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Vongsakulpaisarn P, Sangkhamanee SS, Rassameemasmaung S, Sritanaudomchai H. Effect of Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells-Derived Conditioned Medium on Gene Expression and Differentiation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Challenged Osteoblasts. Eur J Dent 2024; 18:378-386. [PMID: 37562430 PMCID: PMC10959631 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1771337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) causes bone resorption in periodontitis. It induces the production of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) from osteoblasts, leading to the disturbance of bone homeostasis through RANKL, RANK, and osteoprotegerin (OPG) axis. This study aimed to explore the effect of periodontal ligament stem cells-derived conditioned medium (PDLSCs-CM) on gene expression related to bone homeostasis and the differentiation of TNF-α-challenged osteoblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human osteoblasts were cultured with 50 ng/mL of TNF-α and 0, 1, 10, and 100 µg/ mL of PDLSCs-CM. Osteoblasts cultured without TNF-α and PDLSCs-CM were served as control. Gene expression of RANKL, OPG, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was evaluated by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction at 48 hours. The early-stage and late-stage differentiation of TNF-α-challenged osteoblasts without or with PDLSCs-CM was explored by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and alizarin red staining, respectively, at day 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the differences in gene expression of TNF-α-challenged osteoblasts at 24 and 48 hours, and Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the effect of PDLSCs-CM on gene expression and ALP activity among all experimental groups using SPSS software version 21.0. Statistical significance was considered with p-value less than 0.05. RESULTS Expression of RANKL, OPG and IL-1β was significantly upregulated in TNF-α-challenged osteoblasts compared to the untreated control. The PDLSCs-CM at 1 and 10 μg/mL downregulated gene expression of TNF-α-challenged osteoblasts compared to the group without PDLSCs-CM, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. The ALP activity was decreased in TNF-α-challenged osteoblasts. The addition of PDLSCs-CM did not alter ALP activity of TNF-α-challenged osteoblasts. Alizarin red staining was comparable in the TNF-α-challenged osteoblasts cultured without or with PDLSCs-CM. CONCLUSIONS The PDLSCs-CM did not alter gene expression involved in bone homeostasis and differentiation of TNF-α-challenged osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poranee Vongsakulpaisarn
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Supanee Rassameemasmaung
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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2
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Matsubara VH, Fakhruddin KS, Ngo H, Samaranayake LP. Probiotic Bifidobacteria in Managing Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review. Int Dent J 2022; 73:11-20. [PMID: 36535806 PMCID: PMC9875235 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2022.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although various probiotic organisms have been evaluated for their utility in the management of periodontitis, their strain-specific mechanisms of action are still unclear. We aimed to systematically review the effect of bifidobacterial probiotics on periodontopathogens and host immune responses in periodontal diseases. An electronic search of articles published until June 2022 in Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases was performed. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and in vitro and animal studies were assessed, and the data regarding antimicrobial properties, immunomodulation, and clinical outcomes were analysed. A total of 304 studies were screened, but only 3 RCTs and 6 animal and in vitro studies met the inclusion criteria. The use of different strains of bifidobacteria led to (1) a reduction of key players of the red complex periodontopathogens; (2) reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (eg, interleukin [IL]1-β and IL-8) and higher levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10); (3) enhanced levels of osteoprotegerin and reduced levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand; and (4) a reduction of the dental plaque, bleeding on probing, alveolar bone loss, and clinical attachment loss. Bifidobacterial probiotic adjuvant supplementation, especially with Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis, appears to help improve clinical periodontal parameters and develop a healthy plaque microbiome through microbiological and immunomodulatory pathways. Further human and animal studies are warranted prior to the therapeutic use of bifidobacteria in the routine management of periodontal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Haruo Matsubara
- UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia,Corresponding author. Dental School, University of Western Australia, 17 Monash Avenue, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Kausar Sadia Fakhruddin
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hien Ngo
- UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lakshman P. Samaranayake
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
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3
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Therapeutic and Metagenomic Potential of the Biomolecular Therapies against Periodontitis and the Oral Microbiome: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213708. [PMID: 36430182 PMCID: PMC9693164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The principles of periodontal therapy are based on the control of microbial pathogens and host factors that contribute to biofilm dysbiosis, with the aim of modulating the progression of periodontitis and periodontal tissue destruction. It is currently known how differently each individual responds to periodontal treatment, depending on both the bacterial subtypes that make up the dysbiotic biofilm and interindividual variations in the host inflammatory response. This has allowed the current variety of approaches for the management of periodontitis to be updated by defining the goals of target strategies, which consist of reducing the periodontopathogenic microbial flora and/or modulating the host-mediated response. Therefore, this review aims to update the current variety of approaches for the management of periodontitis based on recent target therapies. Recently, encouraging results have been obtained from several studies exploring the effects of some targeted therapies in the medium- and long-term. Among the most promising target therapies analyzed and explored in this review include: cell-based periodontal regeneration, mediators against bone resorption, emdogain (EMD), platelet-rich plasma, and growth factors. The reviewed evidence supports the hypothesis that the therapeutic combination of epigenetic modifications of periodontal tissues, interacting with the dysbiotic biofilm, is a key step in significantly reducing the development and progression of disease in periodontal patients and improving the therapeutic response of periodontal patients. However, although studies indicate promising results, these need to be further expanded and studied to truly realize the benefits that targeted therapies could bring in the treatment of periodontitis.
