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Tiruvayipati S, Hameed DS, Ahmed N. Play the plug: How bacteria modify recognition by host receptors? Front Microbiol 2022; 13:960326. [PMID: 36312954 PMCID: PMC9615552 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.960326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The diverse microbial community that colonizes the gastrointestinal tract has remarkable effects on the host immune system and physiology resulting in homeostasis or disease. In both scenarios, the gut microbiota interacts with their host through ligand-receptor binding whereby the downstream signaling processes determine the outcome of the interaction as disease or the counteractive immune responses of the host. Despite several studies on microbe-host interactions and the mechanisms by which this intricate process happens, a comprehensive and updated inventory of known ligand-receptor interactions and their roles in disease is paramount. The ligands which originate as a result of microbial responses to the host environment contribute to either symbiotic or parasitic relationships. On the other hand, the host receptors counteract the ligand actions by mounting a neutral or an innate response. The varying degrees of polymorphic changes in the host receptors contribute to specificity of interaction with the microbial ligands. Additionally, pathogenic microbes manipulate host receptors with endogenous enzymes belonging to the effector protein family. This review focuses on the diversity and similarity in the gut microbiome-host interactions both in health and disease conditions. It thus establishes an overview that can help identify potential therapeutic targets in response to critically soaring antimicrobial resistance as juxtaposed to tardy antibiotic development research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suma Tiruvayipati
- Infectious Diseases Programme, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dharjath S. Hameed
- Department of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
- *Correspondence: Niyaz Ahmed, ,
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Jeong YS, Bae YS. Formyl peptide receptors in the mucosal immune system. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1694-1704. [PMID: 33082511 PMCID: PMC7572937 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-00518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family and are well known as chemotactic receptors and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize bacterial and mitochondria-derived formylated peptides. FPRs are also known to detect a wide range of ligands, including host-derived peptides and lipids. FPRs are highly expressed not only in phagocytes such as neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages but also in nonhematopoietic cells such as epithelial cells and endothelial cells. Mucosal surfaces, including the gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract, the oral cavity, the eye, and the reproductive tract, separate the external environment from the host system. In mucosal surfaces, the interaction between the microbiota and host cells needs to be strictly regulated to maintain homeostasis. By sharing the same FPRs, immune cells and epithelial cells may coordinate pathophysiological responses to various stimuli, including microbial molecules derived from the normal flora. Accumulating evidence shows that FPRs play important roles in maintaining mucosal homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the roles of FPRs at mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoe-Sik Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Martins E, César-Neto J, Albuquerque-Souza E, Rebeis E, Holzhausen M, Pannuti C, Mayer M, Saraiva L. One-year follow-up of the immune profile in serum and selected sites of generalized and localized aggressive periodontitis. Cytokine 2019; 116:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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4
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Weiß E, Kretschmer D. Formyl-Peptide Receptors in Infection, Inflammation, and Cancer. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:815-829. [PMID: 30195466 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Formyl-peptide receptors (FPRs) recognize bacterial and mitochondrial formylated peptides as well as endogenous non-formylated peptides and even lipids. FPRs are expressed on various host cell types but most strongly on neutrophils and macrophages. After the discovery of FPRs on leukocytes, it was assumed that these receptors predominantly govern a proinflammatory response resulting in chemotaxis, degranulation, and oxidative burst during infection. However, it is clear that the activation of FPRs has more complex consequences and can also promote the resolution of inflammation. Recent studies have highlighted associations between FPR function and inflammatory conditions, including inflammatory disorders, cancer, and infection. In this review we discuss these recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Weiß
- Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Kretschmer
- Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Skvortsov SS, Gabdoulkhakova AG. Formyl peptide receptor polymorphisms: 27 most possible ways for phagocyte dysfunction. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:426-437. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Pierzchalska M, Grabacka M. The potential role of some phytochemicals in recognition of mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns. Mitochondrion 2016; 30:24-34. [PMID: 27288721 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the source of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs modulate responses to stress and trauma in animals, influencing the onset of many diseases. Dietary phytochemicals, which target various cellular molecules, are potential modulators of immunological status. In this review the existence of the possible impact of some plant-derived compounds with proven anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties (isothiocyanates and curcumin) on DAMPs recognition is highlighted. Special consideration is given to the mtDNA recognizing Toll-like receptor 9 and formyl peptide receptors. In the context of the phytochemicals action, the role of these receptors in epithelial homeostasis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Pierzchalska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Poland.
