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Berniyanti T, Jamaludin MB, Eky YE, Bramantoro T, Palupi R. Duration and frequency of betel quid chewing affects periodontitis severity and life quality of people in Tanini Village, Kupang, Indonesia. Int J Dent Hyg 2024; 22:229-235. [PMID: 37722082 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chewing betel nuts can increase the risk of periodontal disease severity and potentially become malignant in the oral cavity. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effect of the duration and frequency of betel quid chewing behaviour on periodontitis severity and the life quality of people in Tanini Village, Kupang Regency, Indonesia. METHODS The type of this study was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design. We used a questionnaire to obtain sociodemographic data. Oral Health Survey Basic Methods were used to measure debris index, plaque index, bleeding on probing, loss of attachment, and pocket depth. Behaviour and quality of life were measured by questionnaire and WHOQOL-BREF method as well. RESULTS The largest number of respondents were male. Duration of chewing had a significant relationship with the frequency of chewing and periodontal status. Periodontitis was higher compared to all categories. The lifestyle of the community greatly influenced their behaviour in betel nut chewing and also affected the severity of their periodontitis and OHIs significantly. CONCLUSION The lifestyle of betel nut chewing of the people in Tanini Village, greatly influences their behaviour. Prolonged and excessive use of betel nut induced significant adverse effects on human health. The longer and more often chew betel or areca nut, the higher the incidence of periodontitis, which significantly affects the quality of life as there is a possibility of the development of carcinogenesis, particularly in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titiek Berniyanti
- Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Taufan Bramantoro
- Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Retno Palupi
- Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
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BactericidalActivity of Crevicular Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils in Chronic Periodontitis Patients and Healthy Subjects under the Influence of Areca Nut Extract: An In Vitro Study. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10145008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Arecanutchewing is an established risk factor for oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), but its role in periodontal disease has not yet been defined. Thisstudy aimed to assess the effect of areca nut extracts (ANE) on the bactericidal activity of crevicular polymorphonuclear neutrophils (cPMNs) in healthy subjects and chronic periodontitis (CP) patients. An in vitro study was designed with an equal number of (n = 30) gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples collected from CP patients and healthy subjects. Bactericidal activity and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) assays were performed with the GCF samples pre-treated with extracts of two varieties of areca nut: ripe and tender. Simultaneously, controls were also carried out with Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS) and catechin. Independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), along with post-hoc analysis, were employed for statistical analysis. In both study groups, a significant reduction (p < 0.01)in the bactericidal activity was noted when the samples treated with the ripe areca nut (rANE) were compared with the tender variant (tANE). Similarly, H2O2 levels were significantly reduced (p < 0.001) in the rANE in contrast to tANE for both study groups. The above results were significant within the group but were found to be non-significant between the study groups, except when it was treated with HBSS (p < 0.001). In the present study, it was found that there was a reduction in the bactericidal activity and H2O2 production of cPMNs in both healthy subjects and CP patients in the presence of areca nut extract. Moreover, the effect of rANE on cPMNs was more detrimental than tANE.