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Saliem SS, Bede SY, Cooper PR, Abdulkareem AA, Milward MR, Abdullah BH. Pathogenesis of periodontitis - A potential role for epithelial-mesenchymal transition. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2022; 58:268-278. [PMID: 36159185 PMCID: PMC9489739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process comprising cellular and molecular events which result in cells shifting from an epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotype. Periodontitis is a destructive chronic disease of the periodontium initiated in response to a dysbiotic microbiome, and dominated by Gram-negative bacteria in the subgingival niches accompanied by an aberrant immune response in susceptible subjects. Both EMT and periodontitis share common risk factors and drivers, including Gram-negative bacteria, excess inflammatory cytokine production, smoking, oxidative stress and diabetes mellitus. In addition, periodontitis is characterized by down-regulation of key epithelial markers such as E-cadherin together with up-regulation of transcriptional factors and mesenchymal proteins, including Snail1, vimentin and N-cadherin, which also occur in the EMT program. Clinically, these phenotypic changes may be reflected by increases in microulceration of the pocket epithelial lining, granulation tissue formation, and fibrosis. Both in vitro and in vivo data now support the potential involvement of EMT as a pathogenic mechanism in periodontal diseases which may facilitate bacterial invasion into the underlying gingival tissues and propagation of inflammation. This review surveys the available literature and provides evidence linking EMT to periodontitis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif S Saliem
- College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, P.O. Box 1417, Bab Al Mudam, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Salwan Y Bede
- College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, P.O. Box 1417, Bab Al Mudam, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Paul R Cooper
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ali A Abdulkareem
- College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, P.O. Box 1417, Bab Al Mudam, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Michael R Milward
- ŌSchool of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, B5 7EG Birmingham, UK
| | - Bashar H Abdullah
- College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, P.O. Box 1417, Bab Al Mudam, Baghdad, Iraq
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Omi M, Mishina Y. Roles of osteoclasts in alveolar bone remodeling. Genesis 2022; 60:e23490. [PMID: 35757898 PMCID: PMC9786271 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are large multinucleated cells from hematopoietic origin and are responsible for bone resorption. A balance between osteoclastic bone resorption and osteoblastic bone formation is critical to maintain bone homeostasis. The alveolar bone, also called the alveolar process, is the part of the jawbone that holds the teeth and supports oral functions. It differs from other skeletal bones in several aspects: its embryonic cellular origin, the form of ossification, and the presence of teeth and periodontal tissues; hence, understanding the unique characteristic of the alveolar bone remodeling is important to maintain oral homeostasis. Excessive osteoclastic bone resorption is one of the prominent features of bone diseases in the jaw such as periodontitis. Therefore, inhibiting osteoclast formation and bone resorptive process has been the target of therapeutic intervention. Understanding the mechanisms of osteoclastic bone resorption is critical for the effective treatment of bone diseases in the jaw. In this review, we discuss basic principles of alveolar bone remodeling with a specific focus on the osteoclastic bone resorptive process and its unique functions in the alveolar bone. Lastly, we provide perspectives on osteoclast-targeted therapies and regenerative approaches associated with bone diseases in the jaw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Omi
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & ProsthodonticsUniversity of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & ProsthodonticsUniversity of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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Zhai J, Li S, Sen S, Vallvé-Juanico J, Irwin JC, Vo KC, Wan J, Du Y, Chen ZJ, Giudice LC. Transcriptomic analysis supports collective endometrial cell migration in the pathogenesis of adenomyosis. Reprod Biomed Online 2022; 45:519-530. [PMID: 35773139 PMCID: PMC9976941 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Adenomyosis is a common uterine disorder of uncertain causes. Can transcriptomic analyses of the endometrium and myometrium reveal potential mechanisms underlying adenomyosis pathogenesis? DESIGN Transcriptomic profiles of eutopic endometrium and myometrium from women with and without diffuse adenomyosis and with symptomatic FIGO type 2-5 fibroids in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle were assessed using RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. Differentially expressed genes (DEG) and potential pathways were validated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting and Masson staining, using additional clinical samples. RESULTS Top biological processes in the endometrium of women with versus without adenomyosis, enriched from DEG, comprised inflammation, extracellular matrix (ECM) organization, collagen degradation and hyaluronan synthesis, which are key in cell migration and cell movement. Top biological processes enriched from DEG in the myometrium of women with versus without adenomyosis revealed ECM organization dysfunction, abnormal sensory pain perception and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) synaptic transmission. Dysregulation of prolactin signalling was also enriched in eutopic endometrium and in the myometrium of women with adenomyosis. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results support the invasive endometrium theory in the pathogenesis of adenomyosis, in which inflammation induces ECM remodelling resulting in a track for subsequent endometrial collective cell migration and onset of adenomyosis. Moreover, abnormal myometrial GABA synaptic transmission may contribute to dysmenorrhoea in women with adenomyosis and is a possible target for novel therapeutic development. Prolactin signalling abnormalities may serve as another opportunity for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Zhai
