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Bruzek JL, Thompson RH, Witts BN. A Review of Crying and Caregiving: Crying as a Stimulus. Perspect Behav Sci 2024; 47:71-105. [PMID: 38660504 PMCID: PMC11035526 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-023-00395-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The interactions between infants and caregivers are critical to infant development and caregiver well-being. Traditional developmental research has primarily emphasized the infant's development when studying infant-caregiver interactions, but a less commonly assessed feature of those interactions is the effect of the infant's crying on the caregiver's behavior. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method (Moher et al., Public Library of Science Medicine, 6(7), e1000097, 2009), we conducted a systematic review of the literature evaluating the effects of crying on caregiver behavior. We searched for peer-reviewed articles in the Scopus and Web of Science Core Collection databases that included research studies in which researchers observed and manipulated infant crying and simultaneously measured features of caregiver behavior (actual or analogue). We used this body of literature to evaluate the existing evidence of the effects of crying on caregiver behavior, address the limitations and current gaps in our understanding of those interactions, and identify areas for future behavioral research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Bruzek
- Department of Curriculum and Instruction, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA
| | - Rachel H. Thompson
- Psychology Department, Western New England University, Springfield, MA USA
| | - Benjamin N. Witts
- Department of Community Psychology, Counseling, and Family Therapy, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN USA
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2
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Kelley ME, Clark RJ, McGarry KM, Henry JE, Morgan AC, Gadaire DM, Sloman KN. Multiple Schedules Facilitate Rapid Noncontingent Reinforcement Schedule Thinning. Behav Anal Pract 2023; 16:185-193. [PMID: 37006419 PMCID: PMC10050655 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-022-00709-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated a noncontingent reinforcement treatment that included initial brief exposures to signaled alternation of availability and nonavailability of reinforcement, followed by rapid schedule thinning. Results confirmed findings from previous research (typically with differential reinforcement schedules) that establishing stimulus control across multiple treatment components facilitated schedule thinning. We discuss both the clinical utility of this procedure and the utility of stimulus control for making interventions more practical for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald J. Clark
- The Scott Center for Autism Treatment at Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL USA
| | - Kacie M. McGarry
- The Scott Center for Autism Treatment at Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL USA
| | - Justine E. Henry
- The Scott Center for Autism Treatment at Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL USA
| | - Andrew C. Morgan
- The Scott Center for Autism Treatment at Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL USA
| | - Dana M. Gadaire
- The University of Scranton, Scranton, PA USA
- Geisinger Health System, Danville, USA
| | - Kimberly N. Sloman
- The Scott Center for Autism Treatment at Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL USA
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3
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Fisher WW, Greer BD, Shahan TA, Norris HM. Basic and applied research on extinction bursts. J Appl Behav Anal 2023; 56:4-28. [PMID: 36193974 PMCID: PMC9868065 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Discontinuation of the contingency between a response and its reinforcer sometimes produces a temporary increase in the response before its rate decreases, a phenomenon called the extinction burst. Prior clinical and basic studies on the prevalence of the extinction burst provide highly disparate estimates. Existing theories on the extinction burst fail to account for the dynamic nature of this phenomenon, and the basic behavioral processes that control response bursting remain poorly understood. In this paper, we first review the basic and applied literature on the extinction burst. We then describe a recent refinement of the concatenated matching law called the temporally weighted matching law that appears to resolve the above-mentioned issues regarding the extinction burst. We present illustrative translational data based conceptually on the model. Finally, we discuss specific recommendations derived from the temporally weighted matching law regarding procedures clinicians could implement to potentially mitigate or prevent extinction bursts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne W. Fisher
- Rutgers Brain Health Institute
- Children's Specialized Hospital–Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services
- Department of PediatricsRutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
| | - Brian D. Greer
- Rutgers Brain Health Institute
- Children's Specialized Hospital–Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services
- Department of PediatricsRutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
| | | | - Halle M. Norris
- Children's Specialized Hospital–Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services
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4
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Rooker GW, Hagopian LP, Haddock JN, Arevalo AR, Bonner AC, Dillon CM. Analysis of unexpected disruptive effects of contingent food reinforcement on automatically maintained self-injury. J Appl Behav Anal 2022; 55:62-79. [PMID: 34449082 PMCID: PMC8758530 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Research has identified treatment-responsive and treatment-resistant subtypes of automatically maintained self-injurious behavior (ASIB) based on patterns of responding in the functional analysis (FA) reflecting its sensitivity to disruption by alternative reinforcement, and the presence of self-restraint. Rooker et al. (2019) unexpectedly observed reductions in treatment-resistant self-injury while participants performed an operant task. The current study further examined this in nine participants with treatment-resistant ASIB in an example of discovery-based research. An operant task engendering high rates of responding (switch-pressing) to produce food, reduced self-injury across all participants, and eliminated self-injury for some participants under certain schedules. Although this finding must be replicated and evaluated over longer time periods, it provides some evidence that alternative reinforcement can disrupt self-injury in these treatment-resistant subtypes under some conditions. Reinforcer and response competition are discussed as possible mechanisms underlying these disruptive effects, as are the potential implications of these findings regarding treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griffin W. Rooker
- Department of Behavioral Psychology Kennedy Krieger Institute Baltimore, MD
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD
| | - Louis P. Hagopian
- Department of Behavioral Psychology Kennedy Krieger Institute Baltimore, MD
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD
| | - Jennifer N. Haddock
- Department of Behavioral Psychology Kennedy Krieger Institute Baltimore, MD
