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DeWitt S, Briggs AM. Evaluation of resurgence following differential reinforcement of alternative behavior with and without extinction in a human operant model. J Exp Anal Behav 2024; 122:351-361. [PMID: 39448553 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.4222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 10/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024]
Abstract
One of the most common treatments for severe challenging behavior involves placing the challenging behavior on extinction and differentially reinforcing an alternative response (DRA). However, extinction is not always feasible and may be unsafe or impractical to implement in some circumstances. Thus, implementing a DRA without extinction intervention may be necessary for some cases. Currently, the extent to which DRA without extinction produces durable treatment outcomes, particularly as it relates to the resurgence of challenging behavior, is unclear. The present study investigated resurgence following DRA with and without extinction using a three-phase resurgence evaluation in a translational human operant model with college students as participants. All participants demonstrated resurgence across both experimental groups. Although there were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence, magnitude, or persistence of resurgence between groups, levels of resurgence magnitude were relatively higher in the DRA-without-extinction group than in the DRA-with-extinction group. Clinical implications of these findings and directions for future human operant investigations of resurgence are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skylar DeWitt
- Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA
| | - Adam M Briggs
- Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA
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2
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Morris SL, Lucia SM. Applying the evolutionary theory of behavior dynamics to model the subtypes of automatically reinforced self-injurious behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 2023; 56:442-457. [PMID: 36922699 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The delineation of the subtypes of automatically reinforced self-injurious behavior improved the utility of functional analysis results in predicting treatment efficacy. However, the mechanisms underlying subtype differences remain unclear and difficult to study in clinical populations. Morris and McDowell (2021) attempted to elucidate subtype differences by developing and evaluating models of the subtypes within the evolutionary theory of behavior dynamics. In the current study, we applied techniques from precision medicine to further evaluate the models developed by Morris and McDowell. This evaluation highlighted shortcomings of the existing models and suggested ways they could be improved. Thus, we conducted more extended modeling within the framework of precision medicine to identify models that were more quantitatively similar to available clinical data. Improved models that more closely approximate clinical data were identified. The implications of these models for research, practice, and further applications of the evolutionary theory of behavior dynamics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L Morris
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Sarah M Lucia
- Department of Psychology, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA, United States
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3
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Walter KM, Dickson CA. Response effort and resurgence. J Exp Anal Behav 2023; 119:373-391. [PMID: 36762490 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
This study provides an initial translational examination of response effort and resurgence. Eleven typically developing adults and five adolescents with autism served as participants across two experiments. Participants received points for touching moving stimuli on a computer screen. The resurgence evaluation consisted of three phases: establishment wherein R1 was reinforced, elimination wherein R1 was placed on extinction while R2 was reinforced, and extinction wherein R1 and R2 no longer resulted in reinforcement. Rate of R1 during extinction was compared across three conditions: intermediate, easy, and difficult. Disparity in effort was created by manipulations of the size and speed of objects that moved about on a computer screen. In Experiment 2, control stimuli were added to the experimental arrangement. Across the two experiments, the magnitude of resurgence was greater when R1 was easy. In Experiment 2, both R1 and control responding were greater in the extinction phase than in the elimination phase in all conditions with all participants. The present study supports the hypothesis that response effort affects resurgence and that less effortful responses are likely to recur with greater magnitude under conditions that produce resurgence than are their more effortful counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Walter
- Department of Psychology, Western New England University, Springfield, MA, United States
- The New England Center for Children, Inc., Southborough, MA, United States
| | - Chata A Dickson
- Department of Psychology, Western New England University, Springfield, MA, United States
- The New England Center for Children, Inc., Southborough, MA, United States
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4
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Morris SL, McDowell JJ. Modeling Subtypes of Automatically Reinforced Self-Injurious Behavior with the Evolutionary Theory of Behavior Dynamics. Perspect Behav Sci 2021; 44:581-603. [DOI: 10.1007/s40614-021-00297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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5
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Hartz RM, Luiselli JK, Harper JM. Behavioral treatment of spitting in a child with autism spectrum disorder: Functional analysis, intervention evaluation, and maintenance assessment. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.1739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renee M. Hartz
- Professional Development Melmark New England Andover Massachusetts USA
| | - James K. Luiselli
- Professional Development Melmark New England Andover Massachusetts USA
| | - Jill M. Harper
- Professional Development Melmark New England Andover Massachusetts USA
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6
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Haddock JN, Hagopian LP. Competing stimulus assessments: A systematic review. J Appl Behav Anal 2020; 53:1982-2001. [PMID: 32720719 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The current review summarizes the literature on competing stimulus assessments (CSAs). CSAs are pretreatment assessments designed to systematically identify stimuli that reduce problem behavior (PB), ostensibly through reinforcer competition or substitution. We report on the participant characteristics, outcomes, and predictive validity of published CSAs that included (a) no-stimulus control trial(s), (b) test trials during which each stimulus was available singly and noncontingently, and (c) measurement of PB and stimulus engagement or contact. Results showed that CSAs have broad utility across a variety of topographies and functions of PB. In the majority of CSA applications for which extended analyses, or validations, were performed, stimuli shown to reduce PB during the CSA produced similar reductions during extended analysis. This was the case regardless of topography or function of PB, or whether the stimuli were assumed to be "matched" to the stimulation thought to be produced by PB. Implications for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louis P Hagopian