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics Shanghai, China
| | - Shang Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics Shanghai, China
| | - Sushmita Sen
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA
| | - Júlia Vallvé-Juanico
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA
| | - Juan C. Irwin
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA
| | - Kim Chi Vo
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA
| | - Jipeng Wan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan Shandong, China,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan Shandong, China
| | - Yanzhi Du
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Jiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics Shanghai, China,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, The Key Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China,Corresponding author. (L. C. Giudice)
| | - Linda C. Giudice
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA,Corresponding author. (L. C. Giudice)
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Identification of candidate regulators of mandibular bone loss in FcγRIIB -/- Mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18726. [PMID: 34548536 PMCID: PMC8455620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have increased inflammatory cytokines, leading to periodontitis and alveolar bone loss. However, the mechanisms driving this phenomenon are still unknown. Here, we have identified novel therapeutic targets for and mediators of lupus-mediated bone loss using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) in a FcγRIIB-/- mouse model of lupus associated osteopenia. A total of 2,710 upregulated and 3,252 downregulated DEGs were identified. The GO and KEGG annotations revealed that osteoclast differentiation, bone mineralization, ossification, and myeloid cell development were downregulated. WikiPathways indicated that Hedgehog, TNFα NF-κB and Notch signaling pathway were also decreased. We identified downregulated targets, Sufu and Serpina12, that have important roles in bone homeostasis. Sufu and Serpina12 were related to Hedgehog signaling proteins, including Gli1, Gli2, Gli3, Ptch1, and Ptch2. Gene knockdown analysis demonstrated that Sufu, and Serpina12 contributed to osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis, respectively. Osteoclast and osteoblast marker genes were significantly decreased in Sufu-deficient and Serpina12-deficient cells, respectively. Our results suggest that alterations in Hedgehog signaling play an important role in the pathogenesis of osteopenia in FcγRIIB-/- mice. The novel DEGs and pathways identified in this study provide new insight into the underlying mechanisms of mandibular bone loss during lupus development.
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Jung JI, Kim S, Baek SM, Choi SI, Kim GH, Imm JY. Ecklonia cava Extract Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effect in Human Gingival Fibroblasts and Chronic Periodontitis Animal Model by Suppression of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071656. [PMID: 34359526 PMCID: PMC8304037 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases. The anti-inflammatory effect of the extract from brown algae Ecklonia cava was analyzed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1), the most abundant cells in gingival tissue. The gene expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 and interleukin-6 were decreased by 78 and 50%, respectively, at 100 μg/mL Ecklonia cava extract (ECE) treatment. The gene expressions of matrix metalloproteases (MMP-2 and MMP-8) and chemokines (macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha and stromal cell-derived factor 1) were also significantly down-regulated by ECE treatment (p < 0.05). The increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HGF-1 cells by LPS stimulation was decreased by 30% at 100 μg/mL ECE treatment. The mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signal activated by ROS were suppressed by ECE in a dose-dependent manner. ECE treatment (400 mg/kg, 8 weeks) significantly improved alveolar bone resorption in the ligature-induced chronic periodontitis rat model. ECE supplementation also lowered elevated mRNA expression of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the gingival tissue (p < 0.05). Therefore, ECE mitigated gingival tissue destruction and bone resorption associated with chronic periodontitis condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-In Jung
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea; (J.-I.J.); (S.K.); (S.-M.B.)
| | - Seonyoung Kim
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea; (J.-I.J.); (S.K.); (S.-M.B.)
| | - Seung-Min Baek
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea; (J.-I.J.); (S.K.); (S.-M.B.)
| | - Soo-Im Choi
- Plant Resources Research Institute, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 10326, Korea; (S.-I.C.); (G.-H.K.)
| | - Gun-Hee Kim
- Plant Resources Research Institute, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 10326, Korea; (S.-I.C.); (G.-H.K.)