- Department of Pediatrics Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | - Christopher M. Dillon
- Department of Behavioral Psychology Kennedy Krieger Institute Baltimore, MD
- Department of Psychology University of Maryland Baltimore County
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5
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Nist AN, Shahan TA. The extinction burst: Impact of reinforcement time and level of analysis on measured prevalence. J Exp Anal Behav 2021; 116:131-148. [PMID: 34472626 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite widespread belief in the extinction burst as a common occurrence, relatively little empirical work has focused directly on the phenomenon. In order to provide additional data on the topic, we report reanalyses of published extinction-control groups from our laboratory following training with a variety of schedules and reinforcers. In addition, two prospective experiments were conducted in which rats responded for food on FR 5 or FR 1 schedules prior to a within-session transition to extinction. The results of these reanalyses and experiments suggest that the obtained prevalence of the extinction burst was considerably greater when response rates in the first minute of the transition to extinction were considered as compared to when session-wide response rates were considered. In addition, when reinforcement time was included in baseline response-rate calculations, the obtained prevalence of the extinction burst was higher than when reinforcement time was omitted. These findings highlight the importance of measurement and definitional issues in the obtained prevalence of the extinction burst. Further, a closer alignment of such issues across basic and applied research would be desirable in terms of the development of future theories describing the processes giving rise to the extinction burst.
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6
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Evaluating Extinction, Renewal, and Resurgence of Operant Behavior in Humans with Amazon Mechanical Turk. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2021; 74. [PMID: 34149066 DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2021.101728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is a crowdsourcing marketplace providing researchers with the opportunity to collect behavioral data from remote participants at a low cost. Recent research demonstrated reliable extinction effects, as well as renewal and resurgence of button pressing with MTurk participants. To further examine the generality of these findings, we replicated and extended these methods across six experiments arranging reinforcement and extinction of a target button press. In contrast to previous findings, we did not observe as reliable of decreases in button pressing during extinction (1) after training with VR or VI schedules of reinforcement, (2) in the presence or absence of context changes, or (3) with an added response cost for button pressing. However, we found that that a 1-point response cost for all button presses facilitated extinction to a greater extent than the absence of response cost. Nevertheless, we observed ABA renewal of button pressing when changing background contexts across phases and resurgence when extinguishing presses on an alternative button. Our findings suggest that MTurk could be a viable platform from which to ask and address questions about extinction and relapse processes, but further procedural refinements will be necessary to improve the replicability of control by experimental contingencies.
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7
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Schmidt JD, Goetzel AL, Rooker G, Falligant JM, Beard L. Clinical applications of a brief experimental analysis for problem behavior: Analysis of treatment effects and durability. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Schmidt
- Department of Behavioral Psychology Kennedy Krieger Institute Baltimore Maryland USA
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Amanda L. Goetzel
- Department of Behavioral Psychology Kennedy Krieger Institute Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Griffin Rooker
- Department of Behavioral Psychology Kennedy Krieger Institute Baltimore Maryland USA
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - John Michael Falligant
- Department of Behavioral Psychology Kennedy Krieger Institute Baltimore Maryland USA
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Lisa Beard
- Department of Behavioral Psychology Kennedy Krieger Institute Baltimore Maryland USA
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8
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Newman ZA, Roscoe EM, Errera NP, Davis CR. Noncontingent reinforcement: Arbitrary versus maintaining reinforcers for escape-maintained problem behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 2021; 54:984-1000. [PMID: 33667327 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) involves the delivery of maintaining reinforcers on a time-dependent schedule and often includes extinction. However, arbitrary reinforcers may be equally efficacious during NCR without extinction for treating escape-maintained problem behavior. The purpose of this study was to extend previous research on NCR by evaluating the relative efficacy of NCR without extinction and comparing maintaining versus arbitrary reinforcers for 4 individuals with escape-maintained problem behavior. Two different NCR conditions, NCR using the maintaining reinforcer (escape) and NCR using an arbitrary reinforcer (an edible), were evaluated using multielement and reversal designs. Treatment effects varied across participants. Results for 2 participants showed a reduction in problem behavior during NCR without extinction with both the arbitrary and maintaining reinforcers. For 1 participant, results showed a reduction in problem behavior with both the arbitrary and maintaining reinforcers only when extinction was added to NCR. For the 4th participant, the maintaining reinforcer was effective during NCR without extinction, but the arbitrary reinforcer was ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe A Newman
- Department of Psychology, Western New England University.,The New England Center for Children
| | - Eileen M Roscoe
- Department of Psychology, Western New England University.,The New England Center for Children
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9
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Lindgren S, Wacker D, Schieltz K, Suess A, Pelzel K, Kopelman T, Lee J, Romani P, O'Brien M. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Functional Communication Training via Telehealth for Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 50:4449-4462. [PMID: 32300910 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have problem behaviors that interfere with learning and social interaction. This randomized controlled trial compared treatment with functional communication training (FCT) to "treatment as usual" for young children with ASD (n = 38, ages 21-84 months). FCT was conducted by parents with training and real-time coaching provided by behavioral consultants using telehealth. FCT treatment via telehealth achieved a mean reduction in problem behavior of 98% compared to limited behavioral improvement in children receiving "treatment as usual" during a 12-week period. Social communication and task completion also improved. For children with ASD and moderate to severe behavior problems, parent-implemented FCT using telehealth significantly reduced problem behavior while ongoing interventions typically did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Lindgren
