1
|
Fan X, Monson KR, Peters BA, Whittington JM, Um CY, Oberstein PE, McCullough ML, Freedman ND, Huang WY, Ahn J, Hayes RB. Altered salivary microbiota associated with high-sugar beverage consumption. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13386. [PMID: 38862651 PMCID: PMC11167035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64324-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The human oral microbiome may alter oral and systemic disease risk. Consuming high sugar content beverages (HSB) can lead to caries development by altering the microbial composition in dental plaque, but little is known regarding HSB-specific oral microbial alterations. Therefore, we conducted a large, population-based study to examine associations of HSB intake with oral microbiome diversity and composition. Using mouthwash samples of 989 individuals in two nationwide U.S. cohorts, bacterial 16S rRNA genes were amplified, sequenced, and assigned to bacterial taxa. HSB intake was quantified from food frequency questionnaires as low (< 1 serving/week), medium (1-3 servings/week), or high (> 3 servings/week). We assessed overall bacterial diversity and presence of specific taxa with respect to HSB intake in each cohort separately and combined in a meta-analysis. Consistently in the two cohorts, we found lower species richness in high HSB consumers (> 3 cans/week) (p = 0.027), and that overall bacterial community profiles differed from those of non-consumers (PERMANOVA p = 0.040). Specifically, presence of a network of commensal bacteria (Lachnospiraceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, and Alloprevotella rava) was less common in high compared to non-consumers, as were other species including Campylobacter showae, Prevotella oulorum, and Mycoplasma faucium. Presence of acidogenic bacteria Bifodobacteriaceae and Lactobacillus rhamnosus was more common in high consumers. Abundance of Fusobacteriales and its genus Leptotrichia, Lachnoanaerobaculum sp., and Campylobacter were lower with higher HSB consumption, and their abundances were correlated. No significant interaction was found for these associations with diabetic status or with microbial markers for caries (S. mutans) and periodontitis (P. gingivalis). Our results suggest that soft drink intake may alter the salivary microbiota, with consistent results across two independent cohorts. The observed perturbations of overrepresented acidogenic bacteria and underrepresented commensal bacteria in high HSB consumers may have implications for oral and systemic disease risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Fan
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Kelsey R Monson
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brandilyn A Peters
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Caroline Y Um
- Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paul E Oberstein
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Neal D Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wen-Yi Huang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jiyoung Ahn
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard B Hayes
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Metcalfe S, Panasiewicz M, Kay JG. Inflammatory macrophages exploited by oral streptococcus increase IL-1B release via NLRP6 inflammasome. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 114:347-357. [PMID: 37497744 PMCID: PMC10533225 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory periodontal disease develops in part from the infiltration of a large number of classically activated inflammatory macrophages that release inflammatory cytokines important for disease progression, including inflammasome-dependent interleukin (IL)-1β. Streptococcus gordonii is a normally commensal oral microorganism; while not causative, recent evidence indicates that commensal oral microbes are required for the full development of periodontal disease. We have recently reported that inflammatory macrophages counterintuitively allow for the increased survival of phagocytosed S. gordonii over nonactivated or alternatively activated macrophages. This survival is dependent on increased reactive oxygen species production within the phagosome of the inflammatory macrophages, and resistance by the bacterium and can result in S. gordonii damaging the phagolysosomes. Here, we show that activated macrophages infected with live S. gordonii release more IL-1β than non-activated macrophages infected with either live or dead S. gordonii, and that the survival of oral Streptococci are more dependent on macrophage activation than other Gram positive microbes, both classical pathogens and commensals. We also find that S. gordonii-dependent inflammatory macrophage inflammasome activation requires the cytoplasmic NLRP6. Overall, our results suggest S. gordonii is capable of evading immune destruction, increasing inflammatory mediators, and increasing inflammatory macrophage response, and that this ability is increased under conditions of inflammation. This work reveals additional mechanisms by which normally commensal oral streptococci-macrophage interactions can change, resulting in increased release of mature IL-1β, potentially contributing to an environment that perpetuates inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Metcalfe
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main street, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Michelle Panasiewicz
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main street, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Jason G Kay
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main street, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Shang L, Roffel S, Krom BP, Gibbs S, Deng D. Stable reconstructed human gingiva–microbe interaction model: Differential response to commensals and pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:991128. [PMID: 36339338 PMCID: PMC9631029 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.991128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate human oral health and disease, models are required which represent the interactions between the oral mucosa and microbiome. Our aim was to develop an organotypic model which maintains viability of both host and microbes for an extended period of time. Methods Reconstructed Human Gingiva (RHG) were cultured air-lifted with or without penicillin-streptomycin (PS) and topically exposed to Streptococcus gordonii (commensal) or Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (pathogen) for 72 hours in agar. RHG histology, viability and cytokines (ELISA), and bacterial viability (colony forming units) and location (FISH) were assessed. Results The low concentration of topically applied agar did not influence RHG viability. Topically applied bacteria in agar remained localized and viable for 72 hours and did not spill over to infect RHG culture medium. PS in RHG culture medium killed topically applied bacteria. Co-culture with living bacteria did not influence RHG viability (Ki67 expression, MTT assay) or histology (epithelium differentiation, Keratin10 expression). RHG exposed to S. gordonii (with or without PS) did not influence low level of IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CCL5, CCL20 or CXCL1 secretion. However, all cytokines increased (except CCL2) when RHG were co-cultured with A. actinomycetemcomitans. The effect was significantly more in the presence of living, rather than dead, A. actinomycetemcomitans. Both bacteria resulted in increased expression of RHG antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) Elafin and HBD-2, with S. gordonii exposure resulting in the most Elafin secretion. Conclusion This technical advance enables living human oral host–microbe interactions to be investigated during a 72-hour period and shows differences in innate immunology triggered by S. gordonii and A. actinomycetemcomitans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Orthodontic, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Shang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sanne Roffel
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan P. Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dongmei Deng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Dongmei Deng,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Myers S, Do T, Meade JL, Tugnait A, Vernon JJ, Pistolic J, Hancock REW, Marsh PD, Trivedi HM, Chen D, Devine DA. Immunomodulatory streptococci that inhibit CXCL8 secretion and NFκB activation are common members of the oral microbiota. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 33734952 PMCID: PMC8346732 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oral tissues are generally homeostatic despite exposure to many potential inflammatory agents including the resident microbiota. This requires the balancing of inflammation by regulatory mechanisms and/or anti-inflammatory commensal bacteria. Thus, the levels of anti-inflammatory commensal bacteria in resident populations may be critical in maintaining this homeostatic balance. Hypothesis/Gap Statement The incidence of immunosuppressive streptococci in the oral cavity is not well established. Determining the proportion of these organisms and the mechanisms involved may help to understand host-microbe homeostasis and inform development of probiotics or prebiotics in the maintenance of oral health. Aim To determine the incidence and potential modes of action of immunosuppressive capacity in resident oral streptococci. Methodology Supragingival plaque was collected from five healthy participants and supragingival and subgingival plaque from five with gingivitis. Twenty streptococci from each sample were co-cultured with epithelial cells±flagellin or LL-37. CXCL8 secretion was detected by ELISA, induction of cytotoxicity in human epithelial cells by lactate dehydrogenase release and NFκB-activation using a reporter cell line. Bacterial identification was achieved through partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing and next-generation sequencing. Results CXCL8 secretion was inhibited by 94/300 isolates. Immunosuppressive isolates were detected in supragingival plaque from healthy (4/5) and gingivitis (4/5) samples, and in 2/5 subgingival (gingivitis) plaque samples. Most were Streptococcus mitis/oralis. Seventeen representative immunosuppressive isolates all inhibited NFκB activation. The immunosuppressive mechanism was strain specific, often mediated by ultra-violet light-labile factors, whilst bacterial viability was essential in certain species. Conclusion Many streptococci isolated from plaque suppressed epithelial cell CXCL8 secretion, via inhibition of NFκB. This phenomenon may play an important role in oral host-microbe homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Myers
