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Ideo F, Niazi S, Mezzena S, Mannocci F, Cotti E. Prevalence of Apical Periodontitis in Patients with Autoimmune Diseases under Immunomodulators: A Retrospective Cohort Study. J Endod 2022; 48:722-729. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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de Almeida JM, Matheus HR, Fiorin LG, Furquim EMA, Gusman DJR. Influence of immunosuppression on the progression of experimental periodontitis and on healthy periodontal tissue: A rat in vivo study. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2021; 15:94-99. [PMID: 34386179 PMCID: PMC8346707 DOI: 10.34172/joddd.2021.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties of glucocorticoids (GCs) might influence the progression of some disorders, such as periodontitis. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the influence of dexamethasone (DEX) on the alveolar bone loss (ABL) of healthy and periodontally compromised molars in rats. Methods. Thirty male rats were randomly assigned to two groups: physiological saline solution (PSS) and DEX. The animals received subcutaneous injections of either 0.5 mL of PSS) (group PSS) or 2 mg/kg of DEX (group DEX) from one day before experimental periodontitis (EP) induction until euthanasia. EP was induced through ligature placement around the mandibular lower first molars at day 0. Contralateral molars remained unligated. Ten animals per period were euthanized on days 3, 7, and 14. Morphometric analysis was performed to access the ABL. Data were statistically analyzed with ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey tests (P ≤ 0.05). Results. Higher ABL was observed in both groups on days 7 and 14 than on day 3 (P ≤ 0.05). Concerning periodontitis, higher ABL was observed in group DEX on days 3, 7, and 14 days than group PSS at the same time intervals (P ≤ 0.05). Also, even in the contralateral unligated molars, group DEX exhibited higher ABL on days 3, 7, and 14 days than group PSS at the same time intervals (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions. Collectively, it can be concluded that DEX aggravates EP and induces spontaneous ABL in the healthy periodontium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Milanezi de Almeida
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique Rinaldi Matheus
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Guilherme Fiorin
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisa Mara Abreu Furquim
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Relationship between periodontal status and disease activity in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Reumatologia 2021; 59:35-40. [PMID: 33707794 PMCID: PMC7944957 DOI: 10.5114/reum.2021.103643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease mainly affecting the spine and sacroiliac joints, characterized by enthesitis. Recent studies have investigated the relationship between AS and periodontitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the periodontal status of patients with AS and to determine the factors affecting this. Material and methods The study included 200 AS patients, of which 129 were taking anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) drugs and 71 were taking non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). Patients did not change their medication during the study. Disease activity was evaluated with the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), mobility with the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI), functional status with the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), enthesitis with the integrated Maastricht Ankylosing Spondylitis Enthesitis Score (MASES), and quality of life with the Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life (ASQoL) scale. Data related to erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein were recorded from the hospital information system. The plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), pocket depth (PD), attachment level (CAL) measurements, and bleeding index (BOP) were measured. Results The results showed that 35.5% of the AS patients had periodontitis, at a lower rate in the anti-TNF group than in the NSAID group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Periodontitis-related factors were found to be age, BASFI and BASMI. A significant relationship was found between MASES and BOP and GI. Conclusions This suggests that periodontitis may be an enthesis in AS. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to explain the mechanism of periodontitis in AS patients.