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, 100 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - David Wacker
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, 100 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kelly Schieltz
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, 100 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | | | - Kelly Pelzel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Todd Kopelman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John Lee
- Telehealth Behavioral Consultation Services, Sahuarita, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick Romani
- Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Matthew O'Brien
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, 100 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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10
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Kuhn BR, LaBrot ZC, Ford R, Roane BM. Promoting Independent Sleep Onset in Young Children: Examination of the Excuse Me Drill. Behav Sleep Med 2020; 18:730-745. [PMID: 31621416 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2019.1674852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: There is compelling evidence to support behavioral interventions as the first-line approach for bedtime resistance in young children. Among the behavioral treatment options, extinction ("cry it out") has the most extensive empirical support and tends to produce the most rapid gains. There are well known problems with the use of extinction, however, including side effects (extinction burst, spontaneous recovery) and poor acceptance, not to mention that extinction fails to teach children appropriate replacement behaviors (what "to do"). This study introduces a new behavioral sleep intervention, the Excuse Me Drill, designed to address some of the limitations of extinction. The EMD was formally evaluated for the first time using a multiple-baseline research design across four participants with sleep disturbance.Participants: Participants included four children who were clinically referred to outpatient pediatric psychology clinics for the treatment of behavioral insomnia of childhood, and included one 2-year-old female, two 7-year-old females, and one 7-year-old male. All participants had a history of dependent sleep onset at bedtime (i.e., parents remained in the child's bedroom upon sleep onset). Methods: A non-concurrent multiple baseline design across participants was used to experimentally evaluate the effectiveness of the EMD. During baseline, parents collected data on independent sleep onset and disruptive bedtime behaviors, but conducted the bedtime routine as usual. Immediately following baseline, parents implemented the EMD protocol until data indicated that children were consistently initiating sleep independently. Follow-up data were collected to determine the extent to which children continued to initiate sleep independently at bedtime in absence of the EMD. Results: Outcomes were promising as the EMD successfully taught all four children to initiate sleep independently and produced notable decreases in disruptive bedtime behavior. Results were maintained at follow-up for three of four participants. In addition, parents rated the EMD to be a socially acceptable procedure for their children. Conclusions: Results of this study indicate that the EMD was effective in promoting independent sleep onset and reducing disruptive bedtime behavior that maintained over time. The EMD should be considered to be a viable alternative to traditional extinction procedures for pediatric sleep disturbance. Implications for practice, limitations, and direction for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R Kuhn
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska Medical Center/Munroe-Meyer Institute , Omaha, NE
| | - Zachary C LaBrot
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska Medical Center/Munroe-Meyer Institute , Omaha, NE
| | - Ryan Ford
- Tidal Integrated Health, NOVA Behavioral Healthcare Corporation , Golsboro
| | - Brandy M Roane
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, TX
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11
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McConnell KL, Sassi JL, Carr L, Szalwinski J, Courtemanche A, Njie-Jallow F, Cheney WR. Functional analysis and generalized treatment of disruptive behavior during dental exams. J Appl Behav Anal 2020; 53:2233-2249. [PMID: 32720340 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Patient disruption during dental visits can impede treatment and may result in invasive approaches to care. The current study evaluated the efficacy of graduated exposure with and without extinction to decrease disruption during dental treatment for 4 young men with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Modified functional analyses confirmed that disruption was maintained by escape from dental demands for all four young men. Initial treatment consisted of graduated exposure, whereby exam steps were initially removed and then gradually reintroduced as disruption remained low; throughout this phase, disruption resulted in a break from the exam. During the subsequent treatment phase, graduated exposure procedures continued and extinction for disruption was added. Graduated exposure alone did not result in sufficient treatment effects; however, the addition of extinction resulted in greater reductions in disruption and increases in exam completion for all 4 young men, and treatment effects generalized to a dental clinic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L McConnell
- Department of Psychology, Western New England University
- The New England Center for Children
| | - Jessica L Sassi
- Department of Psychology, Western New England University
- The New England Center for Children
| | | | - Julia Szalwinski
- Department of Psychology, Western New England University
- The New England Center for Children
| | - Aimee Courtemanche
- Department of Psychology, Western New England University
- The New England Center for Children
| | | | - Wendy R Cheney
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Franciscan Children's, Brighton, MA
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12
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Mushtaq I, Khan W. Decreasing Target Behavior in a Child Using Functional Behavior Assessment and Differential Reinforcement. Indian J Pediatr 2020; 87:457-459. [PMID: 32008223 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-020-03192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Techniques of behavior modification were employed to address the target behavior of functional excessive coughing-psychogenic cough in a 12-y-old boy referred by a pediatrician who found no identifiable medical reasons. To identify the purpose that maintains the behavior, functional behavior assessment was carried out and in order to reduce the frequency of target behavior, extinction and differential reinforcement of behavior analysis was incorporated. The management resulted in significant decrease of the target behavior of coughing without any medical intervention. Behavior modification is the most empirically supported intervention not only for children with developmental delays but for typical individuals as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Mushtaq
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, 122505, India.