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Thuy Do
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Josephine L Meade
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Aradhna Tugnait
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jon J Vernon
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jelena Pistolic
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert E W Hancock
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Columbia, Canada
| | - Philip D Marsh
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - Deirdre A Devine
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chang AM, Kantrong N, Darveau RP. Maintaining homeostatic control of periodontal epithelial tissue. Periodontol 2000 2021; 86:188-200. [PMID: 33690934 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Years of coevolution with resident microbes has made them an essential component of health. Yet, little is known about oral commensal bacteria's contribution to and role in the maintenance of oral health and homeostasis. Commensal bacteria are speculated to play a host protective role in the maintenance of health. In this review, we describe and provide examples of the coordinate regulation that occurs between oral commensal bacteria and the host innate immune response to modulate and maintain oral homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Chang
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nutthapong Kantrong
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Oral Biology Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Richard P Darveau
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yamamoto M, Aizawa R. Maintaining a protective state for human periodontal tissue. Periodontol 2000 2021; 86:142-156. [PMID: 33690927 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis, caused by infection with periodontal pathogens, is primarily characterized by inflammatory bone resorption and destruction of connective tissue. Simply describing periodontitis as a specific bacterial infection cannot completely explain the various periodontal tissue destruction patterns observed. Periodontal tissue damage is thought to be caused by various factors. In recent years, research goals for periodontal pathogens have shifted from searching for specific pathogens to investigating mechanisms that damage periodontal tissues. Bacteria interact directly with the host in several ways, influencing expression and activity of molecules that evade host defenses, and destroying local tissues and inhibiting their repair. The host's innate and acquired immune systems are important defense mechanisms that protect periodontal tissues from attack and invasion of periodontal pathogens, thus preventing infection. Innate and acquired immunity have evolved to confront the microbial challenge, forming a seamless defense network in periodontal tissues. In the innate immune response, host cells quickly detect, via specialized receptors, macromolecules and nucleic acids present on bacterial cell walls, and this triggers a protective, inflammatory response. The work of this subsystem of host immunity is performed mainly by phagocytes, beta-defensin, and the complement system. In addition, the first line of defense in oral innate immunity is the junctional epithelium, which acts as a physical barrier to the entry of oral bacteria and other nonself substances. In the presence of a normal flora, junctional epithelial cells differentiate actively and proliferate apically, with concomitant increase in chemotactic factor expression recruiting neutrophils. These immune cells play an important role in maintaining homeostasis and the protective state in periodontal tissue because they eliminate unwanted bacteria over time. Previous studies indicate a mechanism for attracting immune cells to periodontal tissue with the purpose of maintaining a protective state; although this mechanism can function without bacteria, it is enhanced by the normal flora. A better understanding of the relationship between the protective state and its disruption in periodontal disease could lead to the development of new treatment strategies for periodontal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Aizawa
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Evaluation of the effect of probiotic lozenges in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:2151-2158. [PMID: 32820431 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03527-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to explore the effectiveness of probiotics in the treatment of minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a randomized, controlled clinical study. Sixty adult (group A) and 60 children patients (group B) with diagnosis of minor RAS were included. Both groups were divided into two subgroups; AI and BI (test subgroups) and AII and BII (control subgroups). For test subgroups, probiotic lozenges were consecutively administered twice daily, for 5 days. The size and pain level of ulcers were recorded on treatment days 0, 3, and 5. The outbreak frequency of RAS within 6 months was investigated for all subgroups. RESULTS Compared with baseline, an improvement was evident for all subgroups. However, for effectiveness in pain reduction, a statistically significant difference in favor of AI was observed for all evaluation periods when compared with control subgroup. Regarding effectiveness in ulcer size reduction, a statistically significant difference in favor of BI was observed at day 5 when compared with control subgroup. No significant difference was observed in the effectiveness index between subgroups AI and BI (test subgroups) except in effectiveness in pain reduction at day 3. The outbreak frequency decreased significantly in subgroup BI. CONCLUSIONS Topical application of probiotics decreased pain intensity and accelerates RAS healing. The effectiveness in pain reduction is more evident in adult patients while acceleration of healing is more evident in children. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Probiotics could be a well-tolerated, topical therapeutic agent in the treatment of minor RAS. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04383236.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yamashiro K, Ideguchi H, Aoyagi H, Yoshihara-Hirata C, Hirai A, Suzuki-Kyoshima R, Zhang Y, Wake H, Nishibori M, Yamamoto T, Takashiba S. High Mobility Group Box 1 Expression in Oral Inflammation and Regeneration. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1461. [PMID: 32760399 PMCID: PMC7371933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a non-histone DNA-binding protein of about 30 kDa. It is released from a variety of cells into the extracellular milieu in response to inflammatory stimuli and acts on specific cell-surface receptors, such as receptors for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), Toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4, with or without forming a complex with other molecules. HMGB1 mediates various mechanisms such as inflammation, cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. On the other hand, HMGB1 enhances chemotaxis acting through the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)12/C-X-C chemokine receptor (CXCR)4 axis and is involved in regeneration. In the oral cavity, high levels of HMGB1 have been detected in the gingival tissue from periodontitis and peri-implantitis patients, and it has been shown that secreted HMGB1 induces pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, which prolong inflammation. In contrast, wound healing after tooth extraction or titanium dental implant osseointegration requires an initial acute inflammation, which is regulated by secreted HMGB1. This indicates that secreted HMGB1 regulates angiogenesis and bone remodeling by osteoclast and osteoblast activation and promotes bone healing in oral tissue repair. Therefore, HMGB1 can prolong inflammation in the periodontal tissue and, conversely, can regenerate or repair damaged tissues in the oral cavity. In this review, we highlight the role of HMGB1 in the oral cavity by comparing its function and regulation with its function in other diseases. We also discuss the necessity for further studies in this field to provide more specific scientific evidence for dentistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yamashiro
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Ideguchi
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Aoyagi
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Chiaki Yoshihara-Hirata
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Anna Hirai
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Risa Suzuki-Kyoshima
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hidenori Wake
- Department of Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishibori
- Department of Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shogo Takashiba
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Martinho FC, de Rabello DGD, Ferreira LL, Nascimento GG. Participation of endotoxin in root canal infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Dent 2019; 11:398-406. [PMID: 28932155 PMCID: PMC5594974 DOI: 10.4103/ejd.ejd_84_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the relationship between endotoxin levels and presence of clinical signs/symptoms and radiographic features in patients with endodontic infection. Electronic searches were performed on Medline/PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scielo, Science Direct, Web of Knowledge and Scopus databases for identification of relevant studies published up to December 2016. Grey literature was searched in Google Scholar. The selected literature was reviewed independently by two authors. Clinical studies evaluating the levels of endotoxin and the presence of clinical and radiographic features were included in this review. In order to determine the relationship between endotoxin levels and presence of clinical signs/symptoms and radiographic features meta-analyses were performed. Among the 385 articles identified in the initial search, 30 were included for full-text appraisal and only eight studies met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. Meta-analysis revealed that individuals having teeth with tenderness to percussion (TTP) (P = 0.04; I2 57%) and previous episode of pain (PEP) (P = 0.001; I2 81%) had higher levels of endotoxin than their counterparts. Size of radiographic lesion >2 mm (P = 0.02; I2 68%) and presence of root canal exudation (EX) (P = 0.0007; I2 0%) were associated with higher levels of endotoxin. This systematic review and meta-analyses provided a strong evidence that endotoxin are related with the presence of clinical signs/symptoms and radiographic features in patients with endodontic infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Canato Martinho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, São José dos Campos Dental School, State University of São Paulo, São Paulo