- The Kennedy Krieger Institute.,Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.,University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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7
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Rooker GW, Hagopian LP, Haddock JN, Mezhoudi N, Arevalo AR. Sensitivity to Changing Environmental Conditions across Individuals with Subtype 2 Automatically Reinforced and Socially Reinforced Self-injury. BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT BULLETIN 2020; 24:89-99. [PMID: 32509138 DOI: 10.1037/bdb0000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Automatically reinforced Subtype 2 self-injurious behavior (ASIB) has been characterized as showing insensitivity to competing reinforcement contingencies in the contexts of both functional analyses and in treatment using reinforcement alone (Hagopian, Rooker, &Yenokyan, 2018). One question is whether this insensitivity is specific to Subtype 2 ASIB as response class in these contexts or whether it is represents a generalized response tendency of the individual that is evident across other response classes. To examine this question, we compared responding on a single-operant task under changing reinforcement schedules for three individuals with Subtype 2 ASIB, relative to a comparison group of three individuals with socially reinforced SIB (which is characterized by sensitivity to changes in reinforcement contingencies). As hypothesized, all individuals showed sensitivity to changes in contingencies. These results provide preliminary support that the insensitivity of Subtype 2 ASIB is a property specific to that response class in these contexts rather than a generalized response tendency of the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nabil Mezhoudi
- The New England Center for Children.,Western New England University
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8
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Witt JC, VanDerHeyden AM, Gilbertson D. Troubleshooting Behavioral Interventions: A Systematic Process for Finding and Eliminating Problems. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/02796015.2004.12086254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Argueta T, Leon Y, Brewer A. Exchange schedules in token economies: A preliminary investigation of second‐order schedule effects. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Argueta
- Behavior AnalysisFlorida Institute of Technology Melbourne Florida
| | - Yanerys Leon
- Behavior AnalysisFlorida Institute of Technology Melbourne Florida
| | - Adam Brewer
- Behavior AnalysisFlorida Institute of Technology Melbourne Florida
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10
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Lozy ED, Sy JR. Evaluating different values of effort and reinforcement parameters under concurrent- and single-operant arrangements. J Appl Behav Anal 2018; 52:516-533. [PMID: 30548587 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
If particular parameters (e.g., reinforcer quality) are found to be preferred in a concurrent-operant arrangement, then these should be incorporated into interventions for maintaining skills in individuals with intellectual disabilities. However, because results from a concurrent-operant arrangement may not predict those of a single-operant assessment, interventions with less preferred parameters may also be effective. The purpose of this study was to determine if preference for a particular parameter, determined via concurrent-operant arrangements, predicted responding when two values of highly and less preferred parameters were manipulated in a single-operant arrangement. Participants allocated responding to one parameter over another during concurrent-operant assessments, indicating that certain parameters were highly preferred. However, contingent presentation of two values of less preferred parameters increased compliance to similar levels achieved with two highly preferred parameters in a single-operant arrangement. These findings suggest that clinicians may have multiple options when selecting parameters for use during intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica D Lozy
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County and Kennedy Krieger Institute
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11
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Rooker GW, Bonner AC, Dillon CM, Zarcone JR. Behavioral treatment of automatically reinforced SIB: 1982 - 2015. J Appl Behav Anal 2018; 51:974-997. [PMID: 29989153 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Some individuals diagnosed with intellectual and developmental disabilities engage in automatically reinforced self-injurious behavior (SIB). For these individuals, identifying effective treatments may be difficult due to the nature of the reinforcement contingency. The purpose of this study was to review the literature on the treatment of automatically reinforced SIB to determine commonalities in procedures that produced effective and ineffective treatment outcomes, as well as historical trends in the treatment of this class of SIB. Results of this review indicated that there were many high-quality studies on this topic, but also a wide range in the quality of studies. As for effective treatments, noncontingent reinforcement (the most common treatment component) was found to be more effective when informed by a competing stimulus assessment rather than a preference assessment. Suggestions to improve the quality of the published record and areas in which additional research is needed are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griffin W Rooker
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.,The Kennedy Krieger Institute
| | | | | | - Jennifer R Zarcone
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.,The Kennedy Krieger Institute
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12
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Saini V, Fisher WW, Pisman MD. Persistence during and resurgence following noncontingent reinforcement implemented with and without extinction. J Appl Behav Anal 2017; 50:377-392. [DOI: 10.1002/jaba.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valdeep Saini
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | - Wayne W. Fisher
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
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13
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Phillips CL, Iannaccone JA, Rooker GW, Hagopian LP. Noncontingent reinforcement for the treatment of severe problem behavior: An analysis of 27 consecutive applications. J Appl Behav Anal 2017; 50:357-376. [DOI: 10.1002/jaba.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Griffin W. Rooker
- The Kennedy Krieger Institute and the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Louis P. Hagopian
- The Kennedy Krieger Institute and the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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14
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Greer BD, Fisher WW. Treatment of Socially Reinforced Problem Behavior. HANDBOOK OF TREATMENTS FOR AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-61738-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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15