| | - Waheeda Khan
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, 122505, India
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13
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Williams K, Adams W, Creek L. The Combined Effects of Immediate and Delayed Positive Reinforcement to Increase Consumption of Solid Food: A Brief Report. Dev Neurorehabil 2019; 22:576-580. [PMID: 31362567 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2019.1645223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: While positive reinforcement is perhaps the most common component in interventions for feeding problems, the literature suggests it is not sufficient to address more severe problems. Method: An ABACDB reversal design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of praise, in-session reinforcement, and a visual cue + post-session reinforcement to increase solid food consumption in a nine-year-old boy with an intellectual disability who was completely dependent upon gastrostomy tube feeds. Results and Discussion: A combination of praise, in-session reinforcement, and the visual cue + post-session reinforcement was more effective at increasing bites consumed than praise combined with either one of the other two components. The results suggested a multiplicative effect. Multiple reinforcement components may be considered in the treatment of persons with feeding problems as either an alternative to escape extinction or a method of minimizing escape extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Whitney Adams
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Laura Creek
- Lebanon City School District , Lebanon , PA , USA
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14
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Reed P. Behavioral resurgence in individuals varying in depression, anxiety, and autism-associated tendencies. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02457. [PMID: 31667372 PMCID: PMC6812204 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Resurgence is the reappearance of a previously reinforced, but then extinguished behavior, when an alternative behavior that has been reinforced to replace it is also extinguished. This phenomenon has been suggested as important in the re-occurrence of many clinical problems, but little is known currently about the relationship between this process and different psychopathological traits. This experiment addressed this gap by comparing the levels of resurgent behavior in participants scoring lower or higher on depression-, anxiety-, and autism-related characteristics. Sixty participants completed an experimental task of three phases. In the first, they were presented with a concurrent RR-5 ext schedule, in the second with a conc ext RR-5 schedule (each lasting 6min), and finally with a conc ext ext schedule (lasting 2 min). Following this, all participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Autism Quotient, questionnaires provided. Participants showed a resurgence of responding at test from the response extinguished in Phase 2 that was greater for those with lower levels of depression, but high levels of anxiety. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding individual differences in terms of psychiatric symptomatology, for their treatment, and in terms of theoretical predictions derived for the various psychopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Reed
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
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15
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Warner CA, Hanley GP, Landa RK, Ruppel KW, Rajaraman A, Ghaemmaghami M, Slaton JD, Gover HC. Toward accurate inferences of response class membership. J Appl Behav Anal 2019; 53:331-354. [DOI: 10.1002/jaba.598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Woods JN, Borrero CS. Examining extinction bursts in the treatment of pediatric food refusal. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia N. Woods
- Behavioral Psychology; Kennedy Krieger Institute; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Carrie S.W. Borrero
- Behavioral Psychology; Kennedy Krieger Institute; Baltimore Maryland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland
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17
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Mahoney A, Li A, Curiel H, Plattner C, Poling A. Self‐ and cross‐citations in theJournal of Applied Behavior Analysisand theJournal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior: 2004‐2018. J Appl Behav Anal 2019; 52:1130-1139. [DOI: 10.1002/jaba.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Saini V, Jessel J, Iannaccone JA, Agnew C. Efficacy of functional analysis for informing behavioral treatment of inappropriate mealtime behavior: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valdeep Saini
- Department of Applied Disability StudiesBrock University St. Catharines Canada
| | - Joshua Jessel
- Department of PsychologyQueens College New York NY United States of America
| | | | - Charlene Agnew
- Department of PsychologyQueens College New York NY United States of America
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19
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Dymond S. Overcoming avoidance in anxiety disorders: The contributions of Pavlovian and operant avoidance extinction methods. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 98:61-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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20
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Ho T, Bai JYH, Keevy M, Podlesnik CA. Resurgence when challenging alternative behavior with progressive ratios in children and pigeons. J Exp Anal Behav 2018; 110:474-499. [PMID: 30306566 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Resurgence is defined as the recurrence of a previously reinforced and then extinguished target response when reducing or eliminating a more recently reinforced alternative response. In experiments with children and pigeons, we evaluated patterns of resurgence across and within sessions through decreases in reinforcer availability by challenging alternative responding with extinction and progressive-ratio schedules. In Phase 1, we reinforced only target responding. In Phase 2, we extinguished target responding while reinforcing an alternative response. Finally, Phase 3 assessed resurgence by (a) extinguishing alternative responding versus (b) introducing a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement for alternative responding. In both children and pigeons, resurgence of target responding occurred in both conditions but generally was greater when assessed during extinction than with progressive ratios. Importantly, within-session patterns of resurgence did not differ between testing with progressive ratios and extinction. Resurgence with progressive ratios tended to be greater with longer durations between reinforcers but we observed similar findings with only simulated reinforcers during extinction testing. Therefore, the present investigation reveals that the events contributing to instances of resurgence remain to be understood, and presents an approach from which to examine variables influencing within-session patterns of resurgence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuong Ho