| | | | - Luciana Louzada Ferreira
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, São José dos Campos Dental School, State University of São Paulo, São Paulo
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chang AM, Liu Q, Hajjar AM, Greer A, McLean JS, Darveau RP. Toll-like receptor-2 and -4 responses regulate neutrophil infiltration into the junctional epithelium and significantly contribute to the composition of the oral microbiota. J Periodontol 2019; 90:1202-1212. [PMID: 31111967 DOI: 10.1002/jper.18-0719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral gingival tissue, especially the junctional epithelium (JE), is constantly exposed to sub-gingival plaque. A key component of gingival health is the regulation of the number of neutrophils that migrate into the gingival crevice to counteract its harmful effects. This report investigates the contribution of innate defense receptors, Toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4, and both (TLR2/4) to the maintenance of neutrophil homeostasis in the JE. METHODS Bacterial composition was analyzed from whole oral swabs collected from 12- to 14-week-old TLR2, TLR4, TLR2/4 double knock-out (KO) mice using a MiSeq platform targeting the V3-V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Mandibles were histologically examined for quantification of neutrophils in the JE and bone loss. Lastly, total bacterial load was quantitated using quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Compared with wild-type, all TLR KO mice displayed significantly increased recruitment of neutrophils (P = 0.0079) into the JE. In addition, TLR4 and TLR2/4 KO mice demonstrated a significant increase in the number of bacteria (P = 0.0022 and P = 0.0152, respectively). Lastly, comparative compositional analyses of the oral microbiome revealed that each KO strain harbored unique microbial communities that are distinct from each other but maintained similar levels of alveolar bone. CONCLUSIONS Neutrophil migration into healthy mouse JE does not require TLR2 or TLR4. However, a significant increase in the number of neutrophils as well as a significant change in the oral microbial composition in both TLR2 and TLR4 KO mice demonstrate that these TLRs contribute to the homeostatic relationship between bacteria and the host in healthy mice periodontal tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Chang
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA
| | - Quanhui Liu
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA
| | - Adeline M Hajjar
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Ara Greer
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA
| | - Jeffrey S McLean
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA
| | - Richard P Darveau
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Microbiome Profiles of Ligature-Induced Periodontitis in Nonhuman Primates across the Life Span. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00067-19. [PMID: 30885927 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00067-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation compared the microbiomes colonizing teeth during the initiation, progression, and resolution of periodontitis in nonhuman primates (Macaca mulatta) at different ages. Subgingival plaque samples were collected at baseline; 0.5, 1, and 3 months following ligature-induced periodontitis; and following naturally occurring disease resolution at 5 months. Samples were analyzed using 16S amplicon sequencing to identify bacterial profiles across age groups: young (<3 years of age), adolescent (3 to 7 years), adult (12 to 15 years), and aged (17 to 23 years). α-Diversity of the microbiomes was greater in the adult/aged samples than in the young/adolescent samples. β-Diversity of the samples demonstrated clear age group differences, albeit individual variation in microbiomes between animals within the age categories was noted. Phylum distributions differed between the young/adolescent animals and the adult/aged animals at each of the time points, showing an enrichment of the phyla Spirochetes, Fusobacteria, and Bacteroidetes associated with periodontitis. Major differences in the top 50 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were noted in the young and adolescent microbiomes during initiation and progression postligation compared to the adult and aged animals. The proportions of a large number of species in the top 50 OTUs were lower at baseline and in resolved disease microbiomes in the young samples, while profiles in adolescent animals were more consistent with the disease microbiomes. Microbiome profiles for resolution for adults and aged animals appeared more resilient and generally maintained a pattern similar to that of disease. Use of the model can expand our understanding of the crucial interactions of the oral microbiome and host responses in periodontitis.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ebersole JL, Kirakodu S, Novak MJ, Orraca L, Stormberg AJ, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Burgos A, Gonzalez OA. Comparative analysis of expression of microbial sensing molecules in mucosal tissues with periodontal disease. Immunobiology 2018; 224:196-206. [PMID: 30470434 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Host-derived pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are necessary for effective innate immune engagement of pathogens that express microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMP) ligands for these PRRs. This study used a nonhuman primate model to evaluate the expression of these sensing molecules in gingival tissues. Macaca mulatta aged 12-24 with a healthy periodontium (n = 13) or periodontitis (n = 11) provided gingival tissues for assessment of naturally-occurring periodontitis. An additional group of animals (12-23 years; n = 18) was subjected to a 5 month longitudinal study examining the initiation and progression of periodontitis, RNA was isolated and microarray analysis conducted for gene expression of the sensing PRRs. The results demonstrated increased expression of various PRRs in naturally-occurring established periodontitis. Selected PRRs also correlated with both bleeding on probing (BOP) and pocket depth (PD) in the animals. The longitudinal model demonstrated multiple TLRs, as well as selected other PRRs that were significantly increased by 2 weeks during initiation of the lesion. While gene expression levels of various PRRs correlated with BOP and PD at baseline and resolution of disease, few correlated with these clinical parameters during initiation and progression of the lesion. These findings suggest that the levels of various PRRs are affected in established periodontitis lesions, and that PRR expression increased most dramatically during the initiation of the disease process, presumably in response to the juxtaposed microbial challenge to the tissues and goal of reestablishing homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
| | - S Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - M J Novak
- Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - L Orraca
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - A J Stormberg
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - J Gonzalez-Martinez
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Toa Baja, PR, United States
| | - A Burgos
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Toa Baja, PR, United States
| | - O A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kommerein N, Doll K, Stumpp NS, Stiesch M. Development and characterization of an oral multispecies biofilm implant flow chamber model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196967. [PMID: 29771975 PMCID: PMC5957423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peri-implant infections are the most common cause of implant failure in modern dental implantology. These are caused by the formation of biofilms on the implant surface and consist of oral commensal and pathogenic bacteria, which harm adjacent soft and hard tissues and may ultimately lead to implant loss. In order to improve the clinical situation, there has to be a better understanding of biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces. Therefore, we successfully developed a system to cultivate an oral multispecies biofilm model in a flow chamber system, optimized for the evaluation of biofilm formation on solid materials by direct microscopic investigation. The model contains four relevant oral bacterial species: Streptococcus oralis, Actinomyces naeslundii, Veillonella dispar and Porphyromonas gingivalis in ratios similar to the native situation. The reliability of the developed “Hanoverian Oral Multispecies Biofilm Implant Flow Chamber” (HOBIC) model was verified. Biofilm volume and live/dead distribution within biofilms were determined by fluorescence staining and confocal laser scanning microcopy (CLSM). The individual species distribution was analyzed using quantitative real time PCR with propidium monoazide pretreatment (PMA-qRT-PCR) and by urea-NaCl fluorescence in situ hybridization (urea-NaCl-FISH). This in vitro model may be used to analyze biofilm formation on dental implants in more detail and to develop future implant systems with improved material properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kommerein
- Clinic for Dental Prosthetics and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail: (NK); (KD)
| | - Katharina Doll
- Clinic for Dental Prosthetics and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail: (NK); (KD)