| | - Jee-Young Imm
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea; (J.-I.J.); (S.K.); (S.-M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-10-2526-1219
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Zięba M, Chaber P, Duale K, Martinka Maksymiak M, Basczok M, Kowalczuk M, Adamus G. Polymeric Carriers for Delivery Systems in the Treatment of Chronic Periodontal Disease. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1574. [PMID: 32679893 PMCID: PMC7407295 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis (PD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of periodontal tissues caused by pathogenic microorganisms and characterized by disruption of the tooth-supporting structures. Conventional drug administration pathways in periodontal disease treatment have many drawbacks such as poor biodistribution, low selectivity of the therapeutic effect, burst release of the drug, and damage to healthy cells. To overcome this limitation, controlled drug delivery systems have been developed as a potential method to address oral infectious disease ailments. The use of drug delivery devices proves to be an excellent auxiliary method in improving the quality and effectiveness in periodontitis treatment, which includes inaccessible periodontal pockets. This review explores the current state of knowledge regarding the applications of various polymer-based delivery systems such as hydrogels, liposomes, micro-, and nanoparticles in the treatment of chronic periodontal disease. Furthermore, to present a more comprehensive understanding of the difficulties concerning the treatment of PD, a brief description of the mechanism and development of the disease is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zięba
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34. M. C. Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (P.C.); (K.D.); (M.M.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Paweł Chaber
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34. M. C. Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (P.C.); (K.D.); (M.M.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Khadar Duale
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34. M. C. Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (P.C.); (K.D.); (M.M.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Magdalena Martinka Maksymiak
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34. M. C. Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (P.C.); (K.D.); (M.M.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Maciej Basczok
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 6 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego St., 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Marek Kowalczuk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34. M. C. Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (P.C.); (K.D.); (M.M.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Grazyna Adamus
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34. M. C. Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (P.C.); (K.D.); (M.M.M.); (M.K.)
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López Roldán A, García Giménez JL, Alpiste Illueca F. Impact of periodontal treatment on the RANKL/OPG ratio in crevicular fluid. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227757. [PMID: 31986169 PMCID: PMC6984681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Alveolar resorption is one of the most important events in periodontitis. Osteoclast activity is regulated by the ratio between receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG). The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the RANKL/OPG ratio in crevicular fluid after periodontal treatment. Material and methods A total of 15 patients with periodontitis were included in the study group. Samples were collected from an area with active periodontitis and a healthy area. The RANKL and OPG levels were measured before and after periodontal scaling and root planing (SRP) treatment. The study group was compared to the control group, which included 10 patients without periodontitis. ID Clinicaltrial.gov: NCT03787875. Results A decrease in the RANKL level was found in areas with active periodontitis after periodontal treatment, but no change in the OPG level was observed. Therefore, the treatment induced a decrease in the RANKL/OPG ratio in sites with destructive periodontal activity. Conclusions Periodontal treatment acts on the RANKL/OPG ratio by decreasing osteoclastogenesis. These results encourage the use of these molecules for periodontal diagnosis, monitoring and treatment. ID Clinicaltrial.gov NCT03787875.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés López Roldán
- Dept. of Periodontics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis García Giménez
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), CIBER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Dept. of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,Epigenetics Research Platform, CIBERER-UV, Valencia, Spain
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11
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Omi M, Mishina Y. Role of osteoclasts in oral homeostasis and jawbone diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 18:14-27. [PMID: 34220275 DOI: 10.1002/osi2.1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The jawbone is a unique structure as it serves multiple functions in mastication. Given the fact that the jawbone is remodeled faster than other skeletal bones, bone cells in the jawbone may respond differently to local and systemic cues to regulate bone remodeling and adaptation. Osteoclasts are bone cells responsible for removing old bone, playing an essential role in bone remodeling. Although bone resorption by osteoclasts is required for dental tissue development, homeostasis and repair, excessive osteoclast activity is associated with oral skeletal diseases such as periodontitis. In addition, antiresorptive medications used to prevent bone homeostasis of tumors can cause osteonecrosis of the jaws that is a major concern to the dentist. Therefore, understanding of the role of osteoclasts in oral homeostasis under physiological and pathological conditions leads to better targeted therapeutic options for skeletal diseases to maintain patients' oral health. Here, we highlight the unique features of the jawbone compared to the long bone and the involvement of osteoclasts in the jawbone-specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Omi
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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12