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Boudoukha C, Bouriche H, Ortega E, Senator A. Immunomodulatory effects of Santolina chamaecyparissus leaf extracts on human neutrophil functions. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 54:667-673. [PMID: 26453376 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1071853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Santolina chamaecyparissus L. (Asteraceae) is an aromatic plant wide spread in the Mediterranean region. It is used in folk medicine for its anti-inflammatory properties. OBJECTIVE The effects of S. chamaecyparissus aqueous extract (SCAE) and polyphenolic extract (SCPE) on human polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) degranulation, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and microbicidal capacity were examined in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous and polyphenolic extracts were prepared from S. chamaecyparissus leaves. The elastase release was used as a marker for measuring PMN degranulation, while chemotaxis was performed using a 48-microwell chemotaxis chamber. The phagocytosis and the microbicidal capacity were evaluated using fresh cultures of Candida albicans. RESULTS The treatment of neutrophils with different concentrations (10-200 µg/ml) of SCAE and SCPE caused a significant (p < 0.001) and dose-dependent inhibitory effect on elastase release in fMLP/Cytochalasin B (CB)-stimulated neutrophils. Indeed, 100 µg/ml of SCAE exerted an inhibitory effect of 51.97 ± 6.2%, whereas SCPE at the same concentration abolished completely PMN degranulation. Moreover, both extracts inhibited markedly (p < 0.01) fMLP-induced chemotactic migration. At 200 µg/ml, SCAE and SCPE exerted an inhibitory effect of 54.61 ± 7.3% and 57.71 ± 7.44%, respectively. In addition, a decline in both phagocytosis and microbicidal capacity against Candida albicans was observed when PMNs were exposed to 100 and 200 µg/ml of SCAE or SCPE. CONCLUSION The exerted effects on neutrophil functions support the anti-inflammatory activity and show new mechanisms of action and effectiveness of S. chamaecyparissus leaf extracts. This plant may be considered as an interesting source of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chahra Boudoukha
- a Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry , Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Ferhat Abbas , Setif , Algeria and
| | - Hamama Bouriche
- a Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry , Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Ferhat Abbas , Setif , Algeria and
| | - Eduardo Ortega
- b Group of Immunophysiology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura , Badajoz , Spain
| | - Abderrahmane Senator
- a Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry , Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Ferhat Abbas , Setif , Algeria and
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Hsiao CN, Ko EC, Shieh TY, Chen HS. Relationship between areca nut chewing and periodontal status of people in a typical aboriginal community in Southern Taiwan. J Dent Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Hsiao CN, Ting CC, Shieh TY, Ko EC. Relationship between betel quid chewing and radiographic alveolar bone loss among Taiwanese aboriginals: a retrospective study. BMC Oral Health 2014; 14:133. [PMID: 25366525 PMCID: PMC4247196 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-14-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Betel quid chewing is associated with the periodontal status; however, results of epidemiological studies are inconsistent. To the best of our knowledge, no study has reported radiographic alveolar bone loss (RABL) associated with betel quid chewing. Methods This survey was conducted in an aboriginal community in Taiwan because almost all betel quid chewers were city-dwelling cigarette smokers. In total, 114 subjects, aged 30–60 years, were included. Full-mouth intraoral RABL was retrospectively measured and adjusted for age, gender, and plaque index (PI). Multiple regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between RABL and potential risk factors. Results Age-, gender-, and PI-adjusted mean RABL was significantly higher in chewers with or without cigarette smoking than in controls. Multiple regression analysis showed that the RABL for consumption of 100,000 pieces betel quid for the chewer group was 0.40 mm. Full-mouth plotted curves for adjusted mean RABL in the maxilla were similar between the chewer and control groups, suggesting that chemical effects were not the main factors affecting the association between betel quid chewing and the periodontal status. Conclusion Betel quid chewing significantly increases RABL. The main contributory factors are age and oral hygiene; however, the major mechanism underlying this process may not be a chemical mechanism. Regular dental visits, maintenance of good oral hygiene, and reduction in the consumption of betel quid, additives, and cigarettes are highly recommended to improve the periodontal status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Edward Chengchuan Ko