| | - Nico S. Stumpp
- Clinic for Dental Prosthetics and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Meike Stiesch
- Clinic for Dental Prosthetics and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tavares LJ, Pavarina AC, Vergani CE, de Avila ED. The impact of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on peri-implant disease: What mechanisms are involved in this novel treatment? Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2016; 17:236-244. [PMID: 27939958 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
According to the American Academy of Implant Dentistry, 3 million Americans have dental implants, and this number is growing by 500,000 each year. Proportionally, the number of biological complications is also increasing. Among them, peri-implant disease is considered the most common cause of implant loss after osseointegration. In this context, microorganisms residing on the surfaces of implants and their prosthetic components are considered to be the primary etiologic factor for peri-implantitis. Some research groups have proposed combining surgical and non-surgical therapies with systemic antibiotics. The major problem associated with the use of antibiotics to treat peri-implantitis is that microorganisms replicate very quickly. Moreover, inappropriate prescription of antibiotics is not only associated with potential resistance but also and most importantly with the development of superinfections that are difficult to eradicate. Although antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) was discovered several years ago, aPDT has only recently emerged as a possible alternative therapy against different oral pathogens causing peri-implantitis. The mechanism of action of aPDT is based on a combination of a photosensitizer drug and light of a specific wavelength in the presence of oxygen. The reaction between light and oxygen produces toxic forms of oxygen species that can kill microbial cells. This mechanism is crucial to the efficacy of aPDT. To help us understand conflicting data, it is necessary to know all the particularities of the etiology of peri-implantitis and the aPDT compounds. We believe that this review will draw attention to new insights regarding the impact of aPDT on peri-implant disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Jacovassi Tavares
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Pavarina
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Vergani
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Erica Dorigatti de Avila
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680, 14801-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Uriarte SM, Edmisson JS, Jimenez-Flores E. Human neutrophils and oral microbiota: a constant tug-of-war between a harmonious and a discordant coexistence. Immunol Rev 2016; 273:282-98. [PMID: 27558341 PMCID: PMC5353849 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are a major component of the innate host response, and the outcome of the interaction between the oral microbiota and neutrophils is a key determinant of oral health status. The composition of the oral microbiome is very complex and different in health and disease. Neutrophils are constantly recruited to the oral cavity, and their protective role is highlighted in cases where their number or functional responses are impeded, resulting in different forms of periodontal disease. Periodontitis, one of the more severe and irreversible forms of periodontal disease, is a microbial-induced chronic inflammatory disease that affects the gingival tissues supporting the tooth. This chronic inflammatory disease is the result of a shift of the oral bacterial symbiotic community to a dysbiotic more complex community. Chronic inflammatory infectious diseases such as periodontitis can occur because the pathogens are able to evade or disable the innate immune system. In this review, we discuss how human neutrophils interact with both the symbiotic and the dysbiotic oral community; an understanding of which is essential to increase our knowledge of the periodontal disease process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia M. Uriarte
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jacob S. Edmisson
- Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Emeri Jimenez-Flores
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Schoaol of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang L, Li XH, Ning WC. Evaluation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 Gene Polymorphisms in Patients with Periodontal Disease. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:2386-91. [PMID: 27391418 PMCID: PMC4948659 DOI: 10.12659/msm.896979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to investigate the potential genetic relationships between the polymorphisms of gene rs5498 ICAM-1 and rs1041163 VCAM-1 and chronic periodontitis in a Chinese population within Heilongjiang. MATERIAL AND METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from oral mucosa cells of 584 periodontal patients and 182 healthy individuals. Genotyping of the rs5498 ICAM-1 and rs1041163 VCAM-1 gene polymorphisms was performed with the Multiplex SNaPshot technique. RESULTS Statistically significant associations were identified between the chronic periodontal patients and the controls in the gene polymorphisms of rs5498 ICAM-1 (P=0.007) and rs1041163 VCAM-1 (P=0.029). The distribution of rs5498 (P=0.029) and rs1041163 (P=0.049) differed significantly across the mild, moderate, and severe groups of periodontitis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that ICAM-1 rs5498 and VCAM-1 rs1041163 polymorphisms contribute to chronic periodontitis, and ICAM-1 rs5498 and VCAM-1 rs1041163 gene polymorphisms might be associated with periodontitis severity in the Heilongjiang Chinese population. Further studies should be conducted to determine whether these polymorphisms could be used as biomarkers of periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Periodontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xiao-Hong Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Wan-Chen Ning
- Department of Periodontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
de Steenhuijsen Piters WAA, Sanders EAM, Bogaert D. The role of the local microbial ecosystem in respiratory health and disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0294. [PMID: 26150660 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections are a major global health concern, accounting for high morbidity and mortality, especially in young children and elderly individuals. Traditionally, highly common bacterial respiratory tract infections, including otitis media and pneumonia, were thought to be caused by a limited number of pathogens including Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. However, these pathogens are also frequently observed commensal residents of the upper respiratory tract (URT) and form-together with harmless commensal bacteria, viruses and fungi-intricate ecological networks, collectively known as the 'microbiome'. Analogous to the gut microbiome, the respiratory microbiome at equilibrium is thought to be beneficial to the host by priming the immune system and providing colonization resistance, while an imbalanced ecosystem might predispose to bacterial overgrowth and development of respiratory infections. We postulate that specific ecological perturbations of the bacterial communities in the URT can occur in response to various lifestyle or environmental effectors, leading to diminished colonization resistance, loss of containment of newly acquired or resident pathogens, preluding bacterial overgrowth, ultimately resulting in local or systemic bacterial infections. Here, we review the current body of literature regarding niche-specific upper respiratory microbiota profiles within human hosts and the changes occurring within these profiles that are associated with respiratory infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A A de Steenhuijsen Piters
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A M Sanders
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Debby Bogaert
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
de Steenhuijsen Piters WAA, Sanders EAM, Bogaert D. The role of the local microbial ecosystem in respiratory health and disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140294. [PMID: 26150660 PMCID: PMC4528492 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0294;] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections are a major global health concern, accounting for high morbidity and mortality, especially in young children and elderly individuals. Traditionally, highly common bacterial respiratory tract infections, including otitis media and pneumonia, were thought to be caused by a limited number of pathogens including Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. However, these pathogens are also frequently observed commensal residents of the upper respiratory tract (URT) and form-together with harmless commensal bacteria, viruses and fungi-intricate ecological networks, collectively known as the 'microbiome'. Analogous to the gut microbiome, the respiratory microbiome at equilibrium is thought to be beneficial to the host by priming the immune system and providing colonization resistance, while an imbalanced ecosystem might predispose to bacterial overgrowth and development of respiratory infections. We postulate that specific ecological perturbations of the bacterial communities in the URT can occur in response to various lifestyle or environmental effectors, leading to diminished colonization resistance, loss of containment of newly acquired or resident pathogens, preluding bacterial overgrowth, ultimately resulting in local or systemic bacterial infections. Here, we review the current body of literature regarding niche-specific upper respiratory microbiota profiles within human hosts and the changes occurring within these profiles that are associated with respiratory infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A. A. de Steenhuijsen Piters
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A. M. Sanders
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Debby Bogaert