- Florida Institute of Technology and The Scott Center for Autism Treatment
| | | | - Madeleine Keevy
- Florida Institute of Technology and The Scott Center for Autism Treatment
| | - Christopher A Podlesnik
- Florida Institute of Technology and The Scott Center for Autism Treatment.,The University of Auckland
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21
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Browning KO, Shahan TA. Renewal of extinguished operant behavior following changes in social context. J Exp Anal Behav 2018; 110:430-439. [PMID: 30239003 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Renewal is the reoccurrence of previously extinguished behavior following a change in the context in which extinction was conducted. Despite an extensive body of research examining renewal, little is known about the role of social stimuli in renewal. The present experiments provided a novel examination of renewal of operant behavior by changing social stimuli across phases in an ABA renewal preparation. In both experiments, social stimuli were arranged by placing another rat in a second compartment of a divided operant chamber. In Experiment 1, the presence of another rat defined the extinction context, whereas an empty second compartment defined the baseline and testing contexts. We reversed these contextual manipulations in Experiment 2 such that the presence of another rat defined the baseline and testing contexts and the second compartment was empty during extinction. Renewal of lever pressing occurred when the other rat was removed from the chamber in Experiment 1 and when the other rat was returned to the chamber in Experiment 2. Thus, social stimuli may function as contextual stimuli, and changes in social contexts may produce renewal of previously extinguished behavior.
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22
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Liggett AP, Nastri R, Podlesnik CA. Assessing the combined effects of resurgence and reinstatement in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. J Exp Anal Behav 2018; 109:408-421. [DOI: 10.1002/jeab.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P. Liggett
- Florida Institute of Technology and The Scott Center for Autism Treatment
| | - Regina Nastri
- Florida Institute of Technology and The Scott Center for Autism Treatment
| | - Christopher A. Podlesnik
- Florida Institute of Technology and The Scott Center for Autism Treatment
- The University of Auckland
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23
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Lieving GA, DeLeon IG, Carreau-Webster AB, Frank-Crawford MA, Triggs MM. Additional free reinforcers increase persistence of problem behavior in a clinical context: A partial replication of laboratory findings. J Exp Anal Behav 2018; 109:253-264. [PMID: 29380436 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral momentum theory is a quantitative framework used to characterize the persistence of behavior during response disruptors as a function of baseline stimulus-reinforcer relations. Results of several investigations have shown that alternative reinforcement can increase the resistance to change of a target response during extinction. In the present study, concomitant variable-interval fixed-time schedules of reinforcement for problem behavior were employed to simulate naturalistic situations involving the superimposition of response-independent reinforcers on a baseline schedule of reinforcement for problem behavior, as in the common use of noncontingent reinforcement treatments. Resistance to change of problem behavior was assessed during postsession periods of extinction by comparing response rates in extinction following sessions with and without additional reinforcer deliveries arranged by fixed-time schedules. For 2 out of 3 participants, problem behavior tended to be more resistant to extinction following periods in which additional fixed-time reinforcers were delivered. These results are discussed in terms of potential effects of noncontingent reinforcement on problem behavior when the intervention is discontinued or implemented without good treatment integrity.
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24
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Pinkston JW, Foss EK. The role of response force on the persistence and structure of behavior during extinction. J Exp Anal Behav 2018; 109:194-209. [DOI: 10.1002/jeab.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica K. Foss
- Department of Behavior Analysis; University of North Texas
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25
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Craig AR, Shahan TA. Multiple schedules, off-baseline reinforcement shifts, and resistance to extinction. J Exp Anal Behav 2018; 109:148-163. [PMID: 29293265 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to extinction in a target multiple-schedule component varies inversely with the rate of reinforcement arranged in an alternative component during baseline. The present experiment asked whether changing the reinforcer rate in an alternative component would impact extinction of target component responding if those changes occurred in an off-baseline phase during which the target component was never experienced. Pigeons' key pecking was studied in three types of conditions, and each condition consisted of three phases. In Phase 1, pecking produced food in the target and alternative components of a multiple schedule according to variable-interval 60-s schedules. In Phase 2, the alternative-component stimulus was presented alone in a single schedule. Pecking during this phase produced the same reinforcer rate as in baseline in the Control condition, a higher rate of food (variable-interval 15 s) in the High-Rate condition, or was extinguished in the Extinction condition. Extinction of target- and alternative-component key pecking then was assessed in a multiple schedule during the final phase of each condition. Resistance to extinction of target-component key pecking was the same between the Control and High-Rate conditions but lower in the Extinction condition. These findings are discussed in terms of discrimination and generalization processes.