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Tan CXW, Brand HS, Iqbal S, De Boer NKH, Forouzanfar T, de Visscher JGAM. A self-reported survey on oral health problems in patients with inflammatory bowel disease with a stoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2020; 130:e80-e86. [PMID: 32601008 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2020.04.816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients with inflammatory bowel disease have an increased risk of developing oral health problems. The aim of this study was to investigate whether oral diseases in these patients are related to inflammation of the intestine and if there is a correlation between inflammatory bowel disease-specific health-related quality of life (IBD-HR-QOL) and oral health problems. STUDY DESIGN The study was a cross-sectional survey and analysis of self-reported oral health of individuals with a stoma for Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and treated colon cancer (CC). Validated international questionnaires were sent to members of the Stoma Federation of The Netherlands. Because there was an unequal distribution of male and female patients with CD and CC, data of 169 age-matched female patients with CD, UC, and CC with a stoma were analyzed. RESULTS Patients with CD had significantly more oral health problems compared with those with UC or CC. Patients with CD and UC both had significantly more gingival-related problems compared with patients with CC. There was a significant negative correlation between IBD-HR-QOL and oral health problems. CONCLUSIONS In the 3 distinguishable groups of patients with a stoma, patients with CD had an increased risk for oral health problems, independently from surgical removal of (a part of) the inflamed intestine, suggesting a general increased susceptibility of patients with CD for oral health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher X W Tan
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre/Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Henk S Brand
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sumaira Iqbal
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nanne K H De Boer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, VU University, AG&M Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tymour Forouzanfar
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre/Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan G A M de Visscher
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre/Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ziebolz D, Douglas D, Douglas D, Schmickler J, Patschan D, Müller GA, Haak R, Schmidt J, Schmalz G, Patschan S. Periodontal condition is associated with disease duration and motoric disabilities in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: results of a cross-sectional study. Rheumatol Int 2018; 38:855-863. [PMID: 29557489 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-018-4012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent literature reveals worse periodontal health condition in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). However, roles of AS-related parameters, periodontal condition, and their association appear unclear. This cross-sectional study aimed at investigating dental and periodontal health as well as potentially periodontal pathogenic bacteria in patients with AS compared to healthy control subjects (HC). METHODS Dental examination comprised dental findings (DMF-T), periodontal probing depth (PPD), bleeding on probing, clinical attachment loss (CAL), papillary bleeding index, and microbiological analysis based on polymerase chain reaction of selected potentially periodontal pathogenic bacteria. Classification of periodontitis severity was based on PPD and/or CAL and divided into no/mild, moderate, and severe periodontitis. RESULTS 52 participants with AS and 52 HC were included. 96% of the AS group and 75% of HC had moderate to severe periodontitis (moderate: AS = 26, HC = 34; severe: AS = 23, HC = 5; p < 0.01). Furthermore, a higher number of decayed teeth (D-T) were found in AS compared to HC (p = 0.02). A significant difference between AS und HC was detected for the prevalences of Parvimonas micra (AS = 92%, HC = 71%; p = 0.01), Eubacterium nodatum (AS = 35%, HC = 17%; p = 0.05), and Eikenella corrodens (AS = 96%, HC = 77%; p = 0.01). Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI) and disease duration showed significant associations to PPD and CAL (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Patients with AS show worse dental and periodontal conditions compared to HC. Thereby, prevalence of bacteria related to insufficient oral hygiene was higher in AS. BASMI and duration of AS affect periodontal burden. Accordingly, particular attention considering dental care and oral hygiene in AS patients seems to be reasonable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Ziebolz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University Leipzig, Liebigstr. 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - David Douglas
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University Leipzig, Liebigstr. 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Donya Douglas
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University Leipzig, Liebigstr. 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Schmickler
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University Leipzig, Liebigstr. 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Patschan
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmology, Angiology and Nephrology, Brandenburg Medical School, University Hospital Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard A Müller
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Rainer Haak
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University Leipzig, Liebigstr. 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jana Schmidt
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University Leipzig, Liebigstr. 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schmalz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University Leipzig, Liebigstr. 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susann Patschan