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands,e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Costalonga M, Herzberg MC. The oral microbiome and the immunobiology of periodontal disease and caries. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:22-38. [PMID: 25447398 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The composition of the oral microbiome differs from one intraoral site to another, reflecting in part the host response and immune capacity at each site. By focusing on two major oral infections, periodontal disease and caries, new principles of disease emerge. Periodontal disease affects the soft tissues and bone that support the teeth. Caries is a unique infection of the dental hard tissues. The initiation of both diseases is marked by an increase in the complexity of the microbiome. In periodontitis, pathobionts and keystone pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis appear in greater proportion than in health. As a keystone pathogen, P. gingivalis impairs host immune responses and appears necessary but not sufficient to cause periodontitis. Historically, dental caries had been causally linked to Streptococcus mutans. Contemporary microbiome studies now indicate that singular pathogens are not obvious in either caries or periodontitis. Both diseases appear to result from a perturbation among relatively minor constituents in local microbial communities resulting in dysbiosis. Emergent consortia of the minor members of the respective microbiomes act synergistically to stress the ability of the host to respond and protect. In periodontal disease, host protection first occurs at the level of innate gingival epithelial immunity. Secretory IgA antibody and other salivary antimicrobial systems also act against periodontopathic and cariogenic consortia. When the gingival immune response is impaired, periodontal tissue pathology results when matrix metalloproteinases are released from neutrophils and T cells mediate alveolar bone loss. In caries, several species are acidogenic and aciduric and appear to work synergistically to promote demineralization of the enamel and dentin. Whereas technically possible, particularly for caries, vaccines are unlikely to be commercialized in the near future because of the low morbidity of caries and periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Costalonga
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
| | - Mark C Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States; Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rosier BT, De Jager M, Zaura E, Krom BP. Historical and contemporary hypotheses on the development of oral diseases: are we there yet? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:92. [PMID: 25077073 PMCID: PMC4100321 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental plaque is an oral biofilm that much like the rest of our microbiome has a role in health and disease. Specifically, it is the cause of very common oral diseases such as caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. The ideas about oral disease development have evolved over time. In the nineteenth century, scientists could not identify bacteria related to disease due to the lack of technology. This led to the "Non-Specific Plaque Hypothesis" or the idea that the accumulation of dental plaque was responsible for oral disease without discriminating between the levels of virulence of bacteria. In the twentieth century this idea evolved with the techniques to analyze the changes from health to disease. The first common hypothesis was the "Specific Plaque Hypothesis" (1976) proposing that only a few species of the total microflora are actively involved in disease. Secondly, the "Non-Specific Plaque Hypothesis" was updated (1986) and the idea that the overall activity of the total microflora could lead to disease, was enriched by taking into account difference in virulence among bacteria. Then, a hypothesis was considered that combines key concepts of the earlier two hypotheses: the "Ecological Plaque Hypothesis" (1994), which proposes that disease is the result of an imbalance in the microflora by ecological stress resulting in an enrichment of certain disease-related micro-organisms. Finally, the recent "Keystone-Pathogen Hypothesis" (2012) proposes that certain low-abundance microbial pathogens can cause inflammatory disease by interfering with the host immune system and remodeling the microbiota. In this comprehensive review, we describe how these different hypotheses, and the ideas around them, arose and test their current applicability to the understanding of the development of oral disease. Finally, we conclude that an all-encompassing ecological hypothesis explaining the shifts from health to disease is still lacking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bob T. Rosier
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan P. Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Irie K, Novince CM, Darveau RP. Impact of the Oral Commensal Flora on Alveolar Bone Homeostasis. J Dent Res 2014; 93:801-6. [PMID: 24935067 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514540173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostasis of healthy periodontal tissues is affected by innate and adaptive immunosurveillance mechanisms in response to the normal oral flora. Recent comparisons of germ-free (GF) and normal specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice have revealed the impact of host immunosurveillance mechanisms in response to the normal oral flora on alveolar bone height. Prior reports that alveolar bone height is significantly less in normal SPF mice compared with their age- and strain-matched GF counterparts suggest that naturally occurring alveolar bone loss is a normal component of healthy periodontal tissue homeostasis. In this report, histomorphometric analyses confirmed increased alveolar bone loss and revealed increased numbers of TRAP+ osteoclastic cells lining the alveolar bone surface in SPF compared with GF mice. Increased numbers of RANKL+ cells and IL17+ cells in the periodontium of SPF mice demonstrate possible molecular mechanisms mediating the up-regulated osteoclastogenesis and alveolar bone loss in SPF mice compared with GF mice. Increased numbers of T-lymphocytic cells and T-helper cells in the junctional epithelium of SPF mice compared with GF mice suggest that the adaptive immune response contributes to physiologic alveolar bone loss in the healthy periodontium. This GF animal model study notably begins to elucidate the impact of host immunosurveillance mechanisms in response to the normal oral flora, mediating catabolic alveolar bone homeostasis in the healthy periodontium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Irie
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA Department of Preventive Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8650, Japan Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - C M Novince
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - R P Darveau
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Belkaid Y, Hand TW. Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation. Cell 2014; 157:121-41. [PMID: 24679531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2920] [Impact Index Per Article: 292.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota plays a fundamental role on the induction, training, and function of the host immune system. In return, the immune system has largely evolved as a means to maintain the symbiotic relationship of the host with these highly diverse and evolving microbes. When operating optimally, this immune system-microbiota alliance allows the induction of protective responses to pathogens and the maintenance of regulatory pathways involved in the maintenance of tolerance to innocuous antigens. However, in high-income countries, overuse of antibiotics, changes in diet, and elimination of constitutive partners, such as nematodes, may have selected for a microbiota that lack the resilience and diversity required to establish balanced immune responses. This phenomenon is proposed to account for some of the dramatic rise in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders in parts of the world where our symbiotic relationship with the microbiota has been the most affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Belkaid
- Immunity at Barrier Sites Initiative, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Timothy W Hand
- Immunity at Barrier Sites Initiative, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Stringer AM, Logan RM. The role of oral flora in the development of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 44:81-7. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Stringer
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences; University of South Australia; Adelaide SA Australia
- School of Medical Sciences; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Richard M. Logan
- School of Dentistry; Faculty of Health Sciences; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ocon S, Murphy C, Dang AT, Sankaran-Walters S, Li CS, Tarara R, Borujerdpur N, Dandekar S, Paster BJ, George MD. Transcription profiling reveals potential mechanisms of dysbiosis in the oral microbiome of rhesus macaques with chronic untreated SIV infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80863. [PMID: 24312248 PMCID: PMC3843670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A majority of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have inadequate access to antiretroviral therapy and ultimately develop debilitating oral infections that often correlate with disease progression. Due to the impracticalities of conducting host-microbe systems-based studies in HIV infected patients, we have evaluated the potential of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infected rhesus macaques to serve as a non-human primate model for oral manifestations of HIV disease. We present the first description of the rhesus macaque oral microbiota and show that a mixture of human commensal bacteria and “macaque versions” of human commensals colonize the tongue dorsum and dental plaque. Our findings indicate that SIV infection results in chronic activation of antiviral and inflammatory responses in the tongue mucosa that may collectively lead to repression of epithelial development and impact the microbiome. In addition, we show that dysbiosis of the lingual microbiome in SIV infection is characterized by outgrowth of Gemella morbillorum that may result from impaired macrophage function. Finally, we provide evidence that the increased capacity of opportunistic pathogens (e.g. E. coli) to colonize the microbiome is associated with reduced production of antimicrobial peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Ocon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Christina Murphy