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Saini V, Miller SA, Fisher WW. Multiple schedules in practical application: Research trends and implications for future investigation. J Appl Behav Anal 2016; 49:421-44. [PMID: 26990754 PMCID: PMC4892965 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Researchers began studying multiple schedules in basic laboratories, but recent advances have extended research on multiple schedules to a wide variety of socially significant applications, especially during the last decade. Applied researchers have used multiple schedules to (a) promote stimulus control over high-rate appropriate behaviors, (b) thin the schedule of reinforcement following functional communication training, and (c) obtain stimulus control over problem behaviors maintained by automatic reinforcement. In the current paper, we reviewed 31 studies with 147 applications identified through a search of the applied literature on multiple schedules. Using these studies, we (a) reviewed the empirical literature on multiple schedules, (b) recommended multiple-schedule procedures that serve as best practice guidelines for applied behavior analysts, (c) identified the generality and boundaries of current knowledge about the effectiveness of multiple schedules, and (d) critically analyzed the literature to provide directions for future multiple-schedule research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdeep Saini
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | - Scott A Miller
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | - Wayne W Fisher
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
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16
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Berg WK, Wacker DP, Ringdahl JE, Stricker J, Vinquist K, Salil Kumar Dutt A, Dolezal D, Luke J, Kemmerer L, Mews J. An integrated model for guiding the selection of treatment components for problem behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement. J Appl Behav Anal 2016; 49:617-38. [PMID: 26990962 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the usefulness of 2 assessments to guide treatment selection for individuals whose prior functional analysis indicated that automatic reinforcement maintained their problem behavior. In the 1st assessment, we compared levels of problem behavior during a noncontingent play condition and an alone or ignore condition. In the 2nd, we assessed participants' relative preferences for automatic reinforcement and social reinforcers in a concurrent-operants arrangement. We used the results of these 2 assessments to assign 5 participants to a treatment based on noncontingent access to social reinforcers or to a treatment based on differential access to social reinforcers. We conducted monthly probes with the participants over 10 to 12 months to evaluate the effects of the treatment procedures. All participants showed reductions in problem behavior over this period.
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17
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Hagopian LP, Rooker GW, Zarcone JR. Delineating subtypes of self-injurious behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement. J Appl Behav Anal 2015. [PMID: 26223959 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Self-injurious behavior (SIB) is maintained by automatic reinforcement in roughly 25% of cases. Automatically reinforced SIB typically has been considered a single functional category, and is less understood than socially reinforced SIB. Subtyping automatically reinforced SIB into functional categories has the potential to guide the development of more targeted interventions and increase our understanding of its biological underpinnings. The current study involved an analysis of 39 individuals with automatically reinforced SIB and a comparison group of 13 individuals with socially reinforced SIB. Automatically reinforced SIB was categorized into 3 subtypes based on patterns of responding in the functional analysis and the presence of self-restraint. These response features were selected as the basis for subtyping on the premise that they could reflect functional properties of SIB unique to each subtype. Analysis of treatment data revealed important differences across subtypes and provides preliminary support to warrant additional research on this proposed subtyping model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis P Hagopian
- THE KENNEDY KRIEGER INSTITUTE.,JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
| | - Griffin W Rooker
- THE KENNEDY KRIEGER INSTITUTE.,JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
| | - Jennifer R Zarcone
- THE KENNEDY KRIEGER INSTITUTE.,JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
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18
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Rivas KM, Piazza CC, Roane HS, Volkert VM, Stewart V, Kadey HJ, Groff RA. Analysis of self-feeding in children with feeding disorders. J Appl Behav Anal 2014; 47:710-22. [DOI: 10.1002/jaba.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristi M. Rivas
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | | | - Henry S. Roane
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
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19
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Wilder DA, Fischetti AT, Myers K, Leon-Enriquez Y, Majdalany L. THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE EFFORT ON COMPLIANCE IN YOUNG CHILDREN. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Wilder
- School of Psychology; Florida Institute of Technology; 150 W. University Blvd.; Melbourne; FL; 32901; USA
| | - Anthony T. Fischetti
- School of Psychology; Florida Institute of Technology; 150 W. University Blvd.; Melbourne; FL; 32901; USA
| | - Kristin Myers
- School of Psychology; Florida Institute of Technology; 150 W. University Blvd.; Melbourne; FL; 32901; USA
| | - Yanerys Leon-Enriquez
- School of Psychology; Florida Institute of Technology; 150 W. University Blvd.; Melbourne; FL; 32901; USA
| | - Lina Majdalany
- School of Psychology; Florida Institute of Technology; 150 W. University Blvd.; Melbourne; FL; 32901; USA
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20
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Roscoe EM, Iwata BA, Zhou L. ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT OF CHRONIC HAND MOUTHING. J Appl Behav Anal 2013; 46:181-98. [DOI: 10.1002/jaba.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liming Zhou
- ARLINGTON DEVELOPMENTAL CENTER; ARLINGTON, TENNESSEE
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21
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Fritz JN, Iwata BA, Rolider NU, Camp EM, Neidert PL. Analysis of self-recording in self-management interventions for stereotypy. J Appl Behav Anal 2012; 45:55-68. [PMID: 22403449 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2012.45-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Most treatments for stereotypy involve arrangements of antecedent or consequent events that are imposed entirely by a therapist. By contrast, results of some studies suggest that self-recording, a common component of self-management interventions, might be an effective and efficient way to reduce stereotypy. Because the procedure typically has included instructions to refrain from stereotypy, self-recording of the absence of stereotypy, and differential reinforcement of accurate recording, it is unclear which element or combination of elements produces reductions in stereotypy. We conducted a component analysis of a self-management intervention and observed that decreases in stereotypy might be attributable to instructional control or to differential reinforcement, but that self-recording per se had little effect on stereotypy.