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26
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Hyten C, Ludwig TD. Complacency in Process Safety: A Behavior Analysis Toward Prevention Strategies. JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01608061.2017.1341860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cloyd Hyten
- Aubrey Daniels International, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Timothy D. Ludwig
- Department of Psychology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA
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27
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Xia W, Dymond S, Lloyd K, Vervliet B. Partial reinforcement of avoidance and resistance to extinction in humans. Behav Res Ther 2017; 96:79-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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28
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Luiselli JK, Sobezenski T. Escape-Motivated Bathroom Visits: Effects of Activity Scheduling, Cuing, and Duration-Fading in an Adult With Intellectual Disability. Clin Case Stud 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1534650117718630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a woman who had intellectual disability, made frequent bathroom requests, and spent excessive time in the bathroom at a day-habilitation center. Functional behavioral assessment suggested that frequency and duration of bathroom requests were escape-motivated. Intervention was directed at reducing the reinforcing effects of visiting the bathroom through (a) activity scheduling, (b) cuing the woman to exit the bathroom according to a fixed time limit, and (c) gradually reducing the time limit to an acceptable duration. Compared with a baseline phase, intervention was associated with decreased bathroom requests and duration of bathroom visits that were maintained at 2-month follow-up. We discuss clinical implications of these findings and recommendations to practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K. Luiselli
- North East Educational & Developmental Support Center, Tewksbury, MA, USA
| | - Timothy Sobezenski
- North East Educational & Developmental Support Center, Tewksbury, MA, USA
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29
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Podlesnik CA, Kelley ME, Jimenez-Gomez C, Bouton ME. Renewed behavior produced by context change and its implications for treatment maintenance: A review. J Appl Behav Anal 2017; 50:675-697. [PMID: 28608584 PMCID: PMC5538309 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral treatment gains established in one setting do not always maintain in other settings. The present review examines the relevance of basic and translational research to understanding failures to maintain treatment gains across settings. Specifically, studies of the renewal effect examine how transitioning away from a treatment setting could evoke a return of undesirable behavior, rather than newly trained appropriate behavior. Studies of renewal typically arrange three phases, with a response trained and reinforced under a particular set of contextual stimuli in the first phase. Next, that response is extinguished, often under a different set of contextual stimuli. Finally, that response returns despite extinction remaining in effect upon returning to the original training context or transitioning to a novel context. Thus, removing the extinction context is sufficient to produce a recurrence of the response. The findings suggest treatment effects can become specific to the context in which the treatment was delivered. This literature offers promising methods for systematically assessing the factors contributing to treatment maintenance and improving generalization of treatment gains across contexts. Therefore, the present review suggests basic and translational research on renewal provides an empirical literature to bring greater conceptual systematization to understanding generalization and maintenance of behavioral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Podlesnik
- Florida Institute of Technology and The Scott Center for Autism Treatment, The University of Auckland
| | - Michael E Kelley
- The Scott Center for Autism Treatment and Florida Institute of Technology
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30
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31
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Lieving GA, Hagopian LP, Long ES, O’Connor J. Response-class hierarchies and resurgence of severe problem behavior. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03395495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Tereshko L, Sottolano D. The effects of an escape extinction procedure using protective equipment on self-injurious behavior. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Tereshko
- Behavior Services; Area Cooperative Educational Services; North Haven CT USA
| | - Donn Sottolano
- Behavior Services; Area Cooperative Educational Services; North Haven CT USA
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33
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Greer BD, Fisher WW. Treatment of Socially Reinforced Problem Behavior. HANDBOOK OF TREATMENTS FOR AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-61738-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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34
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Bai JYH, Jonas Chan CK, Elliffe D, Podlesnik CA. Stimulus-reinforcer relations established during training determine resistance to extinction and relapse via reinstatement. J Exp Anal Behav 2016; 106:225-241. [DOI: 10.1002/jeab.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christopher A. Podlesnik
- The University of Auckland
- Florida Institute of Technology and The Scott Center for Autism Treatment
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35
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VanDerHeyden AM, Witt JC, Barnett DW. The Emergence and Possible Futures of Response To Intervention. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/073428290502300404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Response to intervention (RTI) has emerged as a promising, but possibly vulnerable, alter native to the current model of identification and eligibility assessment in special education. Nested within a simple and compelling struc ture for RTI are many questions and chal lenges that make its future as "policy" at-risk unless these issues can be satisfactorily resolved. As it stands, RTI is likely to improve many decisions about educational interven tions, especially when combined with universal screening procedures. In a full RTI implemen tation, potential benefits may include (a) increased achievement schoolwide, because struggling children are identified proactively and immediate help is provided to determine whether or not more intensive help is needed, as well as (b) a coherent and flexible system of services. Whereas many of the components of RTI are well established, RTI needs further operationalization, development, standardiza tion, and field-testing. All first- and second- grade children ( N = 182 children; 364 poten tial reading or math cases) at an elementary school were screened using four measures (curriculum-based measurement, Brigance subtests, state reading test, and teacher identi fication). Decision rules were applied to the screening data to select those children who were at-risk academically. Each of these chil dren ( n = 101 reading and math cases) partici pated in an individual curriculum-based assess ment (CBA) in reading or math. Of these cases, 32 met criteria to participate in individ ual intervention (16 math and 16 reading interventions). Standard protocol intervention was implemented for 5 to 9 intervention ses sions or until children met intervention suc cess criteria. All second-grade children were administered the Iowa Test of Basic Skills. Data were generated to examine various criteria for judging intervention responsiveness and to raise empirical questions about the reliability and accuracy with which decisions could be made under an RTI model.