- Department of Microbiology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Angeline T. Dang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sumathi Sankaran-Walters
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Chin-Shang Li
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ross Tarara
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | | | - Satya Dandekar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Bruce J. Paster
- Department of Microbiology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael D. George
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Belkaid Y, Naik S. Compartmentalized and systemic control of tissue immunity by commensals. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:646-53. [PMID: 23778791 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The body is composed of various tissue microenvironments with finely tuned local immunosurveillance systems, many of which are in close apposition with distinct commensal niches. Mammals have formed an evolutionary partnership with the microbiota that is critical for metabolism, tissue development and host defense. Despite our growing understanding of the impact of this host-microbe alliance on immunity in the gastrointestinal tract, the extent to which individual microenvironments are controlled by resident microbiota remains unclear. In this Perspective, we discuss how resident commensals outside the gastrointestinal tract can control unique physiological niches and the potential implications of the dialog between these commensals and the host for the establishment of immune homeostasis, protective responses and tissue pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Seoudi N, Bergmeier LA, Hagi-Pavli E, Bibby D, Curtis MA, Fortune F. The role of TLR2 and 4 in Behçet's disease pathogenesis. Innate Immun 2013; 20:412-22. [PMID: 23940075 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913498042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
TLRs are PRRs that play a pivotal role in sensing exogenous pathogens and endogenous danger signals. Their role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and immune-related diseases is gradually being unravelled. TLR2 and TLR4 are capable of sensing the oral microbial community, which is considered a potential trigger for Behçet's disease (BD). This study aimed to investigate the expression and function of TLR2 and TLR4 in the oral mucosa of BD. A total of 87 patients was included: 55 BD, 24 healthy controls and eight recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Total RNA was purified from non-lesional oral mucosal brush biopsies and analysed for the presence of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA, along with their splice variants. The response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to classical TLR2 and TLR4 agonists was also investigated. TLR2b, TLR2d, TLR2e, TLR4.3 and TLR4.4 were significantly elevated in relapsed BD. A significant defect in the response to cognate agonists of TLR1/2 heterodimer and TLR4 was also observed in BD. The expression of unusual splice variants of TLR2 and TLR4 might explain the observed defect in these receptors' function in BD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noha Seoudi
- 1Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences. Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zenobia C, Luo XL, Hashim A, Abe T, Jin L, Chang Y, Jin ZC, Sun JX, Hajishengallis G, Curtis MA, Darveau RP. Commensal bacteria-dependent select expression of CXCL2 contributes to periodontal tissue homeostasis. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:1419-26. [PMID: 23433011 PMCID: PMC3711967 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The oral and intestinal host tissues both carry a heavy microbial burden. Although commensal bacteria contribute to healthy intestinal tissue structure and function, their contribution to oral health is poorly understood. A crucial component of periodontal health is the recruitment of neutrophils to periodontal tissue. To elucidate this process, gingival tissues of specific-pathogen-free and germ-free wild-type mice and CXCR2KO and MyD88KO mice were examined for quantitative analysis of neutrophils and CXCR2 chemoattractants (CXCL1, CXCL2). We show that the recruitment of neutrophils to the gingival tissue does not require commensal bacterial colonization but is entirely dependent on CXCR2 expression. Strikingly, however, commensal bacteria selectively upregulate the expression of CXCL2, but not CXCL1, in a MyD88-dependent way that correlates with increased neutrophil recruitment as compared with germ-free conditions. This is the first evidence that the selective use of chemokine receptor ligands contributes to neutrophil homing to healthy periodontal tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Zenobia
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Velusamy SK, Ganeshnarayan K, Markowitz K, Schreiner H, Furgang D, Fine DH, Velliyagounder K. Lactoferrin knockout mice demonstrates greater susceptibility to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-induced periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2013; 84:1690-701. [PMID: 23327622 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.120587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the innate defense mechanisms in the oral cavity, lactoferrin (LF) is a vital antimicrobial that can modify the host response against periodontopathogens. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is the main periodontopathogen of localized aggressive periodontitis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of LF during A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced periodontitis. METHODS Differences in the expression levels of cytokines, chemokines, chemokine receptors, and bone loss markers between wild-type (WT) and LF knockout mice (LFKO(-/-)) were evaluated by real time-PCR. Serum IgG and LF levels were quantified by ELISA. Alveolar bone loss among the groups was estimated by measuring the distance from cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar bone crest (ABC) at 20 molar sites. RESULTS Oral infection with A. actinomycetemcomitans increased LF levels in periodontal tissue (P = 0.01) and saliva (P = 0.0004) of wild-type infected (WTI) mice compared to wild-type control mice. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-12 were increased in the infected LF knockout (LFKO(-/-)I) mice compared to the WTI mice, whereas the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 were decreased. Chemokines and chemokine receptors showed different expression patterns between WTI and LFKO(-/-)I mice. The LFKO(-/-)I mice developed increased bone loss (P = 0.002), in conjunction with increased expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and decrease in osteoprotegerin, compared to WTI mice. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the infected LFKO(-/-) mice were more susceptible to A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced alveolar bone loss, with different patterns of immune responses compared to those of WTI mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S K Velusamy
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lang ML, Zhu L, Kreth J. Keeping the bad bacteria in check: interactions of the host immune system with oral cavity biofilms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-1546.2012.00278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
30
|
Tsukamoto Y, Usui M, Yamamoto G, Takagi Y, Tachikawa T, Yamamoto M, Nakamura M. Role of the junctional epithelium in periodontal innate defense and homeostasis. J Periodontal Res 2012; 47:750-7. [PMID: 22587460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2012.01490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The junctional epithelium provides the front-line defense against periodontal bacterial infection. The migration of neutrophils into the junctional epithelium might represent a protective reaction against bacterial infections. However, neutrophils penetrate into the junctional epithelium even under sterile conditions. In this study, we analyzed and compared the number of neutrophils and the cytokine expression related to neutrophil migration in the junctional epithelium in conventional and germ-free mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS Germ-free and conventional ICR mice were used at 12 wk of age. Frozen sections were used for the detection of Gr-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2/CXCL2) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells in the two groups of mice. Laser capture microdissection and RT-PCR analysis were used to evaluate the expression of keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC/CXCL1), MIP-2, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNAs in the two groups of mice. RESULTS Morphometric examination indicated an increase in the area of the junctional epithelium upon bacterial infection. Immunohistochemical studies also detected an increased number of neutrophils in the junctional epithelium upon bacterial infection. Higher up-regulation of KC and MIP-2 were detected in the junctional epithelium of conventional mice than in germ-free mice, whereas the expression of Il-1β and Tnfα mRNAs was not affected. CONCLUSION Junctional epithelium cells constitutively expressed several types of chemokines and cytokines and the expression of chemokines was augmented by bacterial infection. Therefore, the constitutive expression of cytokines in junctional epithelium might be related to the morphological and functional homeostasis of the junctional epithelium in addition to the defense against the bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Tsukamoto
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
The oral microbial community represents the best-characterized consortium associated with the human host. There are strong correlations between the qualitative composition of the oral microbiota and clinically healthy or diseased states. However, additional studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms that define these microbial/host relationships.