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Gu H, An HJ, Kim JY, Kim WH, Gwon MG, Kim HJ, Han SM, Park I, Park SC, Leem J, Park KK. Bee venom attenuates Porphyromonas gingivalis and RANKL-induced bone resorption with osteoclastogenic differentiation. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 129:344-353. [PMID: 31055000 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is one of the major periodontal pathogens leading to inflammation and alveolar bone resorption. Bone resorption is induced by osteoclasts, which are multinucleated giant cells. Osteoclastic bone resorption is mediated by enhanced receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) signaling. Therefore, the down-regulation of RANKL downstream signals is regarded as an effective therapeutic target in the treatment of bone loss-associated disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether purified bee venom (BV) could attenuate P. gingivalis-induced inflammatory periodontitis and RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. Inflammatory periodontitis induced by P. gingivalis increased alveolar bone resorption and increased expression of TNF-α and IL-1β, while BV treatment resulted in decreased bone loss and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Similarly, RANKL-induced multinucleated osteoclast differentiation and osteoclast-specific gene expression, such as nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1), cathepsin K, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and integrin αvβ3 were significantly suppressed by treatment with BV. We show that BV reduces P. gingivalis-induced inflammatory bone loss-related periodontitis in vivo and RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation, activation, and function in vitro. These results suggest that BV exerts positive effects on inflammatory periodontitis associated osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Gu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin An
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Yeon Kim
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon-Hae Kim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Gyeong Gwon
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Kim
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Mi Han
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, 54875, Republic of Korea
| | - InSook Park
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Sok Cheon Park
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Panorama Avenue, Bathurst, NSW, 2795, Australia
| | - Jaechan Leem
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Kyu Park
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 42472, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Assessment of Salivary Levels of RANKL and OPG in Aggressive versus Chronic Periodontitis. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:6195258. [PMID: 31183390 PMCID: PMC6512014 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6195258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β ligand) and OPG (osteoprotegerin) are two proteins involved in bone remodelling. During the active phase of periodontal disease, an imbalance between the ratios of the two elements can be noticed. While the expression of RANKL is elevated compared with that of OPG, the RANKL is available to bond with RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β). This study was conducted on 41 patients: 19 with generalized aggressive periodontitis, 18 with severe chronic periodontitis, and 4 periodontal healthy subjects. For each patient included, we determined the salivary levels of RANKL and OPG with the help of two Human ELISA kits. The results show that the patients affected by periodontitis, either aggressive or chronic, have significant higher values of RANKL and RANKL/OPG ratio. This values correlate with the local inflammation status.
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14
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Ishii T, Ruiz-Torruella M, Ikeda A, Shindo S, Movila A, Mawardi H, Albassam A, Kayal RA, Al-Dharrab AA, Egashira K, Wisitrasameewong W, Yamamoto K, Mira AI, Sueishi K, Han X, Taubman MA, Miyamoto T, Kawai T. OC-STAMP promotes osteoclast fusion for pathogenic bone resorption in periodontitis via up-regulation of permissive fusogen CD9. FASEB J 2018. [PMID: 29533736 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701424r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell fusion-mediated formation of multinuclear osteoclasts (OCs) plays a key role in bone resorption. It is reported that 2 unique OC-specific fusogens [ i.e., OC-stimulatory transmembrane protein (OC-STAMP) and dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP)], and permissive fusogen CD9, are involved in OC fusion. In contrast to DC-STAMP-knockout (KO) mice, which show the osteopetrotic phenotype, OC-STAMP-KO mice show no difference in systemic bone mineral density. Nonetheless, according to the ligature-induced periodontitis model, significantly lower level of bone resorption was found in OC-STAMP-KO mice compared to WT mice. Anti-OC-STAMP-neutralizing mAb down-modulated in vitro: 1) the emergence of large multinuclear tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive cells, 2) pit formation, and 3) mRNA and protein expression of CD9, but not DC-STAMP, in receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-stimulated OC precursor cells (OCps). While anti-DC-STAMP-mAb also down-regulated RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro, it had no effect on CD9 expression. In our mouse model, systemic administration of anti-OC-STAMP-mAb suppressed the expression of CD9 mRNA, but not DC-STAMP mRNA, in periodontal tissue, along with diminished alveolar bone loss and reduced emergence of CD9+ OCps and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinuclear OCs. The present study demonstrated that OC-STAMP partners CD9 to promote periodontal bone destruction by up-regulation of fusion during osteoclastogenesis, suggesting that anti-OC-STAMP-mAb may lead to the development of a novel therapeutic regimen for periodontitis.-Ishii, T., Ruiz-Torruella, M., Ikeda, A., Shindo, S., Movila, A., Mawardi, H., Albassam, A., Kayal, R. A., Al-Dharrab, A. A., Egashira, K., Wisitrasameewong, W., Yamamoto, K., Mira, A. I., Sueishi, K., Han, X., Taubman, M. A., Miyamoto, T., Kawai, T. OC-STAMP promotes osteoclast fusion for pathogenic bone resorption in periodontitis via up-regulation of permissive fusogen CD9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenobu Ishii