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Chang LY, Lai YL, Yu TH, Chen YT, Hung SL. Effects of Areca Nut Extract on Lipopolysaccharides-Enhanced Adhesion and Migration of Human Mononuclear Leukocytes. J Periodontol 2014; 85:859-67. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Lee YY, Lin MB, Cheng CF, Chang LY, Liu TY, Hung SL. Inhibitory effects of areca nut extract on expression of complement receptors and fc receptors in human neutrophils. J Periodontol 2013; 85:1096-106. [PMID: 24354650 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chewing of areca quid increases the prevalence of periodontal diseases. Areca nut extract (ANE) inhibits the phagocytic activity of human neutrophils. This in vitro study investigates the effects of ANE on complement- and antibody-opsonized phagocytosis by neutrophils. Expression of complement receptors, Fc receptors, and F-actin in ANE-treated neutrophils is also analyzed. METHODS The viability of ANE-treated neutrophils was determined using the propidium iodide staining method. The possible effects of ANE on the expression of complement receptors and Fc receptors were examined using an immunofluorescence staining method followed by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The phagocytic activity of neutrophils against complement or immunoglobulin (Ig)G-opsonized fluorescent beads was analyzed using flow cytometry. Expression of F-actin was determined using confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS ANE significantly inhibited the production of complement receptors (CR1, CR3, and CR4) and Fc receptors (FcγRII and FcγRIII) in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of neutrophils with ANE significantly impaired their ability to phagocytose fluorescent beads. ANE also inhibited phagocytosis of fluorescent beads that were opsonized by complement or IgG. Moreover, expression of F-actin was inhibited after ANE treatment. CONCLUSIONS ANE inhibits the complement- and IgG-mediated neutrophil phagocytosis that may result from reduction of the expression of complement receptors, Fc receptors, and F-actin formation after ANE treatment. The findings suggest that areca nut chewing may jeopardize the defensive functions of neutrophils and affect periodontal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yun Lee
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Patil KG, Metgud SC. Effects of Areca Nut Extracts on Phagocytosis of Actinobacillus actinomycete mcomitans ATCC 33384 by Neutrophils in Patients with Chronic Periondontitis. J Clin Diagn Res 2013; 7:2153-6. [PMID: 24298462 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2013/5694.3456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE A higher prevalence of periodontal disease among areca nut chewers than non chewers has been demonstrated. Neutrophils, the first line of defence mechanism against microbial infection play an important role in maintaining the periodontal health. In this context our aim was to evaluate the effects of areca nut extracts on phagocytic activity by neutrophils isolated from gingival crevicular washing of healthy subjects and patients with chronic periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sample size consisted of a total of 60 subjects which were divided into two groups of 30 each. Group I consisted healthy subjects and Group II consisted clinically diagnosed cases of chronic periodontitis. Neutrophils isolated from gingival crevicular washings of both groups were treated with aqueous extracts of ripe areca nut (rANE) and tender areca nut (tANE) and examined for their effect on cellular viability of neutrophils using typan blue exclusion assay. The possible/ ableffects on the phagocytic activity of neutrophils against a periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans(ATCC 33384) was determined by using microscopic method. RESULTS Both rANE and tANE affected the phagocytic activity by neutrophils in healthy and patients with chronic periodontitis. Ripe areca nut extract has altered the neutrophil functions more than tender areca nut in both the groups. There was no difference seen in the cell viability of neutrophils when treated with rANE and tANE in both the groups (p> 0.05). CONCLUSION Both ripe and tender arecanut extract affected the neutrophil function in healthy and patients with chronic periodontitis. Ripe arecanut extract significantly altered the neutrophils functions more than tender areca nut extract. Thus, alterations in these functions of neutrophils may lead to signs of clinical diseases associated with areca chewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Gangaram Patil
- Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences , Mayani, District, Satara, Maharashtra, India
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Wang CC, Chen TY, Wu HY, Liu TY, Jan TR. Areca nut extracts suppress the differentiation and functionality of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Periodontal Res 2011; 47:198-203. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Wang CC, Lin HL, Liang HJ, Jan TR. Areca nut extracts enhance the development of CD11b(+) Gr-1(+) cells with the characteristics of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in antigen-stimulated mice. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 40:769-77. [PMID: 21481006 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01043.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Areca quid chewing is an etiological factor contributing to the development of oral cancer and pre-cancers, whose pathophysiology has been linked to inflammation and immune deterioration. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) play a key role in the regulation of immunity under certain pathological conditions, such as inflammation and cancer. As areca nut extracts (ANE) have been reported to induce a proinflammatory effect in antigen-stimulated mice, we hypothesized that ANE might enhance the development of MDSC. METHODS Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized BALB/c mice were daily administered with ANE (5-50 mg/kg), polyphenol-enriched ANE (PANE; 25 mg/kg) or arecoline (5 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection for 10 doses. The mouse footpads were then subcutaneously challenged with OVA to induce local inflammatory responses. RESULTS ANE and PANE treatment significantly increased the spleen index and the population of CD11b(+) Gr-1(+) cells in the spleen and peripheral blood, whereas arecoline was inactive. In addition, ANE and PANE treatment enhanced the expression of cytokines and enzymes associated with the immunosuppressive function of MDSC, including IL-10, arginase-I and iNOS in splenic CD11b(+) cells. Concordantly, ANE and PANE treatment augmented the infiltration of Gr-1(+) IL-10(+) cells in the footpads challenged with OVA. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that areca nut constituents, in particular, polyphenols enhanced the development of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in vivo, which may be a critical mechanism linking inflammation and the compromised immunity reported to be associated with the pathophysiology of areca-related oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Wang