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Marsh PD, Devine DA. How is the development of dental biofilms influenced by the host? J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38 Suppl 11:28-35. [PMID: 21323701 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The host provides environmental conditions that support diverse communities of microorganisms on all environmentally-exposed surfaces of the body. MATERIALS AND METHODS To review the literature to determine which properties of the host substantially influence the development of dental biofilms. RESULTS The mouth facilitates the growth of a characteristic resident microbiota. The composition of the oral microbiota is influenced by temperature, pH, and atmosphere, as well as by the host defences and host genetics. In addition, the host supplies endogenous nutrients and a variety of surfaces for biofilm formation. In health, the resident oral microbiota forms a symbiotic relationship with the host, regulated by active host-microbe cross talk. This resident microbiota is sensitive to perturbations in the host environment, especially to changes in nutrient supply and pH, so that previously minor components of the microbiota can become more competitive (and vice versa), resulting in reorganization of biofilm community structure. CONCLUSION The host environment dictates the composition and gene expression of the resident microbiota. Changes in oral environmental conditions can disrupt the normal symbiotic relationship between the host and its resident microbes, and increase the risk of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Marsh
- Health Protection Agency, Centre for Emergency Preparedness & Response, Salisbury, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Dickinson BC, Moffatt CE, Hagerty D, Whitmore SE, Brown TA, Graves DT, Lamont RJ. Interaction of oral bacteria with gingival epithelial cell multilayers. Mol Oral Microbiol 2011; 26:210-20. [PMID: 21545698 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2011.00609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Primary gingival epithelial cells were cultured in multilayers as a model for the study of interactions with oral bacteria associated with health and periodontal disease. Multilayers maintained at an air-liquid interface in low-calcium medium displayed differentiation and cytokeratin properties characteristic of junctional epithelium. Multilayers were infected with fluorescently labeled Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum or Streptococcus gordonii, and bacterial association was determined by confocal microscopy and quantitative image analysis. Porphyromonas gingivalis invaded intracellularly and spread from cell to cell; A. actinomycetemcomitans and F. nucleatum remained extracellular and showed intercellular movement through the multilayer; whereas S. gordonii remained extracellular and predominantly associated with the superficial cell layer. None of the bacterial species disrupted barrier function as measured by transepithelial electrical resistance. P. gingivalis did not elicit secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. However, A. actinomycetemcomitans and S. gordonii induced interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6 and IL-8 secretion; and F. nucleatum stimulated production of IL-1β and TNF-α. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, F. nucleatum and S. gordonii, but not P. gingivalis, increased levels of apoptosis after 24 h infection. The results indicate that the organisms with pathogenic potential were able to traverse the epithelium, whereas the commensal bacteria did not. In addition, distinct host responses characterized the interaction between the junctional epithelium and oral bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B C Dickinson
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Growth of oral bacteria in situ requires adhesion to a surface because the constant flow of host secretions thwarts the ability of planktonic cells to grow before they are swallowed. Therefore, oral bacteria evolved to form biofilms on hard tooth surfaces and on soft epithelial tissues, which often contain multiple bacterial species. Because these biofilms are easy to study, they have become the paradigm of multispecies biofilms. In this Review we describe the factors involved in the formation of these biofilms, including the initial adherence to the oral tissues and teeth, cooperation between bacterial species in the biofilm, signalling between the bacteria and its role in pathogenesis, and the transfer of DNA between bacteria. In all these aspects distance between cells of different species is integral for oral biofilm growth.
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
|
39
|
Hayashi Y, Matsunaga T, Yamamoto G, Nishii K, Usui M, Yamamoto M, Tachikawa T. Comprehensive analysis of gene expression in the junctional epithelium by laser microdissection and microarray analysis. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:618-25. [PMID: 20546111 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The junctional epithelium attaches to the tooth enamel at the dentogingival junction. The attachment mechanisms of the junctional epithelium have been studied histologically, but the molecular functions of the junctional epithelium have not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive analysis of gene expression in the junctional epithelium and to search for specific genetic markers of the junctional epithelium. MATERIAL AND METHODS A comprehensive analysis of genes expressed in the mouse junctional epithelium and oral gingival epithelium was performed using laser microdissection and microarray analysis. To extract high-quality RNA from these tissues, we made frozen sections using a modified film method. Confirmation of the differential expression of selected genes was performed by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The modified method produced RNA of sufficient quality for microarray analysis. The result of microarray analysis showed that 841 genes were up-regulated in the junctional epithelium compared with the oral gingival epithelium, and five were increased more than 50-fold in the junctional epithelium. These five genes were secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (Slpi), keratin 17 (Krt17), annexin A1 (Anxa1), myosin light peptide 6 (Myl6) and endoplasmic reticulum protein 29 (Erp29). In particular, Slpi expression in the junctional epithelium was approximately 100-fold higher than in the oral gingival epithelium by real-time PCR. Additionally, immunohistochemistry indicated that the Slpi protein is highly expressed in the junctional epithelium. CONCLUSION We developed a method for generating fresh-frozen tissue sections suitable for extraction of good-quality RNA. We determined that Slpi is characteristically expressed in the junctional epithelium. Our results provide a substantial advance in the analysis of gene expression in the junctional epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Hayashi
- Department of Periodontology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Ohta-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Papapanou PN, Behle JH, Kebschull M, Celenti R, Wolf DL, Handfield M, Pavlidis P, Demmer RT. Subgingival bacterial colonization profiles correlate with gingival tissue gene expression. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:221. [PMID: 19835625 PMCID: PMC2771036 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by the microbiota of the periodontal pocket. We investigated the association between subgingival bacterial profiles and gene expression patterns in gingival tissues of patients with periodontitis. A total of 120 patients undergoing periodontal surgery contributed with a minimum of two interproximal gingival papillae (range 2-4) from a maxillary posterior region. Prior to tissue harvesting, subgingival plaque samples were collected from the mesial and distal aspects of each tissue sample. Gingival tissue RNA was extracted, reverse-transcribed, labeled, and hybridized with whole-genome microarrays (310 in total). Plaque samples were analyzed using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridizations with respect to 11 bacterial species. Random effects linear regression models considered bacterial levels as exposure and expression profiles as outcome variables. Gene Ontology analyses summarized the expression patterns into biologically relevant categories. Results Wide inter-species variation was noted in the number of differentially expressed gingival tissue genes according to subgingival bacterial levels: Using a Bonferroni correction (p < 9.15 × 10-7), 9,392 probe sets were differentially associated with levels of Tannerella forsythia, 8,537 with Porphyromonas gingivalis, 6,460 with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, 506 with Eikenella corrodens and only 8 with Actinomyces naeslundii. Cluster analysis identified commonalities and differences among tissue gene expression patterns differentially regulated according to bacterial levels. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the microbial content of the periodontal pocket is a determinant of gene expression in the gingival tissues and provide new insights into the differential ability of periodontal species to elicit a local host response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panos N Papapanou