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22
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Jennett H, Jann K, Hagopian LP. Evaluation of response blocking and re-presentation in a competing stimulus assessment. J Appl Behav Anal 2012; 44:925-9. [PMID: 22219542 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2011.44-925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Competing stimulus assessments (CSA) have been used to identify stimuli that are associated with reduced levels of problem behavior, presumably as a function of reinforcer competition. Following a standard CSA in which stimuli simply were made available, 2 more CSAs were conducted with additional components designed to enhance reinforcer competition: re-presentation of stimuli and response blocking for self-injury. The results obtained from each CSA were validated in an extended treatment analysis. The study illustrates how the effects of additional components designed to enhance reinforcer competition can be evaluated efficiently in the context of a CSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Jennett
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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23
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Hagopian LP, Toole LM. Effects of response blocking and competing stimuli on stereotypic behavior. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Matson JL, Lovullo SV. A review of behavioral treatments for self-injurious behaviors of persons with autism spectrum disorders. Behav Modif 2008; 32:61-76. [PMID: 18096972 DOI: 10.1177/0145445507304581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are considered to be among the most serious of the mental health conditions. Concomitant with many cases of ASD is intellectual disability. Further compounding the disability is the fact that both conditions are known risk factors for self-injurious behavior (SIB). To date, the most effective intervention methods, based on the available data, appear to be variants of behavior modification. This article provides an overview of the current status of learning-based interventions for SIB in ASD and provides a review of specific studies. Although most studies describe some combination of reinforcement and punishment procedures, efforts are under way to develop more positively oriented strategies, such as functional assessment, to decrease the use of punishment. However, almost all the treatment studies employ single case designs, thus preventing a comparison of treatment efficacy. These issues are discussed along with other strengths, weaknesses, and future directions for clinical practice and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny L Matson
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
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25
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Kodak T, Lerman DC, Call N. Evaluating the influence of postsession reinforcement on choice of reinforcers. J Appl Behav Anal 2008; 40:515-27. [PMID: 17970264 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2007.40-515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Factors that influence reinforcer choice have been examined in a number of applied studies (e.g., Neef, Mace, Shea, & Shade, 1992; Shore, Iwata, DeLeon, Kahng, & Smith, 1997; Tustin, 1994). However, no applied studies have evaluated the effects of postsession reinforcement on choice between concurrently available reinforcers, even though basic findings indicate that this is an important factor to consider (Hursh, 1978; Zeiler, 1999). In this bridge investigation, we evaluated the influence of postsession reinforcement on choice of two food items when task responding was reinforced on progressive-ratio schedules. Participants were 3 children who had been diagnosed with developmental disabilities. Results indicated that response allocation shifted from one food item to the other food item under thinner schedules of reinforcement when no postsession reinforcement was provided. These findings suggest that the efficacy of instructional programs or treatments for problem behavior may be improved by restricting reinforcers outside treatment sessions.
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26
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Roane HS, Falcomata TS, Fisher WW. Applying the behavioral economics principle of unit price to DRO schedule thinning. J Appl Behav Anal 2008; 40:529-34. [PMID: 17970265 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2007.40-529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Within the context of behavioral economics, the ratio of response requirements to reinforcer magnitude is called unit price. In this investigation, we yoked increases in reinforcer magnitude with increases in intervals of differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) to thin DRO intervals to a terminal value.