- Animal Cancer Center, Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei
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Wang CC, Lin HL, Wey SP, Jan TR. Areca-nut extract modulates antigen-specific immunity and augments inflammation in ovalbumin-sensitized mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 33:315-22. [PMID: 20698815 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2010.507208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Areca-nut chewing has been linked to oral cancer and many other diseases, in which immune deterioration and tissue inflammation are plausibly involved. Recent studies reported that areca-nut extract (ANE) affected the functionality of lymphocytes and neutrophils in vitro. In the present study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effect of ANE in vivo. Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice were daily administered with ANE (5-50 mg/kg) for 10 doses by intraperitoneal injection from days 1 to 5 and from 8 to 12. The mice were systemically sensitized with OVA on day 3, and their footpads were challenged with OVA to induce delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions on day 13. The serum level of OVA-specific IgM and IgG(1) was significantly attenuated by 5 and 25 mg/kg of ANE, whereas OVA-specific IgG(2a) was markedly enhanced by 50 mg/kg of ANE. The production of interferon (IFN)-γ by splenocytes reexposed to OVA in culture was markedly augmented by ANE (25 and 50 mg/kg). In addition, ANE (25 and 50 mg/kg) demonstrated an enhancing effect on DTH reactions, including the tissue swelling, the infiltration of CD3(+) and F4/80(+) cells, and the expression of IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the footpads challenged with OVA. The phagocytic activity and TNF-α production by the splenic CD11b(+) cells were also enhanced in ANE-treated groups. Taken together, these results demonstrated that ANE modulated antigen-specific immune responses and promoted inflammatory reactions in vivo, which may contribute to immune deregulation associated with areca-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Wang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ho WH, Lee YY, Chang LY, Chen YT, Liu TY, Hung SL. Effects of areca nut extract on the apoptosis pathways in human neutrophils. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:412-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lai YL, Wu CY, Lee YY, Chang HW, Liu TY, Hung SL. Stimulatory Effects of Areca Nut Extracts on Prostaglandin E2Production by Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. J Periodontol 2010; 81:758-66. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2010.090660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Chang LY, Lin JC, Chang CW, Ho WH, Chen YT, Peng JL, Hung SL. Inhibitory effects of safrole on phagocytosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species, and the activity of myeloperoxidase released by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Periodontol 2009; 80:1330-7. [PMID: 19656034 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.080202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safrole, a component of Piper betle inflorescence, inhibits bactericidal activity and the release of superoxide anion (O(2)(-)) by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). This in vitro study further investigated the effects of safrole on phagocytic activity, the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the activity of the lysosomal enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), which is released by human PMNs. METHODS The possible effects of safrole on the phagocytic activity of PMNs against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) were determined using flow cytometry. PMNs were treated with various concentrations of safrole, which was followed by treatment with Hanks balanced salt solution with or without cytochalasin B and fMet-Leu-Phe (CB/fMLP). Intracellular ROS was determined using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate and a fluorometer, whereas MPO activity was determined using a substrate assay. RESULTS Safrole significantly inhibited the phagocytic activity of PMNs in a dose-dependent manner. Approximately 50% of the phagocytic activity of PMNs was affected when 10 mM safrole was used. Exposure of the PMNs to safrole (up to 5 mM) did not directly affect the intracellular levels of ROS and the extracellular activity of MPO. However, the ability of CB/fMLP to trigger production of intracellular ROS and the activity of MPO released by human PMNs was significantly suppressed by safrole. CONCLUSIONS Safrole reduced the uptake of A. actinomycetemcomitans by human PMNs. Safrole also impaired the normal activation activity of PMNs. Alterations in the defensive properties of PMNs by safrole might promote bacterial colonization, and this could result in periodontal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien-Yu Chang