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Piras V, Usai P, Mezzena S, Susnik M, Ideo F, Schirru E, Cotti E. Prevalence of Apical Periodontitis in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Retrospective Clinical Study. J Endod 2018; 43:389-394. [PMID: 28231978 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM We evaluated the prevalence of apical periodontitis (AP) and the oral health status in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) treated with immunomodulators, with particular attention to biologic medications (BMs). METHODS One hundred ten patients, 49 men and 61 women (average age, 46 ± 13.8 years), from the Gastroenterology Unit of the University Hospital with IBDs who were treated with BMs or corticosteroids were included in the study. One hundred ten patients who registered for a dental check-up at the Dental Clinic were matched for age, sex, and physical characteristics with the study group without systemic diseases and not taking medications who were the control. Patients underwent a complete oral, dental, and radiographic examination. Decayed, missing, and filled teeth and periapical index score indexes were recorded. Student t test, χ2, and Mann-Whitney U test were used as appropriate. RESULTS The prevalence of AP was 64% in IBD patients and 59% in the control; according to the gender-stratified analysis, the difference was not significant among the male groups, whereas the number of teeth with AP was significantly higher in female patients with IBDs than in the controls (P ≤ .05). The prevalence of AP in patients treated with BMs was 65%; women showed 69% higher risk for AP and presented a significantly higher number of teeth with AP (P ≤ .05). Decayed, missing, and filled teeth index was similar in both groups, whereas patients with IBDs had a higher periapical index score than the controls. CONCLUSIONS Women with IBDs and taking immunomodulators had a higher prevalence of AP. All patients with IBDs had larger lesions than healthy subjects. These data emphasize the influence of the status of the immune system in the onset of AP and the need for further studies to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Piras
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paolo Usai
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Silvia Mezzena
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marta Susnik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesca Ideo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elia Schirru
- Department of Endodontology, Kings College Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabetta Cotti
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
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Agossa K, Dendooven A, Dubuquoy L, Gower-Rousseau C, Delcourt-Debruyne E, Capron M. Periodontal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease: emerging epidemiologic and biologic evidence. J Periodontal Res 2016; 52:313-324. [PMID: 27663744 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease and periodontitis are both described as a disproportionate mucosal inflammatory response to a microbial environment in susceptible patients. Moreover, these two conditions share major environmental and lifestyle-related risk factors. Despite this intriguing pathogenic parallel, large-scale studies and basic research have only recently considered periodontal outcomes as relevant data. There are mounting and consistent arguments, from recent epidemiologic studies and animal models, that these two conditions might be related. This article is a comprehensive and critical up-to-date review of the current evidence and future prospects in understanding the biologic and epidemiologic relationships between periodontal status and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Agossa
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1008 - Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Lille, France.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - A Dendooven
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995 - LIRIC - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, Lille, France
| | - L Dubuquoy
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995 - LIRIC - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, Lille, France
| | - C Gower-Rousseau
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995 - LIRIC - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, Lille, France.,Public Health, Epidemiology and Economic Health, Registre Epimad, Maison Régionale de la Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Régional, Lille Cedex, France
| | - E Delcourt-Debruyne
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1008 - Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Lille, France.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - M Capron
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995 - LIRIC - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, Lille, France
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8
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Rauner M, Thiele S, Fert I, Araujo LM, Layh-Schmitt G, Colbert RA, Hofbauer C, Bernhardt R, Bürki A, Schwiedrzik J, Zysset PK, Pietschmann P, Taurog JD, Breban M, Hofbauer LC. Loss of bone strength in HLA-B27 transgenic rats is characterized by a high bone turnover and is mainly osteoclast-driven. Bone 2015; 75:183-91. [PMID: 25746795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although osteopenia is frequent in spondyloarthritis (SpA), the underlying cellular mechanisms and association with other symptoms are poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize bone loss during disease progression, determine cellular alterations, and assess the contribution of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to bone loss in HLA-B27 transgenic rats. METHODS Bones of 2-, 6-, and 12-month-old non-transgenic, disease-free HLA-B7 and disease-associated HLA-B27 transgenic rats were examined using peripheral quantitative computed tomography, μCT, and nanoindentation. Cellular characteristics were determined by histomorphometry and ex vivo cultures. The impact of IBD was determined using [21-3 x 283-2]F1 rats, which develop arthritis and spondylitis, but not IBD. RESULTS HLA-B27 transgenic rats continuously lost bone mass with increasing age and had impaired bone material properties, leading to a 3-fold decrease in bone strength at 12 months of age. Bone turnover was increased in HLA-B27 transgenic rats, as evidenced by a 3-fold increase in bone formation and a 6-fold increase in bone resorption parameters. Enhanced osteoclastic markers were associated with a larger number of precursors in the bone marrow and a stronger osteoclastogenic response to RANKL or TNFα. Further, IBD-free [21-3 x 283-2]F1 rats also displayed decreased total and trabecular bone density. CONCLUSIONS HLA-B27 transgenic rats lose an increasing amount of bone density and strength with progressing age, which is primarily mediated via increased bone remodeling in favor of bone resorption. Moreover, IBD and bone loss seem to be independent features of SpA in HLA-B27 transgenic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rauner