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Orthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Montserrat Ruiz-Torruella
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Atsushi Ikeda
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Satoru Shindo
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandru Movila
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hani Mawardi
- Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Albassam
- Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rayyan A Kayal
- Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Kenji Egashira
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Research and Development Headquarters, Lion Corporation, Odawara, Japan
| | | | - Kenta Yamamoto
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Abdulghani I Mira
- Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Xiaozhe Han
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Martin A Taubman
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Takeshi Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
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15
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Kim JH, Kim AR, Choi YH, Jang S, Woo GH, Cha JH, Bak EJ, Yoo YJ. Tumor necrosis factor-α antagonist diminishes osteocytic RANKL and sclerostin expression in diabetes rats with periodontitis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189702. [PMID: 29240821 PMCID: PMC5730195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes with periodontitis shows elevated TNF-α expression. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α stimulates the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and sclerostin. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of TNF-α expression of osteocytic RANKL and sclerostin in type 1 diabetes rats with periodontitis using infliximab (IFX), a TNF-α antagonist. Rats were divided into two timepoint groups: day 3 and day 20. Each timepoint group was then divided into four subgroups: 1) control (C, n = 6 for each time point); 2) periodontitis (P, n = 6 for each time point); 3) diabetes with periodontitis (DP, n = 8 for each time point); and 4) diabetes with periodontitis treated with IFX (DP+IFX, n = 8 for each time point). To induce type 1 diabetes, rats were injected with streptozotocin (50 mg/kg dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer). Periodontitis was then induced by ligature of the mandibular first molars at day 7 after STZ injection (day 0). IFX was administered once for the 3 day group (on day 0) and twice for the 20 day group (on days 7 and 14). The DP group showed greater alveolar bone loss than the P group on day 20 (P = 0.020). On day 3, higher osteoclast formation and RANKL-positive osteocytes in P group (P = 0.000 and P = 0.011, respectively) and DP group (P = 0.006 and P = 0.017, respectively) than those in C group were observed. However, there was no significant difference in osteoclast formation or RANKL-positive osteocytes between P and DP groups. The DP+IFX group exhibited lower alveolar bone loss (P = 0.041), osteoclast formation (P = 0.019), and RANKL-positive osteocytes (P = 0.009) than that of the DP group. On day 20, DP group showed a lower osteoid area (P = 0.001) and more sclerostin-positive osteocytes (P = 0.000) than P group. On days 3 and 20, the DP+IFX group showed more osteoid area (P = 0.048 and 0.040, respectively) but lower sclerostin-positive osteocytes (both P = 0.000) than DP group. Taken together, these results suggest that TNF-α antagonist can diminish osteocytic RANKL/sclerostin expression and osteoclast formation, eventually recovering osteoid formation. Therefore, TNF-α might mediate alveolar bone loss via inducing expression of osteocytic RANKL and sclerostin in type 1 diabetes rats with periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Ri Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hui Choi
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungil Jang
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gye-Hyeong Woo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Semyung University, Jecheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Heon Cha
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Bak
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (YJY); (EJB)
| | - Yun-Jung Yoo
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (YJY); (EJB)
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16
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Camacho-Alonso F, Davia-Peña RS, Vilaplana-Vivo C, Tudela-Mulero MR, Merino JJ, Martínez-Beneyto Y. Synergistic effect of photodynamic therapy and alendronate on alveolar bone loss in rats with ligature-induced periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2017; 53:306-314. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - J. J. Merino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Y. Martínez-Beneyto
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
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17
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Vasconcelos RC, Costa ADLL, Freitas RDA, Bezerra BADA, Santos BRMD, Pinto LP, Gurgel BCDV. Immunoexpression of HIF-1α and VEGF in Periodontal Disease and Healthy Gingival Tissues. Braz Dent J 2017; 27:117-22. [PMID: 27058371 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201600533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are proteins that stimulate the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells. These proteins have been described in many pathologic and inflammatory conditions, but their involvement in the development of periodontitis has not been thoroughly investigated. This study compared the immunohistochemical expression of these proteins, involved in angiogenesis and hypoxia, by immunostained inflammatory and endothelial cells in periodontal disease and healthy gingival tissues. Gingival tissue samples were divided as follows: 30 samples with chronic periodontitis, 30 with chronic gingivitis, and 30 of healthy gingiva. Results were analyzed statistically by the Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Spearman correlation tests (p=0.01). Inflammatory and endothelial cells were found to express these proteins. Periodontitis showed median percentage of HIF-1α-positive cells of 39.6%, 22.0% in cases of gingivitis and 0.9% in the healthy gingiva group (p=0.001). For VEGF, median percentage of immunopositive cells was 68.7% for periodontitis, 66.1% in cases for gingivitis, and 19.2% for healthy gingival specimens (p<0.001). Significant correlation between VEGF and HIF-1α was also observed in healthy gingiva (p<0.001).The increased expression of HIF-1α and VEGF in periodontitis, compared to gingivitis and healthy gingiva, suggests possible activation of the HIF-1α pathway in advanced periodontal disease. The correlation between HIF-1α and VEGF expression in healthy gingiva suggests a physiological function for these proteins in conditions of homeostasis. In periodontal disease, HIF-1α and VEGF expression may be regulated by other factors, in addition to hypoxia, such as bacterial endotoxins and inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseane Carvalho Vasconcelos