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27
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Berg WK, Wacker DP, Cigrand K, Merkle S, Wade J, Henry K, Wang YC. Comparing functional analysis and paired-choice assessment results in classroom settings. J Appl Behav Anal 2008; 40:545-52. [PMID: 17970268 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2007.40-545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The results of a functional analysis of problem behavior and a paired-choice assessment were compared to determine whether the same social reinforcers were identified for problem behavior and an appropriate response (time allocation). The two assessments were conducted in classroom settings with 4 adolescents with mental retardation who engaged in severe problem behavior. Each student's classroom teacher served as the therapist for all phases of assessment. The two assessment procedures identified the same social reinforcers for problem and appropriate behavior for 3 of 4 participants.
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Richman DM. Early intervention and prevention of self-injurious behaviour exhibited by young children with developmental disabilities. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2008; 52:3-17. [PMID: 18173568 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2007.01027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The ontogeny of self-injurious behaviour exhibited by young children with developmental delays or disabilities is due to a complex interaction between neurobiological and environmental variables. In this manuscript, the literature on emerging self-injury in the developmental disability population is reviewed with a focus on an operant conceptual model of how topographies of self-injurious behaviour can change structurally and become sensitive to various environmental consequences. Results of previous studies are reviewed in terms of extending our research focus from a reactive model of assessment and treatment of well-established cases of self-injury to an early intervention and prevention model.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Richman
- University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
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29
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Rojahn J, Whittaker K, Hoch TA, González ML. Assessment of Self‐Injurious and Aggressive Behavior. HANDBOOK OF ASSESSMENT IN PERSONS WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7750(07)34009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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30
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Cannella HI, O'Reilly MF, Lancioni GE. Treatment of hand mouthing in individuals with severe to profound developmental disabilities: a review of the literature. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2006; 27:529-44. [PMID: 16188422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2005] [Revised: 05/27/2005] [Accepted: 06/02/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews studies investigating the assessment and treatment of hand mouthing in individuals with severe to profound developmental disabilities. A literature search identified 101 studies carried out between 1969 and 2004. The trend in the studies indicated a shift away from aversive interventions in the last 10 years, so this review included studies conducted from 1995. Twenty-three studies were identified within this period and were included in this review. The 23 studies were sorted into seven intervention categories and one assessment category. The seven intervention categories included (a) antecedent interventions, (b) multicomponent interventions (e.g., differential reinforcement and response effort), (c) pharmacological interventions, (d) interventions that utilized reinforcement, (e) response blocking interventions, (f) response effort interventions, and (g) sensory stimulation interventions. The one assessment category included studies that investigated the function of hand mouthing. One main finding in these studies was that the various intervention strategies led to decreases in hand mouthing in individuals with severe to profound developmental disabilities. This finding is discussed in relation to its effect on issues of health, adaptive behavior, and social functioning. A second finding indicated that hand mouthing is often maintained by automatic reinforcement (i.e., non-social contingencies). The implications of this finding are discussed in terms of how assessments and treatments associated with automatically maintained challenging behavior might be more effectively linked. Potential issues for future research are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen I Cannella
- George I Sanchez Building, Room 306, 1 University Station (D5300), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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31
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Roane HS, Call NA, Falcomata TS. A preliminary analysis of adaptive responding under open and closed economies. J Appl Behav Anal 2006; 38:335-48. [PMID: 16270843 PMCID: PMC1226168 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2005.85-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the current investigation, we evaluated the effects of open and closed economies on the adaptive behavior of 2 individuals with developmental disabilities. Across both types of economy, progressive-ratio (PR) schedules were used in which the number of responses required to obtain reinforcement increased as the session progressed. In closed-economy sessions, participants were able to obtain reinforcement only through interaction with the PR schedule requirements (i.e., more work resulted in more reinforcer access). In open-economy sessions, participants obtained reinforcers by responding on the PR schedule and were given supplemental (free) access to the reinforcers after completion of the session. In general, more responding was associated with the closed economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry S Roane
- Marcus Institute, 1920 Briarcliff Rd., Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA.
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32
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McCord BE, Neef NA. Leisure items as controls in the attention condition of functional analyses. J Appl Behav Anal 2005; 38:417-26. [PMID: 16270852 PMCID: PMC1226178 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2005.116-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Leisure items (e.g., games, toys) are commonly made available as controls during attention conditions of functional analyses (Ringdahl, Winborn, Andelman, & Kitsukawa, 2002). However, Ringdahl et al. raised questions about this practice. This paper reviews research that supports and conflicts with the inclusion of leisure items as controls, including a quantitative analysis of relevant articles published in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis over a 10-year period. Data reviewed suggest that practitioners may consider omitting leisure items as controls or including such items strategically based on the accumulation of assessment information.