- Division of Periodontics, Section of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Darveau RP. The oral microbial consortium's interaction with the periodontal innate defense system. DNA Cell Biol 2009; 28:389-95. [PMID: 19435427 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2009.0864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral microbial consortium is the most characterized polymicrobial microbial community associated with the human host. Extensive sampling of both microbial and tissue samples has demonstrated that there is a strong association between the type of microbial community found in the gingival crevice and the status of innate host mediator expression. The strong clinical association between the microbial community and the innate host response in both clinically healthy and diseased tissue suggests that the oral consortium has a direct effect on periodontal tissue expression of innate defense mediators. A preliminary study in germ-free mice has demonstrated that the oral commensal consortium has direct effect on IL-1beta expression, indicating that this microbial community may contribute to the strong protective status of healthy gingival tissue. Likewise, the lipopolysaccharide composition and invasion characteristics of Porphyromonas gingivalis, an oral bacterium strongly associated with periodontitis, suggest that it may be a keystone member of the oral microbial community and facilitate a destructive change in the protective gingival innate host status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Darveau
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195-7444, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Devine DA, Marsh PD. Prospects for the development of probiotics and prebiotics for oral applications. J Oral Microbiol 2009; 1. [PMID: 21523212 PMCID: PMC3077007 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v1i0.1949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a paradigm shift towards an ecological and microbial community-based approach to understanding oral diseases. This has significant implications for approaches to therapy and has raised the possibility of developing novel strategies through manipulation of the resident oral microbiota and modulation of host immune responses. The increased popularity of using probiotic bacteria and/or prebiotic supplements to improve gastrointestinal health has prompted interest in the utility of this approach for oral applications. Evidence now suggests that probiotics may function not only by direct inhibition of, or enhanced competition with, pathogenic micro-organisms, but also by more subtle mechanisms including modulation of the mucosal immune system. Similarly, prebiotics could promote the growth of beneficial micro-organisms that comprise part of the resident microbiota. The evidence for the use of pro or prebiotics for the prevention of caries or periodontal diseases is reviewed, and issues that could arise from their use, as well as questions that still need to be answered, are raised. A complete understanding of the broad ecological changes induced in the mouth by probiotics or prebiotics will be essential to assess their long-term consequences for oral health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre A Devine
- Department of Oral Biology, Leeds Dental Institute, University of Leeds, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Diamond G, Beckloff N, Ryan LK. Host defense peptides in the oral cavity and the lung: similarities and differences. J Dent Res 2008; 87:915-27. [PMID: 18809744 DOI: 10.1177/154405910808701011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity are found in the mucosal surfaces at many sites in the body, including the airway, the oral cavity, and the digestive tract. Based on their in vitro antimicrobial and other immunomodulatory activities, these host defense peptides have been proposed to play an important role in the innate defense against pathogenic microbial colonization. The genes that encode these peptides are up-regulated by pathogens, further supporting their role in innate immune defense. However, the differences in the local microbial environments between the generally sterile airway and the highly colonized oral cavity suggest a more complex role for these peptides in innate immunity. For example, beta-defensin genes are induced in the airway by all bacteria and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists primarily through an NF-kappaB-mediated pathway. In contrast, the same genes are induced in the gingival epithelium by only a subset of bacteria and TLR ligands, via different pathways. Furthermore, the environments into which the peptides are secreted--specifically saliva, gingival crevicular fluid, and airway surface fluid--differ greatly and can effect their respective activities in host defense. In this review, we examine the differences and similarities between host defense peptides in the oral cavity and the airway, to gain a better understanding of their contributions to immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Diamond
- Department of Oral Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Dental School, 185 South Orange Ave., Newark 07103, NJ 07101, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
|
46
|
Hasegawa Y, Mans JJ, Mao S, Lopez MC, Baker HV, Handfield M, Lamont RJ. Gingival epithelial cell transcriptional responses to commensal and opportunistic oral microbial species. Infect Immun 2007; 75:2540-7. [PMID: 17307939 PMCID: PMC1865734 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01957-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional profiling and ontology tools were utilized to define the biological pathways of gingival epithelial cells modulated by coculture with the oral commensal Streptococcus gordonii and the opportunistic commensal Fusobacterium nucleatum. Overall, F. nucleatum and S. gordonii perturbed the gingival epithelial cell transcriptome much less significantly than the oral pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans perturbed the transcriptome, indicating that there was a greater degree of host adaptation by the commensal species (M. Handfield, J. J. Mans, G. Zheng, M. C. Lopez, S. Mao, A. Progulske-Fox, G. Narasimhan, H. V. Baker, and R. J. Lamont, Cell. Microbiol. 7:811-823, 2005). The biological pathways significantly impacted by F. nucleatum and S. gordonii included the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. Differential regulation of GADD45 and DUSP4, key components of the MAPK pathway, was confirmed at the protein level by Western blotting. Modulation of the MAPK pathway is likely to affect host cell proliferation and differentiation. In addition, both the MAPK and Toll-like receptor pathways ultimately converge on cytokine gene expression. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of secreted interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 demonstrated that F. nucleatum induced production of these cytokines, whereas S. gordonii inhibited secretion from the epithelial cells. Stimulation of secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from epithelial cells may reflect the invasive phenotype of F. nucleatum and contribute to the greater pathogenic potential of F. nucleatum than of S. gordonii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Hasegawa
- Department of Oral Biology and Center for Molecular Microbiology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0424, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Teng YTA. Protective and destructive immunity in the periodontium: Part 1--innate and humoral immunity and the periodontium. J Dent Res 2006; 85:198-208. [PMID: 16498065 DOI: 10.1177/154405910608500301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the results of recent research in the field, the present paper will discuss the protective and destructive aspects of the innate vs. adaptive (humoral and cell-mediated) immunity associated with the bacterial virulent factors or antigenic determinants during periodontal pathogenesis. Attention will be focused on: (i) the Toll-like receptors (TLR), the innate immune repertoire for recognizing the unique molecular patterns of microbial components that trigger innate and adaptive immunity for effective host defenses, in some general non-oral vs. periodontal microbial infections; (ii) T-cell-mediated immunity, Th-cytokines, and osteoclastogenesis in periodontal disease progression; and (iii) some molecular techniques developed and used to identify critical microbial virulence factors or antigens associated with host immunity (using Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis as the model species). Therefore, further understanding of the molecular interactions and mechanisms associated with the host's innate and adaptive immune responses will facilitate the development of new and innovative therapeutics for future periodontal treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y-T A Teng
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbial Immunity, Eastman Department of Dentistry, Eastman Dental Center, Box-683, 625 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14620, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Feng
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|