- Department of Dentistry, Postgraduate Program, Oral Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Antônio de Lisboa Lopes Costa
- Department of Dentistry, Postgraduate Program, Oral Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Roseana de Almeida Freitas
- Department of Dentistry, Postgraduate Program, Oral Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Bruna Aguiar do Amaral Bezerra
- Department of Dentistry, Postgraduate Program, Oral Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Leão Pereira Pinto
- Department of Dentistry, Postgraduate Program, Oral Pathology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
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18
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Abstract
Initial studies of periodontal disease suggested that T cell-mediated immunity against oral Gram-negative microorganisms is a key player in the pathogenesis of this inflammatory disease. Recent investigations, however, revealed that B cells are also engaged. Given their chief role in innate-like and adaptive immune responses, B cells could exert protective functions in periodontitis. However, the periodontal bacteria-specific antibody response is generally unable to halt disease progression in affected subjects, suggesting that the antibodies produced could exhibit low anti-bacterial blocking functions or opsonophagocytic potential, and/or unfavorable effects. Moreover, although microbial antigens are involved in the induction of the inflammatory responses in human adult periodontitis, endogenous antigens also may contribute to the chronicity of this common disease. Not only antibodies to self-antigens, such as collagen, are locally produced, but the autoreactivities observed in aggressive periodontitis are more severe and diverse than those observed in chronic periodontitis, suggesting that autoimmune reactivity could play a role in the tissue destruction of periodontal disease. Further support for a pathological role of B cells in periodontitis comes from the finding that B cell-deficient mice are protected from bacterial infection-induced alveolar bone loss. Studies in patients indicate that B cells and plasma cells, together with osteoclastogenic factors (RANKL and osteoprotegerin) and specific cytokines involved in their growth and differentiation (BAFF and APRIL) participate in the induction of the pathological bone loss in periodontitis. This novel insight suggests that selective targeting of B cells could represent a future therapeutic avenue for severe periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moncef Zouali
- a Inserm, U1132 , Paris , France and.,b Université Paris 7 , Paris , France
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19
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Kanzaki H, Makihira S, Suzuki M, Ishii T, Movila A, Hirschfeld J, Mawardi H, Lin X, Han X, Taubman MA, Kawai T. Soluble RANKL Cleaved from Activated Lymphocytes by TNF-α-Converting Enzyme Contributes to Osteoclastogenesis in Periodontitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3871-3883. [PMID: 27815441 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Host immune responses play a key role in promoting bone resorption in periodontitis via receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent osteoclastogenesis. Both membrane-bound RANKL (mRANKL) expressed on lymphocytes and soluble RANKL (sRANKL) are found in periodontal lesions. However, the underlying mechanism and cellular source of sRANKL release and its biological role in periodontitis are unclear. TNF-α-converting enzyme (TACE) is reported to cleave the following: 1) precursor TNF-α with release of mature, soluble TNF-α and 2) mRANKL with release of sRANKL. Both soluble TNF-α and sRANKL are found in the periodontitis lesion, leading to the hypothesis that TACE expressed on lymphocytes is engaged in RANKL shedding and that the resulting sRANKL induces osteoclastogenesis. In the current study, upon stimulating PBLs with mitogens in vitro, RANKL expression, sRANKL secretion, and TACE expression were all upregulated. Among the four putative mRANKL sheddases examined in neutralization assays, TACE was the only functional sheddase able to cleave mRANKL expressed on PBL. Moreover, PBL culture supernatant stimulated with mitogens in the presence of anti-TACE Ab or anti-RANKL Ab showed a marked reduction of osteoclastogenesis from osteoclast precursors, indicating that TACE-mediated sRANKL may possess sufficient osteoclastogenic activity. According to double-color confocal microscopy, B cells expressed a more pronounced level of RANKL and TACE expression than T cells or monocytes in periodontally diseased gingiva. Conditioned medium of patients' gingival lymphocyte culture increased in vitro osteoclastogenic activity, which was suppressed by the addition of anti-TACE Ab and anti-RANKL Ab. Therefore, TACE-mediated cleavage of sRANKL from activated lymphocytes, especially B cells, can promote osteoclastogenesis in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kanzaki
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan
| | - Seicho Makihira
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Science, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Maiko Suzuki
- College of Dentistry Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Takenobu Ishii
- Department of Orthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Alexandru Movila
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | | | - Hani Mawardi
- Department of Oral Basic and Clinical Science, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah 21481, Saudi Arabia; and
| | - Xiaoping Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Heping, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaozhe Han
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Martin A Taubman
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142;
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20