- Department of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Involvement of the mitochondrion-dependent pathway and oxidative stress in the apoptosis of murine splenocytes induced by areca nut extract. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:840-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hung SL, Lin YJ, Chien EJ, Liu WG, Chang HW, Liu TY, Chen YT. Areca nut extracts-activated secretion of leukotriene B4, and phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and elevated intracellular calcium concentrations in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Periodontal Res 2007; 42:393-401. [PMID: 17760816 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Polymorphonuclear leukocytes are the major source of leukotriene B4, which is synthesized via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. Activation of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway is regulated by intracellular calcium and the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The impact of areca nut extracts on the biosynthesis of leukotriene B4 by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes was evaluated, and some of the possible mechanisms underlying the responses were examined. MATERIAL AND METHODS Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were treated with various concentrations of areca nut extracts. The concentrations of leukotriene B4 released into the supernatants were evaluated using enzyme immunoassay. The phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was monitored using immunoblotting, and the cytosolic calcium kinetics were assessed fluorometrically using Fura-2. RESULTS Exposure of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to areca nut extracts led to a dose-dependent increase in the production of leukotriene B4, with levels peaking at 30 min and decreasing thereafter. Areca nut extracts enhanced the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, an enzyme known to activate 5-lipoxygenase. Incubation with areca nut extracts also resulted in a rapid elevation of intracellular calcium concentrations in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The induction of leukotriene B4 by areca nut extracts was suppressed with the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, or with the intracellular calcium chelator, BAPTA-AM. CONCLUSION The interaction of areca nut extracts with polymorphonuclear leukocytes activated the arachidonic acid metabolic cascade. Incubation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with areca nut extracts resulted in the activation of intracellular events, such as phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and Ca2+ mobilization, involved in the release of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators. The results of this study emphasize the potential importance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes as a source of leukotriene B4, which may modulate the inflammatory response in areca chewers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-L Hung
- Institute of Oral Biology, and Faculty of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, and Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Wang CC, Liu TY, Wey SP, Wang FI, Jan TR. Areca nut extract suppresses T-cell activation and interferon-gamma production via the induction of oxidative stress. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:1410-8. [PMID: 17383064 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Revised: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Areca quid chewing is a major risk factor associated with oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) and oral cancer. Experimental evidence indicates that immune deterioration is associated with the pathophysiology of OSF and oral cancer. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) is shown to play a role in the cytotoxic and genotoxic effect induced by areca nut extracts (ANE) in oral cells. The present studies investigated the effects of ANE on T-cell reactivity and the role of ROS in ANE effects. Treatment of splenocytes with ANE induced a marked cytotoxic effect, and suppressed the production of IL-2 and IFN-gamma, whereas the production of IL-4 was unaffected. The ANE-mediated cytotoxicity, and suppression of IFN-gamma and IL-2 production were attenuated by the presence of antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC). Moreover, flow cytometric analysis demonstrated an increase in cellular ROS levels in splenic T-cells treated with ANE, which was also attenuated by the presence of NAC. Concordantly, the cellular level of glutathione was diminished by ANE in splenic T-cells pretreated with NAC. Collectively, these results demonstrated that ANE markedly suppressed T-cell activation and Th1 cytokine production, which was mediated, at least in part, by the induction of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