- Department of Medicine III, Dresden Technical University Medical Center, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Sylvia Thiele
- Department of Medicine III, Dresden Technical University Medical Center, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fert
- Institut Cochin, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | | | - Gerlinde Layh-Schmitt
- Pediatric Translational Research Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Colbert
- Pediatric Translational Research Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christine Hofbauer
- Department of Orthopedics, Dresden Technical University Medical Center, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ricardo Bernhardt
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technical University, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Bürki
- Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Schwiedrzik
- Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe K Zysset
- Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Pietschmann
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Joel D Taurog
- University of TX Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | | | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Department of Medicine III, Dresden Technical University Medical Center, Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies, Dresden, Germany
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Gamsjaeger S, Srivastava AK, Wergedal JE, Zwerina J, Klaushofer K, Paschalis EP, Tatakis DN. Altered bone material properties in HLA-B27 rats include reduced mineral to matrix ratio and altered collagen cross-links. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:2382-91. [PMID: 24771481 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Spondyloarthropathy and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are often associated with severe osteopenia/osteoporosis in both children and adults. HLA-B27 transgenic rats present a phenotype that includes severe colitis and severely accelerated alveolar bone loss. The purpose of this study was to evaluate long bone density status, systemic bone metabolic markers, and intrinsic bone material properties in HLA-B27 transgenic (TG) rats, and compare them with those of age- and sex-matched wild-type (WT) animals. The results indicate that in the HLA-B27 rat, an animal susceptible to both alveolar bone loss (ABL) and long bone osteopenia, there is a statistically significant negative correlation between ABL and long bone bone mineral density (BMD), as well as mineral/matrix ratio at active bone-forming trabecular surfaces. The TG animals had a lower mineral/matrix ratio and higher relative proteoglycan and advanced glycation end product (ϵ-N-Carboxymethyl-L-lysine) content and pyridinoline/divalent collagen cross-link ratio compared with WT. These results may provide better understanding of the interrelationship between osteoporosis and oral bone loss, the underlying causes of the inferior bone strength in the HLA-B27 transgenic animals, and could prove to be a useful model in the elucidation of the pathophysiology of spondyloarthropathy and IBD-associated osteopenia/osteoporosis and in the evaluation of pharmacological intervention(s) against such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Gamsjaeger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
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Li H, Yang H, Ding Y, Aprecio R, Zhang W, Wang Q, Li Y. Experimental periodontitis induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis does not alter the onset or severity of diabetes in mice. J Periodontal Res 2013; 48:582-90. [PMID: 23317150 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Diabetes mellitus is believed to increase the risk and severity of periodontitis. However, less evidence is available on the converse effects of periodontitis on diabetes. The objective of the study was to investigate to what degree experimental periodontitis induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis might influence the onset and severity of diabetes in different mouse models. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-eight male Tallyho/JngJ mice (type 2 diabetes), 20 male streptozotocin-induced diabetes C57BL/6J mice (type 1 diabetes) and 20 male C57BL/6J mice at 4 wks of age were evenly divided into two groups: periodontal infection and sham infection. Periodontitis was induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis W50 (P. gingivalis) oral inoculation before the development of diabetes. Sham-infected mice received vehicle as control. P. gingivalis in the oral cavity were identified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Fasting glucose, body weight and food intake levels were monitored and glucose tolerance tests were performed to assess glucose homeostasis for the onset and progression of diabetes. The level of alveolar bone loss and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were determined in week 20 when mice were killed. RESULTS Mice in the infection groups developed more alveolar bone loss than those in sham-infection groups (Tallyho p = 0.021; C57-STZ p = 0.014; C57 p = 0.035). Hyperglycemic mice exhibited significantly more bone loss compared to those normal glucose mice (Tallyho vs. C57 p = 0.029; C57-STZ vs. C57 p = 0.024). The level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha was consistent with that of periodontal bone loss and hyperglycemia. There was no significant effect of mouse species on the amount of bone loss at the same level of blood glucose. No statistically significant difference or trend in glucose metabolism was found between the infection and sham-infection group. CONCLUSION Diabetes enhanced the risk for periodontal disease induced by P. gingivalis. However, no converse impact was found between this periodontal infection and onset and severity of diabetes in both type 1 and 2 diabetes mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Queiroz-Junior CM, Madeira MFM, Coelho FM, Costa VV, Bessoni RLC, Sousa LFDC, Garlet GP, Souza DDGD, Teixeira MM, Silva TAD. Experimental arthritis triggers periodontal disease in mice: involvement of TNF-α and the oral Microbiota. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:3821-30. [PMID: 21890656 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontal disease (PD) are prevalent chronic inflammatory disorders that affect bone structures. Individuals with RA are more likely to experience PD, but how disease in joints could induce PD remains unknown. This study aimed to experimentally mimic clinical parameters of RA-induced PD and to provide mechanistic findings to explain this association. Chronic Ag-induced arthritis (AIA) was triggered by injection of methylated BSA in the knee joint of immunized mice. Anti-TNF-α was used to assess the role of this cytokine. Intra-articular challenge induced infiltration of cells, synovial hyperplasia, bone resorption, proteoglycan loss, and increased expression of cytokines exclusively in challenged joints. Simultaneously, AIA resulted in severe alveolar bone loss, migration of osteoclasts, and release of proinflammatory cytokines in maxillae. Anti-TNF-α therapy prevented the development of both AIA and PD. AIA did not modify bacterial counts in the oral cavity. PD, but not AIA, induced by injection of Ag in immunized mice was decreased by local treatment with antiseptic, which decreased the oral microbiota. AIA was associated with an increase in serum C-reactive protein levels and the expression of the transcription factors RORγ and Foxp3 in cervical lymph nodes. There were higher titers of anti-collagen I IgG, and splenocytes were more responsive to collagen I in AIA mice. In conclusion, AIA-induced PD was dependent on TNF-α and the oral microbiota. Moreover, PD was associated with changes in expression of lymphocyte transcription factors, presence of anti-collagen Abs, and increased reactivity to autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso Martins Queiroz-Junior
- Departamento de Clínica, Patologia e Cirurgia Odontológicas, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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12
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Souza DMD, Prado FDA, Prado MDA, Rocha RFD, Carvalho YRD. Evaluation of two morphometric methods of bone loss percentages caused by periodontitis in rats in different locations. J Appl Oral Sci 2011; 18:493-7. [PMID: 21085806 PMCID: PMC4246381 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572010000500011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study evaluated morphometrically bone loss percentages in experimental
periodontitis in rats, comparing different locations (lingual mandible, palatal
maxilla and buccal maxilla) and two evaluation methods (distance and area
methods). Material and Methods Ligatures were placed around the maxillary right second molar and around the
mandibular right first molar in 14 female Wistar rats. The contralateral molars
served as intragroup controls. After 4 weeks, the rats were sacrificed and their
mandible and maxilla were removed. The specimens were dissected and stained with
methylene blue dye. Bone loss was evaluated by two different methods on the
surfaces of the defleshed jaw. In the first method, the distance from the
cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar bone crest was measured in the roots
of teeth associated with ligature. In the second method, the area of bone loss was
determined using the alveolar tissue bone, CEJ and the proximal region of roots
associated with the ligature as reference. The data were converted to bone loss
percentages caused by ligature: (ligated – unligated) x 100/ligated. Results When comparing the distance and area methods, no statistically significant
difference was observed (p>0.05). Both methodologies indicated that the maxilla
presented greater bone loss than the mandible and it was more accentuated on the
buccal side than on the palatal side (p<0.05). Conclusion The findings of this study show that both the area and the distance methods can be
used to evaluate bone loss caused by ligature placement in rats, and suggest
applying the morphometric methodology to the maxilla on the buccal side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Martins de Souza
- Discipline of Periodontology, Dental Course, Pindamonhangaba College, Christian Life University Foundation, Pindamonhangaba, SP, Brazil.
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Watanabe K, Iizuka T, Adeleke A, Pham L, Shlimon AE, Yasin M, Horvath P, Unterman TG. Involvement of toll-like receptor 4 in alveolar bone loss and glucose homeostasis in experimental periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2010; 46:21-30. [PMID: 20860587 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE There is general agreement that certain fatty acids and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) promote inflammation through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and that inflammation promotes insulin resistance. We therefore hypothesized that mice with periodontitis and a TLR4 loss-of-function (LOF) mutation fed a high-fat (HF) diet would develop improved glucose homeostasis compared with wild-type (WT) animals with periodontitis fed a HF diet. MATERIAL AND METHODS Wild-type and TLR4 mutant mice fed a HF diet were divided into four groups (n = 6/group): WT; WT with periodontitis (WT/P); mutant (Mut); and mutant with periodontitis (Mut/P). Periodontitis was induced by placing LPS soaked ligatures around maxillary second molars. Fasting insulin and glucose levels were measured weekly for 10 wk. Glucose tolerance was evaluated at baseline (week 1) and at 9 wk. Insulin signaling (phosphorylation of Akt) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA levels in liver were determined when the mice were killed at week 10. RESULTS Mut/P mice developed less alveolar bone loss compared with WT/P mice (p < 0.05). Fasting glucose levels were improved after 8 wk of feeding a HF diet (weeks 9 and 10) in Mut/P mice compared with Mut, WT and WT/P mice (p < 0.05). Glucose tolerance was impaired in all groups compared with baseline (p < 0.05), except for the Mut/P group. Insulin signaling was improved (p < 0.05), and expression of TNF-α was decreased (p < 0.05) in the liver of Mut/P mice compared with the liver of WT/P mice. CONCLUSION The TLR4 LOF mutation partially protects against alveolar bone loss and improves glucose homeostasis in mice with periodontitis fed a HF diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Watanabe
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7212, USA.