| | - Maja Grabacka
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Poland
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Abstract
Neutrophils (also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes) are the most abundant leukocytes whose primary purpose as anti-microbial professional phagocytes is to kill extracellular pathogens. Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytic cell types that along with other cells effectively link the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response, and help promote inflammatory resolution and tissue healing. Found extensively within the gingival crevice and epithelium, neutrophils are considered the key protective cell type in the periodontal tissues. Histopathology of periodontal lesions indicates that neutrophils form a 'wall' between the junctional epithelium and the pathogen-rich dental plaque which functions as a robust anti-microbial secretory structure and as a unified phagocytic apparatus. However, neutrophil protection is not without cost and is always considered a two-edged sword in that overactivity of neutrophils can cause tissue damage and prolong the extent and severity of inflammatory periodontal diseases. This review will cover the innate and inflammatory functions of neutrophils, and describe the importance and utility of neutrophils to the host response and the integrity of the periodontium in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Scott
- Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Ye RD, Boulay F, Wang JM, Dahlgren C, Gerard C, Parmentier M, Serhan CN, Murphy PM. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXIII. Nomenclature for the formyl peptide receptor (FPR) family. Pharmacol Rev 2009; 61:119-61. [PMID: 19498085 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 598] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) are a small group of seven-transmembrane domain, G protein-coupled receptors that are expressed mainly by mammalian phagocytic leukocytes and are known to be important in host defense and inflammation. The three human FPRs (FPR1, FPR2/ALX, and FPR3) share significant sequence homology and are encoded by clustered genes. Collectively, these receptors bind an extraordinarily numerous and structurally diverse group of agonistic ligands, including N-formyl and nonformyl peptides of different composition, that chemoattract and activate phagocytes. N-formyl peptides, which are encoded in nature only by bacterial and mitochondrial genes and result from obligatory initiation of bacterial and mitochondrial protein synthesis with N-formylmethionine, is the only ligand class common to all three human receptors. Surprisingly, the endogenous anti-inflammatory peptide annexin 1 and its N-terminal fragments also bind human FPR1 and FPR2/ALX, and the anti-inflammatory eicosanoid lipoxin A4 is an agonist at FPR2/ALX. In comparison, fewer agonists have been identified for FPR3, the third member in this receptor family. Structural and functional studies of the FPRs have produced important information for understanding the general pharmacological principles governing all leukocyte chemoattractant receptors. This article aims to provide an overview of the discovery and pharmacological characterization of FPRs, to introduce an International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR)-recommended nomenclature, and to discuss unmet challenges, including the mechanisms used by these receptors to bind diverse ligands and mediate different biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 835 South Wolcott Avenue, M/C 868, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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Benachour H, Zaiou M, Herbeth B, Lambert D, Lamont JV, Pfister M, Siest G, Tiret L, Blankenberg S, Fitzgerald PS, Visvikis-Siest S. Human formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) c.32C>T SNP is associated with decreased soluble E-selectin levels. Pharmacogenomics 2009; 10:951-9. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.09.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: The human formyl peptide receptor (FPR) is a G protein-coupled chemoattractant receptor that is thought to mediate inflammatory responses. The FPR1 gene is highly polymorphic. In a recent study, the FPR1 c.32C>T SNP, resulting in the amino-acid substitution I11T, was reported to be significantly associated with C-reactive protein levels. Therefore, this study sought to determine if the impact of such a genetic variation extends to other clinical parameters associated with inflammation, including cytokines, adhesion molecules and inflammatory markers. Materials & methods: This study was carried out on a subsample of 325 adults selected from the STANISLAS cohort study. The FPR1 c.32C>T SNP was genotyped using PCR amplification followed by restriction enzyme digestion. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical profiles were assessed for each individual. Results: The allele frequencies of FPR1 c.32C>T were 0.74 for the 32C allele and 0.26 for the 32T allele. Genotype frequencies were 0.55 for C/C, 0.38 for C/T and 0.07 for T/T. After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, alcohol and cigarette consumption, oral contraceptive, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drug use, statistical analysis (under a recessive model of inheritance) demonstrated that serum E-selectin levels were 68% lower in individuals homozygous for T/T than in those with C/T or C/C genotypes (p = 0.001). However, no significant correlations were found for C-reactive protein or the other 18 tested clinical parameters that were analyzed in this study. Conclusion: The FPR1 c.32C>T SNP may be associated with E-selectin levels in the French population. Although of importance, these findings need confirmation in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Zaiou
- Unite de recherche, Génétique Cardio-vasculaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Nancy-Université, 30, rue Lionnois 54000 Nancy, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Laurence Tiret
- NSERM UMR S 525 & Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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Gunji T, Onouchi Y, Nagasawa T, Katagiri S, Watanabe H, Kobayashi H, Arakawa S, Noguchi K, Hata A, Izumi Y, Ishikawa I. Functional polymorphisms of the FPR1 gene and aggressive periodontitis in Japanese. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 364:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.09.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Mills JS. Differential activation of polymorphisms of the formyl peptide receptor by formyl peptides. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2007; 1772:1085-92. [PMID: 17644322 PMCID: PMC2094211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the role of two polymorphic sites (R190W and N192K) on the binding and activation of the formyl peptide receptor (FPR) by viral and formyl peptides. WEDWVGWI, a peptide with antiviral activity derived from the membrane proximal region of feline immunodeficiency virus, binds with high affinity to FPR. The three tryptophans in the peptide are all essential for FPR binding, just as they were essential for antiviral activity [S. Giannecchini, A. Di Fenza, A.M. D'Ursi, D. Matteucci, P. Rovero, M. Bendinelli, Antiviral activity and conformational features of an octapeptide derived from the membrane-proximal ectodomain of the feline immunodeficiency virus transmembrane glycoprotein, J. Virol. 77 (2003) 3724]. Formyl-NleWEDWVGWI behaved as a weak partial agonist with FPR W190/N192 but a stronger partial agonist with FPR R190/K192 and FPR R190/N192. Formyl-NleNleWEDWVGWI behaved as a full agonist toward all three FPRs but exhibited a much higher EC(50) with W190/N192 FPR (300+/-45 nM) than for R190/K192 FPR (40+/-3 nM) or R190/N192 (60+/-8 nM). Formyl-MYKWPWYVWL preferentially activated R190/K192 and R190/N192 FPRs by>5 fold compared to W190/N192 FPR. Formyl-MFEDAVAWF, a peptide derived from a protein in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and formyl-MFTFEPFPTN, a peptide derived from the N-terminus of chemotaxis inhibitory protein of Staphylococcus aureus with an added N-terminal formyl-methionine exhibited the greatest selectivity for R190/K192 and R190/N192 FPRs with approximately 10 fold lower EC(50)s than that observed with FPR W190/N192. Thus, individuals with the W190 polymorphism may display a reduced ability to detect certain formyl peptides.
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Key Words
- fpr, formyl peptide receptor
- chips, chemotaxis inhibitory protein of staphylococcus aureus
- cho s, chinese hamster ovary cells designed for suspension culture
- hrsv, human respiratory syncytial virus
- fiv, feline immunodeficiency virus
- fmlf, n-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine
- flipr, fprl1 inhibitory protein
- aids, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- siv, simian immunodeficiency virus
- hiv, human immunodeficiency virus
- sars, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- gp-41, 41 kilodalton glycoprotein
- gp-36, 36 kilodalton glycoprotein
- hr, heptade repeat
- fitc, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- formyl-nle-leu-phe-nle-tyr-lys-fitc, formyl-nle-leu-phe-nle-tyr-lys labeled at the lys residue with fluorescein isothiocyanate
- formyl-nle-leu-phe-nle-tyr-lys, labeled at the lys residue with alexa fluor n-hydroxy-succinimide
- fmlf, formyl-met-leu-phe
- tmh, transmembrane helix
- fprl1, formyl peptide receptor like 1
- gtpγs, guanosine 5′-3-o-(thio)triphosphate
- formyl peptides
- signal transduction
- g protein-coupled receptor
- polymorphism
- feline immunodeficiency virus
- chemotaxis inhibitory protein of staphylococcus aureus
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Mills
- Montana State University, 109 Lewis Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717-3520, USA.