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33
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An Objective Comparison of Applied Behavior Analysis and Organizational Behavior Management Research. JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT 2005. [DOI: 10.1300/j075v25n01_02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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34
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DeLeon IG, Toole LM, Gutshall KA, Bowman LG. Individualized sampling parameters for behavioral observations: enhancing the predictive validity of competing stimulus assessments. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2005; 26:440-55. [PMID: 16168882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2004.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Revised: 09/28/2004] [Accepted: 09/30/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have used pretreatment analyses, termed competing stimulus assessments, to identify items that most effectively displace the aberrant behavior of individuals with developmental disabilities. In most studies, there appeared to have been no systematic basis for selecting the sampling period (ranging from 30 s to 10 min) in which items were assessed. Unfortunately, estimates based on brief samples of behavior do not always predict the extent to which items will displace aberrant behavior over longer periods. This study first examined a method for determining an accurate individualized sample length for competing stimulus assessments, based on statistical measures of correspondence with extended effects, using a small number of items. The effects of a larger number of items were then assessed using the determined sample length. Finally, the method was validated by comparing its predictions, in terms of the reduction of problem behavior over more extended periods, to predictions based on sample durations typically used in previous investigations. For two participants, predictions based on individualized determination of sample lengths were more accurate than predictions based on typical sample lengths. These results are discussed in terms of the exchange between expediency and accuracy during competing stimulus assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iser G DeLeon
- Neurobehavioral Unit, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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35
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DeLeon IG, Uy M, Gutshall K. Noncontingent reinforcement and competing stimuli in the treatment of pseudoseizures and destructive behaviors. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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36
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Hagopian LP, Kuhn SAC, Long ES, Rush KS. Schedule thinning following communication training: using competing stimuli to enhance tolerance to decrements in reinforcer density. J Appl Behav Anal 2005; 38:177-93. [PMID: 16033165 PMCID: PMC1226154 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2005.43-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 01/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Functional communication training (FCT) is a widely used treatment for individuals with developmental disabilities who exhibit severe behavior problems. One inherent challenge of employing FCT as a treatment in the community is that reinforcement for appropriate communication cannot always be immediate or even possible in some circumstances. Of the few studies that have incorporated some form of schedule thinning for communication, most have reported disruption of communication or increases in problem behavior when the schedule of reinforcement is thinned. In the current study, we compared FCT with extinction to FCT with extinction and access to competing stimuli. After conducting a functional analysis, a competing stimulus assessment was performed to identify stimuli that produce reinforcement that ostensibly competes with reinforcement that maintains problem behavior. It was hypothesized that FCT with competing stimuli would result in more stable reductions in problem behavior during schedule thinning, which would ultimately result in quicker achievement of the treatment goal (low levels of problem behavior under the terminal reinforcement schedule for communication) than FCT without competing stimuli. Results confirmed this hypothesis.
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37
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Fisher WW, DeLeon IG, Rodriguez-Catter V, Keeney KM. Enhancing the effects of extinction on attention-maintained behavior through noncontingent delivery of attention or stimuli identified via a competing stimulus assessment. J Appl Behav Anal 2004; 37:171-84. [PMID: 15293636 PMCID: PMC1284492 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2004.37-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent research has shown that the noncontingent delivery of competing stimuli can effectively reduce rates of destructive behavior maintained by social-positive reinforcement, even when the contingency for destructive behavior remains intact. It may be useful, therefore, to have a systematic means for predicting which reinforcers do and do not compete successfully with the reinforcer that is maintaining destructive behavior. In the present study, we conducted a brief competing stimulus assessment in which noncontingent access to a variety of tangible stimuli (one toy per trial) was superimposed on a fixed-ratio 1 schedule of attention for destructive behavior for individuals whose behavior was found to be reinforced by attention during a functional analysis. Tangible stimuli that resulted in the lowest rates of destructive behavior and highest percentages of engagement during the competing stimulus assessment were subsequently used in a noncontingent tangible items plus extinction treatment package and were compared to noncontingent attention plus extinction and extinction alone. Results indicated that both treatments resulted in greater reductions in the target behavior than did extinction alone and suggested that the competing stimulus assessment may be helpful in predicting stimuli that can enhance the effects of extinction when noncontingent attention is unavailable. DESCRIPTORS Attention-maintained problem behavior, competing stimuli, extinction, functional analysis, noncontingent reinforcement
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne W Fisher
- Marcus and Kennedy Krieger Institutes and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
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38
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Falcomata TS, Roane HS, Hovanetz AN, Kettering TL, Keeney KM. An evaluation of response cost in the treatment of inappropriate vocalizations maintained by automatic reinforcement. J Appl Behav Anal 2004; 37:83-7. [PMID: 15154219 PMCID: PMC1284481 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2004.37-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we examined the utility of a procedure consisting of noncontingent reinforcement with and without response cost in the treatment of inappropriate vocalizations maintained by automatic reinforcement. Results are discussed in terms of examining the variables that contribute to the effectiveness of response cost as treatment for problem behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry S Falcomata
- Marcus Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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39
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Lerman DC, Vorndran CM. On the status of knowledge for using punishment implications for treating behavior disorders. J Appl Behav Anal 2002; 35:431-64. [PMID: 12555918 PMCID: PMC1284409 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2002.35-431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we review basic and applied findings on punishment and discuss the importance of conducting further research in this area. The characteristics of responding during punishment and numerous factors that interact with basic processes are delineated in conjunction with implications for the treatment of behavior disorders in clinical populations. We conclude that further understanding of punishment processes is needed to develop a highly systematic, effective technology of behavior change, including strategies for improving the efficacy of less intrusive procedures and for successfully fading treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea C Lerman
- Louisiana State University and The Louisiana Center for Excellence in Autism, Baton Rouge 70803, USA.
