effects of noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) have been inconsistent when magnitude of reinforcement was manipulated. We attempted to clarify the influence of NCR magnitude by including additional controls. In Study 1, we examined the effects of reinforcer consumption time by comparing the same magnitude of NCR when session time was and was not corrected to account for reinforcer consumption. Lower response rates were observed when session time was not corrected, indicating that reinforcer consumption can suppress response rates. In Study 2, we first selected varying reinforcer magnitudes (small, medium, and large) on the basis of corrected response rates observed during a contingent reinforcement condition and then compared the effects of these magnitudes during NCR. One participant exhibited lower response rates when large-magnitude reinforcers were delivered; the other ceased responding altogether even when small-magnitude reinforcers were delivered. We also compared the effects of the same NCR magnitude (medium) during 10-min and 30-min sessions. Lower response rates were observed during 30-min sessions, indicating that the number of reinforcers consumed across a session can have the same effect as the number consumed per reinforcer delivery. These findings indicate that, even when response rate is corrected to account for reinforcer consumption, larger magnitudes of NCR (defined on either a per-delivery or per-session basis) result in lower response rates than do smaller magnitudes.
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