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Meng H, Xu L, Li Q, Han J, Zhao Y. Determinants of host susceptibility in aggressive periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2007; 43:133-59. [PMID: 17214839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2006.00204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huanxin Meng
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Yoshie
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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Soedarsono N, Rabello D, Kamei H, Fuma D, Ishihara Y, Suzuki M, Noguchi T, Sakaki Y, Yamaguchi A, Kojima T. Evaluation of RANK/RANKL/OPG gene polymorphisms in aggressive periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2006; 41:397-404. [PMID: 16953816 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00874.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Aggressive periodontitis (AgP) is a specific type of periodontal disease that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction. While attempting to identify genetic polymorphisms associated with AgP, previous research has focused on candidate genes that may be involved in immune responses to microbial infections. In this study, the focus was on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the key mediators of osteoclast differentiation and activation, which involve receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (RANK), RANK ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegrin (OPG), in the Japanese population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of RANK/RANKL/OPG gene polymorphisms with AgP in the Japanese population. MATERIAL AND METHODS We examined 99 patients with AgP and 89 controls from the Japanese population to explore the possibility of RANK/RANKL/OPG loci as candidate regions associated with the disease. All exons and relevant exon-intron boundaries of these three candidate genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using 19 primers, followed by direct sequencing. The polymorphisms were identified by comparing the sequences obtained from 48 subjects. RESULTS We identified 27 SNPs in RANK, including 10 novel SNPs and seven SNPs each in both RANKL and OPG. A pairwise linkage disequilibrium analysis using the r2 statistic showed that some SNP pairs from the three loci are in tight linkage disequilibrium. CONCLUSION An association analysis with allelotypes showed that SNPs identified in the RANK/RANKL/OPG genes have no significant association with AgP in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Soedarsono
- Computational and Experimental Systems Biology Group, RIKEN, Genomic Sciences Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
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Bhattacharya M, Wang J, Ribeiro FM, Dixon SJ, Feldman RD, Hegele RA, Ferguson SSG. Analysis of a missense variant of the human N-formyl peptide receptor that is associated with agonist-independent β-arrestin association and indices of inflammation. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2006; 7:190-9. [PMID: 16953235 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) is a potent chemoattractant molecule released from both bacteria and damaged mitochondria that activates fMLP receptors (FPR) leading to neutrophil chemotaxis, degranulation and superoxide production. A common missense single nucleotide polymorphism in the human FPR1 gene at nucleotide c.32C>T results in the amino-acid substitution, p.I11T, in the FPR1 extracellular amino-terminus. The minor (c.32T) allele frequencies were 0.25, 0.27, 0.25, 0.15 and 0.14 in healthy Caucasian, African, East Indian, Chinese and Native Canadian individuals, respectively. In subjects homozygous for the p.T11 allele, we find elevated serum concentrations of C-reactive protein, increased absolute counts of blood leukocytes and neutrophils, and erythrocyte sedimentation rates. When expressed in HEK 293 and RBL-2H3 cells a substantial proportion of FPR1 p.I11T variant is retained intracellularly and agonist-independent internalization of the FPR1 p.I11T variant, but not the wild-type FPR1, is constitutively associated with beta-arrestin2-GFP in vesicles. Moreover, basal N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase release is increased in primary neutrophils isolated from subjects either heterozygous or homozygous for the FPR1 p.T11 allele. Taken together, the data suggest an increased receptor activity and phenotypic expression of increased inflammatory indices in subjects with the p.T11 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bhattacharya
- Cell Biology Research Group, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Mills JS. Peptides derived from HIV-1, HIV-2, Ebola virus, SARS coronavirus and coronavirus 229E exhibit high affinity binding to the formyl peptide receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2006; 1762:693-703. [PMID: 16842982 PMCID: PMC2075610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Revised: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peptides derived from the membrane proximal region of fusion proteins of human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2, Coronavirus 229 E, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Ebola virus were all potent antagonists of the formyl peptide receptor expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Binding of viral peptides was affected by the naturally occurring polymorphisms at residues 190 and 192, which are located at second extracellular loop-transmembrane helix 5 interface. Substitution of R190 with W190 enhanced the affinity for a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus peptide 6 fold but reduced the affinity for N-formyl-Nle-Leu-Phe by 2.5 fold. A 12 mer peptide derived from coronavirus 229E (ETYIKPWWVWL) was the most potent antagonist of the formyl peptide receptor W190 with a K(i) of 230 nM. Fluorescently labeled ETYIKPWWVWL was effectively internalized by all three variants with EC(50) of approximately 25 nM. An HKU-1 coronavirus peptide, MYVKWPWYVWL, was a potent antagonist but N-formyl-MYVKWPWYVWL was a potent agonist. ETYIKPWWVWL did not stimulate GTPgammaS binding but inhibited the stimulation by formyl-NleLeuPhe. It also blocked beta arrestin translocation and receptor downregulation induced by formyl-Nle-Leu-Phe. This indicates that formyl peptide receptor may be important in viral infections and that variations in its sequence among individuals may affect their likelihood of viral and bacterial infections.