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Fábián T, Csermely P, Fábián G, Fejérdy P. Spondyloarthropathies and bone resorption: A possible role of heat shock protein (Hsp70). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 96:149-55. [DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.96.2009.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Watanabe K, Petro BJ, Shlimon AE, Unterman TG. Effect of periodontitis on insulin resistance and the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. J Periodontol 2008; 79:1208-16. [PMID: 18597603 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.070605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies indicate that an association exists between periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and/or obesity, with chronic inflammation hypothesized as the common denominator. The purpose of this study was to determine the causal effect of periodontitis and the concomitant impact of diet on the onset of insulin resistance (IR) and T2DM using a rat model system that simulates human obesity and T2DM. METHODS Twenty-eight, 5-week-old female Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF, fa/fa) rats were divided into four groups of seven animals: high-fat fed-periodontitis (HF/P), high-fat fed-no periodontitis (HF/C), low-fat fed-periodontitis (LF/P), and low-fat fed-no periodontitis (LF/C). Periodontitis was induced by ligature placement. Fasting plasma insulin and glucose levels were measured, and glucose tolerance tests were performed to assess glucose homeostasis, IR, and the onset of T2DM. The level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), leptin, triglycerides, and free fatty acids were determined in week 13 at sacrifice. RESULTS HF/P rats developed more severe IR compared to HF/C rats (P <0.01) and LF/P or LF/C rats (P <0.001) as measured by fasting insulin levels and homeostasis model assessment analysis. The onset of severe IR occurred approximately 3 weeks earlier in HF/P rats compared to HF/C rats. HF/P rats developed impaired (110 to 125 mg/dl) and frank fasting hyperglycemia (>125 mg/dl) 2 weeks earlier than HF/C rats. There was no difference in the severity and onset of IR and T2DM between LF/P and LF/C rats. The level of TNF-alpha was significantly higher in HF/P rats compared to HF/C rats (P <0.01). CONCLUSION Periodontitis accelerated the onset of severe IR and impaired glucose homeostasis in high-fat fed ZDF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Watanabe
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-5176, USA.
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16
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Fernandes MI, Gaio EJ, Oppermann RV, Rados PV, Rosing CK. Comparison of histometric and morphometric analyses of bone height in ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. Braz Oral Res 2008; 21:216-21. [PMID: 17710286 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242007000300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare histologic and morphometric procedures of bone height measurement. Microscopic measurements are the most frequent methods in periodontal studies with animals, but have limited capacity to identify bone levels associated with both healthy tissues and periodontal disease. Ligatures were placed in the maxillary left second molars of 10 male 60-day-old Wistar rats for 30 days. Left and right maxillary sides of 5 rats were processed for histologic analysis (H), sectioned buccolingually, and stained with HE. The maxillae of the other 5 rats were defleshed and used for morphometric analysis (M). Histometric measurements from the cementoenamel junction to the bone crest were performed. Standardized photographs were used for morphometric analysis. The t test was used for dependent or independent samples (alpha = 0.05%). Distances from cementoenamel junction to bone crest were 0.95 +/- 0.25 and 1.07 +/- 0.30 mm for H and M, respectively. Buccal measurements were 0.92 +/- 0.16 and 1.08 +/- 0.35 mm for H and M. The values obtained using H and M for areas without ligatures were 0.44 +/- 0.15 and 0.47 +/- 0.11 mm for lingual measurements and 0.23 +/- 0.08 and 0.41 +/- 0.10 mm for buccal measurements. No significant differences were found between the two methods in the detection of bone height associated with the placement of ligatures in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilene Issa Fernandes