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36
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Rapp JT, Dozier CL, Carr JE, Patel MR, Enloe KA. Functional Analysis of Erratic Body Movement Maintained by Visual Stimulation. Behav Modif 2016; 28:118-32. [PMID: 14710709 DOI: 10.1177/0145445503259260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A concurrent-operantsdesign was used to analyze the repetitive behavior of observing reflective surfaces while simultaneously engaging in erratic gross-motor body movements (EBMs) exhibited by a young boy diagnosed with autism. The assessment involved an evaluation of preference for controlled (i. e., the participant controlled the visual activity on a TV screen) versus uncontrolled (i. e., the participant viewed a previously recorded tape from the controlled condition) TV footage of his EBMs. The analysis indicated that both observing and EBMs were maintained by the direct correspondence between the body movements and the visual stimulation they produced when controlled by the participant. Thus, the EBMs appeared to be maintained on a conjugate schedule of reinforcement.
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37
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Ghaemmaghami M, Hanley GP, Jessel J. Contingencies promote delay tolerance. J Appl Behav Anal 2016; 49:548-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jaba.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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38
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Saini V, Miller SA, Fisher WW. Multiple schedules in practical application: Research trends and implications for future investigation. J Appl Behav Anal 2016; 49:421-44. [PMID: 26990754 PMCID: PMC4892965 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Researchers began studying multiple schedules in basic laboratories, but recent advances have extended research on multiple schedules to a wide variety of socially significant applications, especially during the last decade. Applied researchers have used multiple schedules to (a) promote stimulus control over high-rate appropriate behaviors, (b) thin the schedule of reinforcement following functional communication training, and (c) obtain stimulus control over problem behaviors maintained by automatic reinforcement. In the current paper, we reviewed 31 studies with 147 applications identified through a search of the applied literature on multiple schedules. Using these studies, we (a) reviewed the empirical literature on multiple schedules, (b) recommended multiple-schedule procedures that serve as best practice guidelines for applied behavior analysts, (c) identified the generality and boundaries of current knowledge about the effectiveness of multiple schedules, and (d) critically analyzed the literature to provide directions for future multiple-schedule research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdeep Saini
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | - Scott A Miller
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | - Wayne W Fisher
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
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39
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Zaine I, Domeniconi C, de Rose JC. Exclusion performance and learning by exclusion in dogs. J Exp Anal Behav 2016; 105:362-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jeab.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Zaine
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia sobre Comportamento, Cognição e Ensino
| | - Camila Domeniconi
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia sobre Comportamento, Cognição e Ensino
| | - Julio C. de Rose
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia sobre Comportamento, Cognição e Ensino
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40
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Fernand JK, Penrod B, Fu SB, Whelan CM, Medved S. The Effects of Choice Between Nonpreferred Foods on the Food Consumption of Individuals with Food Selectivity. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K. Fernand
- Department of Psychology; California State University, Sacramento; Sacramento CA 95819-6007 USA
| | - Becky Penrod
- Department of Psychology; California State University, Sacramento; Sacramento CA 95819-6007 USA
| | - Sherrene Brice Fu
- Department of Psychology; California State University, Sacramento; Sacramento CA 95819-6007 USA
| | - Colleen M. Whelan
- Department of Psychology; California State University, Sacramento; Sacramento CA 95819-6007 USA
| | - Shannon Medved
- Department of Psychology; California State University, Sacramento; Sacramento CA 95819-6007 USA
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41
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Kurtz PF, Chin MD, Robinson AN, O'Connor JT, Hagopian LP. Functional analysis and treatment of problem behavior exhibited by children with fragile X syndrome. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 43-44:150-166. [PMID: 26183339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of function-based interventions for the treatment of severe problem behavior exhibited by individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) is well established. However, few studies have reported on behavioral interventions in fragile X syndrome (FXS) specifically. The present study is a consecutive case-series analysis that reports on functional analysis and treatment of problem behavior of nine children with FXS. Assessment findings were consistent with previous research indicating that among individuals with FXS, problem behavior is more commonly maintained by escape from demands and access to tangible items, relative to the broader population of individuals with IDD. Functional analysis-based behavioral interventions resulted in a mean reduction in problem behavior of 95.2% across the nine participants. Additionally, generalization of treatment effects from controlled clinical settings to home, school, and community was demonstrated. The current findings suggest that function-based behavioral interventions shown to be effective with the broader population of individuals with IDD are also effective for individuals with FXS. Our results in combination with those of previous studies describing functional analysis outcomes provide additional evidence for a unique functional behavioral phenotype for severe problem behavior in individuals with FXS. Implications of study findings for early intervention and prevention of problem behavior in children with FXS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia F Kurtz
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | | | - Ashley N Robinson
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Julia T O'Connor
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Louis P Hagopian
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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42