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Key Words
- fpr, formyl peptide receptor
- cho s, chinese hamster ovary cells designed for suspension culture
- hrsv, human respiratory syncytial virus
- fiv, feline immunodeficiency virus
- fmlf, n-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine
- aids, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- siv, simian immunodeficiency virus
- hiv, human immunodeficiency virus
- sars, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- gp-41, 41 kilodalton glycoprotein
- hr, heptade repeat
- fitc, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- formyl-nle–leu–phe–nle–tyr–lys–fitc, formyl-nle–leu–phe–nle–tyr–lys labeled at the lys residue with fluorescein isothiocyanate
- formyl-nle–leu–phe–nle–tyr–lys–alexa fluor, formyl-nle–leu–phe–nle–tyr–lys labeled at the lys residue with alexa fluor n-hydroxy-succinimide
- etyik-(alexa fluor)wpwwvwl, etyikwpwwvwl labeled with alexa fluor 488 n-hydroxy-succinimide
- gtpγs, guanosine 5′-3-o-(thio)triphosphate
- tmh, transmembrane helix
- fprl1, formyl peptide like receptor 1
- fprl2, formyl peptide receptor like 2
- virus
- signal transduction
- g protein coupled receptor
- polymorphism
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Mills
- 109 Lewis Hall, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3520, USA.
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Nanamori M, He R, Sang H, Ye RD. Normal cell surface expression and selective loss of functions resulting from Phe110 to Ser and Cys126 to Trp substitutions in the formyl peptide receptor. Immunol Invest 2005; 33:193-212. [PMID: 15195697 DOI: 10.1081/imm-120034234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The N-formyl peptide receptor (FPR) is a G protein-coupled chemoattractant receptor that mediates diverse leukocyte functions when stimulated by bacteria-derived N-formyl peptides such as fMet-Leu-Phe (fMLF). Impaired neutrophil responsiveness to fMLF parallels increased susceptibility to periodontal microorganisms among patients with localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP). To determine whether the recently identified FPR mutations in LJP patients are responsible for selective loss of receptor-mediated functions, we prepared and analyzed RBL-2H3 cells expressing FPR bearing Phe110 to Ser (FPR-F110S) or Cys-126 to Trp (FPR-C126W) replacement as well as a FPR double mutant (FPR-FSCW). All mutant receptors were expressed normally on the cell surface, but were unable to mediate release of beta-hexosaminidase upon fMLF stimulation. FPR-C126W effectively mediated fMLF uptake, an indication of receptor-mediated endocytosis, whereas FPR-F110S and FSCW exhibited markedly reduced ability to uptake fMLF. Both FPR-F110S and FPR-C126W were defective in chemotaxis and displayed reduced Ca2+ mobilization, but mutation at both positions partially restored the ability to respond to fMLF in chemotaxis assay and was nearly normal in Ca2+ mobilization assay. All mutants exhibited diminished accumulation of inositol phosphates. FPR-F110S displayed a delayed and significantly reduced ERK phosphorylation whereas FPR-FSCW nearly lost the ability to phosphorylate ERK. Taken together, these results indicate compromised signaling capabilities due to the FPR mutations, but the loss of function is selective and could be partially rescued by mutations at both positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakatsu Nanamori
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Abstract
Chemotaxis is an important cellular response common in biology. In many chemotaxing cells the signal that regulates movement is initiated by G protein-coupled receptors on the cell surface that bind specific chemoattractants. These receptors share important structural similarities with other G protein-coupled receptors, including rhodopsin, which currently serves as the best starting point for modeling their structures. However, the chemotaxis receptors also share a number of relatively unique structural features that are less common in other GPCRs. The chemoattractant ligands of chemotaxis receptors exhibit a broad variety of sizes and chemical properties, ranging from small molecules and peptides to protein ligands. As a result, different chemotaxis receptors have evolved specialized mechanisms for the early steps of ligand binding and receptor activation. The mechanism of transmembrane signaling is currently under intensive study and several alternate mechanisms proposing different conformational rearrangements of the transmembrane helices have been proposed. Some chemotaxis receptors are proposed to form dimers, and in certain cases dimer formation is proposed to play a role in transmembrane signaling. In principle the structural and dynamical changes that occur during transmembrane signaling could be specialized for different receptors, or could be broadly conserved. Extensive mutagenesis studies have been carried out, and have begun to identify critical residues involved in ligand binding, receptor activation, and transmembrane signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron F Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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