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40
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Piazza CC, Roane HS, Keeney KM, Boney BR, Abt KA. Varying response effort in the treatment of pica maintained by automatic reinforcement. J Appl Behav Anal 2002; 35:233-46. [PMID: 12365737 PMCID: PMC1284382 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2002.35-233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pica is a life-threatening behavior displayed by many individuals with developmental disabilities. In the current study, automatic reinforcement maintained the pica of 3 participants. Following functional analyses of pica, response-effort manipulations were conducted in which the effort to obtain pica or alternative items was varied systematically. Several general relations emerged as a result of the study. First, levels of pica were reduced relative to baseline when alternative items were available independent of the effort required to obtain alternative items or pica. Second, increasing the effort for alternative items resulted in increases in pica relative to when effort for alternative items was low. Third, increasing response effort for pica produced reductions in pica relative to baseline when alternative items were unavailable. Fourth, the highest levels of pica occurred when the effort to engage in pica was low or medium and no alternative items were available. These findings are discussed in terms of the relative effects of quality of reinforcement and response effort on behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen C Piazza
- Marcus Behavior Center, Marcus Institute, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
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41
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Holden B. Some limitations of functional analyses: Treatment of problem behavior based on the study of alternative responses. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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42
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Iqbal Z. Ethical issues involved in the implementation of a differential reinforcement of inappropriate behaviour programme for the treatment of social isolation and ritualistic behaviour in an individual with intellectual disabilities. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2002; 46:82-93. [PMID: 11851859 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2788.2002.00357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The present case study describes an adult male with a 28-year history of institutional care underpinned by a moderate intellectual disability (ID), and ritualistic behaviour congruent with features of autism or obsessive-compulsive disorder. The subject's ID was recognized early in life and he was provided with a special educational placement at 6 years of age, although his increasingly disturbed behaviour had resulted in several psychiatric admissions by early adolescence, and by the age of 20, his presentation necessitated long-term secure psychiatric care. The present report describes the application and ethical issues pertaining to a differential reinforcement of inappropriate behaviour (DRI) programme for the reduction of ritualistic behaviour and social isolation, the latter being a direct consequence of the former, one year after the subject was admitted to a medium-secure assessment and treatment residential facility. The results suggest that, although the treatment was successful in targeting ritualization and reducing social isolation, ethical concerns extended to care staff concerns about the reinforcer adopted for the programme and the lack of informed consent from the subject. The former resulted in inconsistent application of the programme and its eventual termination. A follow-up assessment of the subject's extent of social isolation and ritualistic behaviour suggested a return to a pre-DRI level of morbidity. Limitations and suggestions for the future treatment of such cases are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Iqbal
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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43
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Britton LN, Carr JE, Landaburu HJ, Romick KS. The efficacy of noncontingent reinforcement as treatment for automatically reinforced stereotypy. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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44
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Lancioni GE, O'Reilly MF, Basili G. Use of microswitches and speech output systems with people with severe/profound intellectual or multiple disabilities: a literature review. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2001; 22:21-40. [PMID: 11263629 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-4222(00)00064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microswitches and speech output systems are two forms of technology which have been used with people with severe/profound intellectual or multiple disabilities to help them reduce their isolation and interact with the surrounding world (i.e., thus obtaining environmental stimulation independently or requesting it efficiently). This paper reviews the studies which used microswitches and speech output systems with the aforementioned people during the 1986-1999 period, and discusses the research findings and the practicality of these two forms of technology. Some relevant issues for future research are also pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Lancioni
- University of Leiden, Department of Psychology, The Netherlands.
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45
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Leblanc LA, Patel MR, Carr JE. Recent advances in the assessment of aberrant behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement in individuals with developmental disabilities. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2000; 31:137-54. [PMID: 11132117 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7916(00)00017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many aberrant behaviors exhibited by individuals with developmental disabilities are maintained by "automatic reinforcement". These behaviors are often difficult to treat, with the most effective behavioral interventions often resulting in only moderate success. However, a series of recent studies has advanced our ability to understand and treat these behaviors through the innovative use of behavioral assessment. We review the recent development of three categories of assessments: (a) nonhypothesis-based stimulus preference assessments, (b) hypothesis-based stimulus preference assessments, and (c) hypothesis-based assessments incorporating noncontingent reinforcement and sensory extinction procedures. We consider each category's contribution to both our ability to prescribe effective behavioral interventions and our ability to more fully understand the concept of automatic reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Leblanc
- Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, 49008-5439, USA.