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Lai YL, Lin JC, Yang SF, Liu TY, Hung SL. Areca nut extracts reduce the intracellular reactive oxygen species and release of myeloperoxidase by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Periodontal Res 2007; 42:69-76. [PMID: 17214642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) represent the first line of host defense. Areca nut extract inhibits the bactericidal activity of, and the release of superoxide anion (O2- ) by, PMN. This study investigated the effects of areca nut extract on the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and on the extracellular release of lysosomal enzyme, myeloperoxidase (MPO), by PMN. The effects of arecoline, a principal component of areca nut, were also examined. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human PMN were treated with various concentrations of areca nut extract or arecoline followed by treatment with Hanks' balanced salt solution, with or without cytochalasin B and fMet-Leu-Phe (CB/fMLP). The viability of PMN was determined using propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. The presence of intracellular ROS was determined using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate and fluorometry. MPO release was determined using a substrate assay. RESULTS Areca nut extract (25 and 50 microg/ml) significantly decreased the viability of PMN. The intracellular levels of ROS and the extracellular release of MPO were induced in PMN by CB/fMLP. Exposure of PMN to areca nut extract (up to 25 microg/ml) or to arecoline (up to 2 mg/ml) did not directly affect the levels of ROS and MPO activity. However, under conditions that did not affect the viability of PMN, the ability of CB/fMLP to trigger production of intracellular ROS and release of MPO in human PMN was significantly suppressed by areca nut extract and arecoline. CONCLUSION Areca nut impaired the activation of PMN by CB/fMLP that might decrease the effectiveness of PMN in the host defense. Alternatively, exposure of PMN to areca nut extract could decrease the capacity of PMN to damage tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-L Lai
- Faculty of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chang LY, Wan HC, Lai YL, Liu TY, Hung SL. Enhancing Effects of Areca Nut Extracts on the Production of Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-8 by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. J Periodontol 2006; 77:1969-77. [PMID: 17209780 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2006.060039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The habit of chewing areca quid (AQ) has been implicated in oral pathogenesis, including periodontal disease. Little is understood about the roles of AQ in the cytokine secretion by immune cells. The study examined the effects of areca nut, the major ingredient of AQ, on the production of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), the immunocompetent cells. The possible role of oxidative stress of areca nut was also examined. METHODS Extracts of ripe areca nut (rANE) and tender areca nut (tANE) were examined for their cytotoxic effects on human PBMC using the trypan blue exclusion test. The production of IL-6 and IL-8 by ANE-treated PBMC was analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Effects of an antioxidant, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), on ANE-induced cytokine secretion were also studied. RESULTS At the experimental conditions, 20 micro g/ml rANE decreased cell viability significantly, whereas no significant effect of tANE (< or =80 micro g/ml) was observed. Both rANE (< or =20 micro g/ml) and tANE (< or =160 micro g/ml) significantly increased the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 by PBMC in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The altered mRNA expression of IL-6 by rANE and tANE was also observed. Moreover, the stimulating effects of rANE on cytokine expression in PBMC could be attenuated by PDTC, suggesting that the oxidative stress of rANE may play a role. CONCLUSIONS Markedly enhancing effects of ANE on PBMC-released inflammatory cytokines might cause a sustained cytokine-rich inflammatory milieu in oral cavity of AQ chewers. These excessive cytokines from ANE-treated immune cells may impair periodontal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien-Yu Chang
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Hung SL, Lee YY, Liu TY, Peng JL, Cheng YY, Chen YT. Modulation of Phagocytosis, Chemotaxis, and Adhesion of Neutrophils by Areca Nut Extracts. J Periodontol 2006; 77:579-85. [PMID: 16584337 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2006.050217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A higher prevalence of periodontal diseases among areca chewers than non-areca chewers has been demonstrated. Neutrophils, representing the first line of the host defense mechanism against microbial infection, play important roles in maintaining periodontal health. This study determined the possible effects of areca nut on phagocytosis, chemotaxis, and adhesion of human neutrophils. METHODS Aqueous extracts of ripe areca nut without husk (rANE) and fresh and tender areca nut with husk (tANE) were examined for their effects on neutrophil phagocytosis using flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The effects of rANE and tANE on chemotaxis and adhesion of neutrophils to human aortic endothelial cells were examined using fluorescence-labeled neutrophils. RESULTS Both rANE and tANE inhibited the phagocytic activity of neutrophils in a dose-dependent manner. The levels of internalized fluorescent bacteria in neutrophils decreased after ANE treatment. However, exposure of neutrophils to rANE and tANE stimulated the chemotaxis activity of neutrophils to N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) and enhanced adhesion of neutrophils to human aortic endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, treatment of neutrophils with rANE was more effective than incubation with tANE. CONCLUSIONS Components of areca nut inhibited phagocytosis activity of neutrophils but enhanced chemotaxis and adhesion of neutrophils. Alterations in functions of neutrophils may lead to signs of clinical diseases associated with areca chewing. The components in ANEs that are responsible for these observations remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Ling Hung
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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