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Hagopian LP, Rooker GW, Zarcone JR. Delineating subtypes of self-injurious behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement. J Appl Behav Anal 2015. [PMID: 26223959 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Self-injurious behavior (SIB) is maintained by automatic reinforcement in roughly 25% of cases. Automatically reinforced SIB typically has been considered a single functional category, and is less understood than socially reinforced SIB. Subtyping automatically reinforced SIB into functional categories has the potential to guide the development of more targeted interventions and increase our understanding of its biological underpinnings. The current study involved an analysis of 39 individuals with automatically reinforced SIB and a comparison group of 13 individuals with socially reinforced SIB. Automatically reinforced SIB was categorized into 3 subtypes based on patterns of responding in the functional analysis and the presence of self-restraint. These response features were selected as the basis for subtyping on the premise that they could reflect functional properties of SIB unique to each subtype. Analysis of treatment data revealed important differences across subtypes and provides preliminary support to warrant additional research on this proposed subtyping model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis P Hagopian
- THE KENNEDY KRIEGER INSTITUTE.,JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
| | - Griffin W Rooker
- THE KENNEDY KRIEGER INSTITUTE.,JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
| | - Jennifer R Zarcone
- THE KENNEDY KRIEGER INSTITUTE.,JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
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43
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MacAleese KR, Ghezzi PM, Rapp JT. Revisiting conjugate schedules. J Exp Anal Behav 2015; 104:63-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jeab.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Aversive Events as Positive Reinforcers: An Investigation of Avoidance and Safety Signals in Humans. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-015-0133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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45
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Stocco CS, Thompson RH. Contingency analysis of caregiver behavior: Implications for parent training and future directions. J Appl Behav Anal 2015; 48:417-35. [PMID: 25916885 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Parent training is often a required component of effective treatment for a variety of common childhood problems. Although behavior analysts have developed several effective parent-training technologies, we know little about the contingencies that affect parent behavior. Child behavior is one source of control for parent behavior that likely contributes to the development of childhood problems and outcomes of parent training. We reviewed the evidence supporting child behavior as controlling antecedents and consequences for parent behavior. The implications for parent training are discussed, and recommendations for future research are suggested.
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Schlichenmeyer KJ, Dube WV, Vargas-Irwin M. Stimulus Fading and Response Elaboration in Differential Reinforcement for Alternative Behavior. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2015; 30:51-64. [PMID: 25844032 DOI: 10.1002/bin.1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of applied behavior analysis is the development of function-based interventions for problem behavior. A widely recommended function-based intervention is differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA), in which reinforcement is contingent upon socially acceptable alternatives to problem behavior (e.g., teaching communication skills). Typically, DRA is introduced under rich schedules of reinforcement. Although effective for initiating behavior change, rich schedules are often impractical in the natural setting. In this study, we evaluated the extent to which a stimulus fading program could be employed to elaborate alternative behavior (mands) in two individuals diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. For both participants, problem behavior was reduced substantially upon implementation of the DRA procedure. Further, problem behavior rates remained low and mand rates decreased to more practical levels as the DRA behavioral requirements increased during the fading program. The fading approach demonstrated in this paper may be a useful component of intervention packages for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Schlichenmeyer
- University of Massachusetts Medical School - Shriver Center and Applied Behavioral Learning Services
| | - William V Dube
- University of Massachusetts Medical School - Shriver Center
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47
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Mangiapanello KA, Hemmes NS. An Analysis of Feedback from a Behavior Analytic Perspective. THE BEHAVIOR ANALYST 2015; 38:51-75. [PMID: 27606167 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-014-0026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present paper presents a systematic analysis from a behavior analytic perspective of procedures termed feedback. Although feedback procedures are widely reported in the discipline of psychology, including in the field of behavior analysis, feedback is neither consistently defined nor analyzed. Feedback is frequently treated as a principle of behavior; however, its effects are rarely analyzed in terms of well-established principles of learning and behavior analysis. On the assumption that effectiveness of feedback procedures would be enhanced when their use is informed by these principles, we sought to provide a conceptually systematic account of feedback effects in terms of operant conditioning principles. In the first comprehensive review of this type, we compare feedback procedures with those of well-defined operant procedures. We also compare the functional relations that have been observed between parameters of consequence delivery and behavior under both feedback and operant procedures. The similarities observed in the preceding analyses suggest that processes revealed in operant conditioning procedures are sufficient to explain the phenomena observed in studies on feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Mangiapanello
- The Graduate School, City University of New York, New York, NY USA ; Department of Psychology, Queens College, 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Flushing, NY 11367 USA
| | - Nancy S Hemmes
- The Graduate School, City University of New York, New York, NY USA ; Department of Psychology, Queens College, 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Flushing, NY 11367 USA
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48
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Rodriguez NM, Thompson RH. Behavioral variability and autism spectrum disorder. J Appl Behav Anal 2014; 48:167-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jaba.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Castillo MI, Borrero JC, Mendres-Smith AE. Evaluating the presence versus absence of the reinforcer during extinction. J Appl Behav Anal 2014; 47:617-22. [PMID: 24817521 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of extinction when the reinforcer was present versus absent. These effects were examined with 2 human operant procedures (i.e., a computer program and a mechanical apparatus) with college students as participants. Discriminable properties of the apparatus appeared to influence responding during extinction. In general, responding during extinction was less likely with the mechanical apparatus when the reinforcer was absent and more likely with the computer program.
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