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46
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Zhou L, Goff GA. Effects of increased response effort on self-injury and object manipulation as competing responses. J Appl Behav Anal 2000; 33:29-40. [PMID: 10738950 PMCID: PMC1284220 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2000.33-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We evaluated the effects of a response-effort intervention on the occurrence of self-injurious hand mouthing and a competing response (object manipulation) with 4 individuals who had profound developmental disabilities. During Phase 1, results of functional analyses showed that all participants engaged in high levels of hand mouthing in the absence of social contingencies, suggesting that the behavior was maintained by automatic reinforcement. In Phase 2, preferred leisure items were identified for participants during assessments in which duration of leisure item manipulation was used as the index of preference. In Phase 3, participants were observed to engage in high levels of hand mouthing and in varying levels of object manipulation when they had free access to their most preferred leisure items during baseline. The effects of increased response effort on hand mouthing and object manipulation were then evaluated in mixed multiple baseline and reversal designs. The response-effort condition was identical to baseline, except that participants wore soft, flexible sleeves that increased resistance for elbow flexion but still enabled participants to engage in hand mouthing. Results showed consistent decreases in SIB and increases in object manipulation during the response-effort condition for all participants. These results suggested that a less preferred reinforcer (produced by object manipulation) may substitute for a more highly preferred reinforcer (produced by hand mouthing) when response effort for hand mouthing was increased. DESCRIPTORS self-injurious behavior, automatic reinforcement, reinforcer substitutability, response effort
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhou
- Arlington Developmental Center, Tennessee 38002, USA
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47
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Lindberg JS, Iwata BA, Kahng SW. On the relation between object manipulation and stereotypic self-injurious behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 1999; 32:51-62. [PMID: 10201103 PMCID: PMC1284540 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.1999.32-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Results from a number of studies have shown an inverse relationship between stereotypic behavior and object manipulation. The purposes of this study were to determine whether techniques similar to those used previously (prompting and reinforcement) would be effective in increasing object manipulation under both prompted and unprompted conditions, and to ascertain whether increases in object manipulation would result in decreases in stereotypic self-injurious behavior (SIB). Two individuals with developmental disabilities who engaged in SIB maintained by automatic reinforcement participated. Results showed that object manipulation increased from baseline levels when experimenters prompted participants to manipulate leisure items, but that object manipulation was not maintained under unprompted conditions, and rates of SIB stayed within baseline levels. We then attempted to increase object manipulation further by (a) reinforcing object manipulation, (b) blocking SIB while reinforcing manipulation, and (c) preventing SIB by applying protective equipment while reinforcing object manipulation. Reinforcing object manipulation alone did not affect levels of object manipulation. Blocking effectively reduced attempts to engage in SIB for 1 participant but produced no increase in object manipulation. When the 2nd participant was prevented from engaging in SIB through the use of protective equipment, rates of object manipulation increased dramatically but were not maintained when the equipment was removed. These results suggest that stimulation derived from object manipulation, even when supplemented with arbitrary reinforcement, may not compete with stimulation produced by stereotypic SIB; therefore, direct interventions to reduce SIB are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Lindberg
- Psychology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA
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48
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Lancioni GE, O'reilly MF, Dijk JV, Klaase M. An Environmental Enrichment Programme to Promote Adaptive Responding in Two Children with Multiple Disabilities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/02845719808408504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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49
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Hanley GP, Piazza CC, Keeney KM, Blakeley-Smith AB, Worsdell AS. Effects of wrist weights on self-injurious and adaptive behaviors. J Appl Behav Anal 1998; 31:307-10. [PMID: 9652108 PMCID: PMC1284120 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.1998.31-307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of wrist weights on the self-injurious and adaptive behaviors of a young boy with profound mental retardation were evaluated. Application of wrist weights reduced SIB by 92% and was associated with either increases or stable levels of multiple novel and preexisting adaptive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Hanley
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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50
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Irvin DS, Thompson TJ, Turner WD, Williams DE. Utilizing increased response effort to reduce chronic hand mouthing. J Appl Behav Anal 1998; 31:375-85. [PMID: 9757581 PMCID: PMC1284129 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.1998.31-375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of increased response effort on levels of hand mouthing, leisure engagement, and adaptive elbow flexion were investigated with 2 individuals who had been diagnosed with profound disabilities. Arm restraints designed to alter the amount of physical effort necessary to engage in hand mouthing were used. Results indicated that the treatment strategy reduced levels of hand mouthing but produced only small to moderate reductions in levels of leisure engagement and adaptive elbow flexion. At follow-up, the effects of increased response effort on hand mouthing and leisure engagement were maintained for both participants; however, the restraints were associated with substantial reductions in adaptive elbow flexion for 1 participant.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Irvin
- Murdoch Center, Psychology Services, Butner, North Carolina 27509, USA
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