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Rivaldo EG, Padilha DMP, Hugo FN, Hilgert JB, Rybu BR. Reproducibility of a hemi mandible positioning device and a method for measuring alveolar bone loss area in mice. J Oral Sci 2008; 49:13-7. [PMID: 17429177 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.49.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the reproducibility of a positioning device and a method for measuring the area of alveolar bone loss (ABL) in hemi mandibles of mice. Mucoperiosteal flaps were raised in CF1 Mus domesticus mice (n = 10) on the buccal aspects of the left side of the mandibles. Twenty-one days after surgery, the animals were sacrificed, and the mandibles were resected and stained with 1% toluidine blue. Two positioning devices, one for the buccal and the other for lingual aspect, were fabricated to keep the hemi mandibles in a standard position. The reliabilities of the positioning device and the method for measuring ABL area were analyzed using two series of pictures. The photographs were digitized and ABL measured as the exposed root area. Measurements were performed by two blinded examiners using image analysis software. Intra- and inter-examiner reproducibility of the positioning method ranged from -1.5 to +1.33 mm, while intra- and inter-examiner reproducibility of the measurement technique ranged from -3.37 to 14.70. Our results indicate that, due to the small variation observed in ABL area assessment, the positioning device and method for measuring ABL area represent useful techniques for evaluating ABL in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elken G Rivaldo
- Geriatric and Gerontology Institute, Pontifical Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Alayan J, Ivanovski S, Farah CS. Alveolar bone loss in T helper 1/T helper 2 cytokine-deficient mice. J Periodontal Res 2007; 42:97-103. [PMID: 17305866 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The role of cytokines in bone loss is important in the context of periodontitis, where inflammation-induced bone destruction is a major manifestation. Numerous cytokines have been implicated as mediators of bone resorption. The purpose of this study was to observe the impact of targeted gene deletion of T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines on naturally occurring alveolar bone loss in genetically modified mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS Alveolar bone loss was measured histomorphometrically in interleukin-4, interleukin-10, interleukin-12p40, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) knockout mice at 6, 16 and 30 wk of age. RESULTS Both Th1 (interleukin-12p40, IFN-gamma, TNF) and Th2 (interleukin-10, interleukin-4) knockout mice exhibited significantly more alveolar bone loss than their respective wild-type control mice (p<0.001). Interleukin-10-/- and interleukin-12p40-/- mice exhibited a three-fold increase in alveolar bone loss at 30 wk of age, whereas bone loss in IFN-gamma-/-, TNF-/- and interleukin-4-/- mice was 1.5- to two-fold higher compared with wild-type control mice. CONCLUSION The results of the present study indicate that both Th1 and Th2 cytokines play an important role in maintaining alveolar bone homeostasis. The kinetics of alveolar bone loss seen in cytokine gene knockout mice indicates that bone loss is age dependent and late in onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alayan
- Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Alayan J, Ivanovski S, Gemmell E, Ford P, Hamlet S, Farah CS. Deficiency of iNOS contributes to Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced tissue damage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 21:360-5. [PMID: 17064393 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2006.00304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that results in extensive soft and hard tissue destruction of the periodontium. Porphyromonas gingivalis possesses an array of virulence factors and has been shown to induce expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in inflammatory cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eliminating iNOS in a murine model of P. gingivalis infection. This was achieved by utilizing a P. gingivalis-induced skin abscess model, and an alveolar bone loss model employing an oral infection of P. gingivalis in iNOS knockout mice. The results indicated that iNOS knockout mice exhibit more extensive soft tissue damage and alveolar bone loss in response to P. gingivalis infection compared to wild-type mice. The local immune response to P. gingivalis in iNOS knockout mice was characterized by increased numbers of polymorphonuclear monocytes, while the systemic immune response was characterized by high levels of interleukin-12. The iNOS is required for an appropriate response to P. gingivalis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alayan
- Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Cavagni J, Soletti AC, Gaio EJ, Rösing CK. The effect of dexamethasone in the pathogenesis of ligature-induced periodontal disease in Wistar rats. Braz Oral Res 2006; 19:290-4. [PMID: 16491258 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242005000400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate, in rats, the role of the systemic use of dexamethasone in the pathogenesis of induced alveolar bone loss. In 26 female Wistar rats, ligatures were placed around the second upper molars, and the contralateral ones served as intra-group controls. Two groups were formed. The test group received 0.5 mg/kg of dexamethasone subcutaneously every third day during thirty days. The control group received the same amount of saline solution. After thirty days, the animals were sacrificed and their maxillae were removed. Sodium hypochlorite was used to prepare the specimens, and the cementum-enamel junction was stained with 1% methylene blue. Morphometric analysis of the alveolar bone loss was performed with standardized digital photographs, and the distance between the cementum-enamel junction and the alveolar bone crest was measured with the software ImageTool 3.0. Intra-examiner calibration revealed a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.99. Statistical analysis was performed by paired or independent samplet tests, as appropriate (alpha = 0.05). Dexamethasone increased the mean alveolar bone loss in ligature-induced periodontitis in relation to the control group (0.77 and 0.61 buccally, and 0.65 and 0.56 palatally, respectively). No significant differences were observed intergroups in the teeth without ligatures. In the animal model used here, the use of dexamethasone increased the progression of ligature-induced alveolar bone loss.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Several animal studies have shown a positive correlation between aging and alveolar bone loss (ABL). The purpose of this study was to develop a model for the study of ABL in mice and aging. METHODS Mucoperiosteal flap surgery (MFS) was performed on the buccal aspect of the left side of the mandible (BL) in 72 CF(1) Mus domesticus mice and divided into three groups as follows: males, breeding (non-virgin) females, and virgin females. The MFS was performed in 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month-old animals under anesthesia. The buccal aspects of right hemimandibles were used as controls (BR). Animals were sacrificed under anesthesia 21 days after surgery. Mandibles were removed, defleshed, stained with toluidine blue, and photographed in a microscope. The photographs were digitized, and ABL was measured as the exposed root surface area (mm(2)). Blinded measurements were performed using a computer-assisted image analysis system. RESULTS In terms of alveolar bone loss, the BL (operated) area showed a significant difference (paired Student t test; P <0.001) when compared to the BR area in all three groups. Sex and breeding differences were not observed in this experiment. ABL in the left hemimandibles was significantly larger in 3- (mean: 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.59 to 0.80) and 12-month-old animals (mean: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.46 to 0.71) than in 6- (mean: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.33 to 0.46) and 9-month-old animals (mean: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.48); P <0.001. CONCLUSION The results suggest that 3-month-old CF(1) mice, in a sex and breeding independent process, could be a useful model for provoked alveolar bone loss studies in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elken G Rivaldo
- Geriatrics and Gerontology Institute, Pontifical Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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ADRF Research Grant Abstracts. Aust Dent J 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2005.tb00377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Al-Rasheed A, Scheerens H, Rennick DM, Fletcher HM, Tatakis DN. Accelerated alveolar bone loss in mice lacking interleukin-10. J Dent Res 2003; 82:632-5. [PMID: 12885849 DOI: 10.1177/154405910308200812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-10 regulates pro-inflammatory cytokines, including those implicated in alveolar bone resorption. We hypothesized that lack of interleukin-10 leads to increased alveolar bone resorption. Male interleukin-10(-/-) mice, on 129/SvEv and C57BL/6J background, were compared with age-, sex-, and strain-matched interleukin-10(+/+) controls for alveolar bone loss. Immunoblotting was used for analysis of serum reactivity against bacteria associated with colitis and periodontitis. Interleukin-10(-/-) mice had significantly greater alveolar bone loss than interleukin-10(+/+) mice (p = 0.006). The 30-40% greater alveolar bone loss in interleukin-10(-/-) mice was evident in both strains, with C57BL/6J interleukin-10(-/-) mice exhibiting the most bone loss. Immunoblotting revealed distinct interleukin-10(-/-) serum reactivity against Bacteroides vulgatus, B. fragilis, Prevotella intermedia, and, to a lesser extent, against B. forsythus. The results of the present study suggest that lack of interleukin-10 leads to accelerated alveolar bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Al-Rasheed
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Schenkein HA. Finding genetic risk factors for periodontal diseases: is the climb worth the view? Periodontol 2000 2002; 30:79-90. [PMID: 12236898 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0757.2002.03008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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