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Canullo L, Pellegrini G, Canciani E, Heinemann F, Galliera E, Dellavia C. Alveolar socket preservation technique: Effect of biomaterial on bone regenerative pattern. Ann Anat 2016; 206:73-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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de Oliveira PGFP, Silveira e Souza AMM, Novaes AB, Taba M, Messora MR, Palioto DB, Grisi MFM, Tedesco AC, de Souza SLS. Adjunctive effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in induced periodontal disease. Animal study with histomorphometrical, immunohistochemical, and cytokine evaluation. Lasers Med Sci 2016; 31:1275-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-1960-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Nakata T, Fujita A, Umeda M, Yoshida H, Inami K, Masuzaki H, Sawai H. The increased ratio of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 versus 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in chronic periodontitis irrespective of obesity. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:40. [PMID: 26835222 PMCID: PMC4715141 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-1679-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), which converts inactive cortisone to active cortisol, has been reported to play an important role in metabolic diseases as well as chronic inflammatory diseases. The involvement of 11β-HSD1 in chronic periodontitis was investigated in the present study. The relationship between the levels of 11β-HSD1, chronic periodontitis, and body mass index (BMI) was analyzed. The expression of 11β-HSD1 mRNA was significantly higher in the chronic periodontitis group than in the control group. Since the expression of 11β-HSD2, which converts active cortisol to inactive cortisone, was slightly lower in the chronic periodontitis group than in the controls, the ratio of 11β-HSD1 versus 11β-HSD2 was significantly higher in the chronic periodontitis group than in the controls. A correlation was not observed between BMI and the level of 11β-HSD1 or between BMI and the ratio of 11β-HSD1 versus 11β-HSD2. These results suggested that an increase in the ratio of 11β-HSD1 versus 11β-HSD2 was associated with chronic periodontitis irrespective of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Nakata
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazonocho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121 Japan
| | - Atsuko Fujita
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazonocho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121 Japan
| | - Makoto Umeda
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazonocho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yoshida
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazonocho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121 Japan
| | - Kaoru Inami
- Department of Orthodontics, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazonocho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Masuzaki
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hematology, Rheumatology (Second Department of Internal Medicine), Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishiharacho, Nakagamigun, Okinawa 903-0213 Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazonocho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121 Japan
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23
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Xu JL, Meng HX, He L, Wang XE, Zhang L. The Effects of Initial Periodontal Therapy on the Serum Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κβ Ligand/Osteoprotegerin System in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2015; 87:303-11. [PMID: 26561998 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2015.150480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study is to evaluate the serum receptor activator of nuclear factor-κβ ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) system in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its changes after periodontal intervention. METHODS Thirty-five patients with CP + T2DM, 35 systemically healthy patients with CP, and 35 healthy controls were enrolled, and serum levels of RANKL and OPG were measured at baseline. Then the CP + T2DM group was divided into a well-controlled subgroup and a poorly controlled subgroup according to their hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and initial periodontal therapy was performed. After 3 months, patients in both subgroups were recalled, and serum RANKL and OPG levels were tested again and compared with the baseline. RESULTS At baseline, serum levels of OPG in the T2DM + CP group were much lower than in the CP group and healthy controls (197.41 ± 57.05 pg/mL versus 232.60 ± 70.85 pg/mL [CP group] or 244.96 ± 85.13 pg/mL [healthy controls], P <0.05), whereas their RANKL levels were much higher than in the other two groups (324.35 ± 87.62 pg/mL versus 284.52 ± 90.35 pg/mL [CP group] or 163.01 ± 45.24 pg/mL [healthy control], P <0.05), as was the RANKL/OPG (R/O) ratio (1.68 ± 0.33 versus 1.26 ± 0.35 [CP group] or 0.72 ± 0.25 [healthy control], P <0.001). Serum levels of OPG in both disease groups had significant negative correlations with HbA1C, and serum levels of RANKL in all participants had significant positive correlations with periodontal parameters. After periodontal intervention, both the well-controlled and poorly controlled subgroups exhibited significant increases in OPG and decreases in RANKL in serum, and the R/O ratio was also notably reduced. Additionally, the poorly controlled subgroup exhibited a greater reduction in HbA1c and a greater increase in OPG than the well-controlled subgroup. CONCLUSIONS The changing trend in the serum RANKL/OPG system in patients with T2DM + CP was similar to that seen in CP patients and may be even more pronounced. Periodontal intervention effectively improved glucose metabolism and changed the serum RANKL/OPG system regardless of whether patients' HbA1c was well-controlled or poorly controlled over the 3-month observation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ling Xu
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Stomatology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Xin Meng
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu He
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xian E Wang
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University Third Hospital
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Vernal R, Díaz-Zúñiga J, Melgar-Rodríguez S, Pujol M, Diaz-Guerra E, Silva A, Sanz M, Garcia-Sanz JA. Activation of RANKL-induced osteoclasts and memory T lymphocytes by Porphyromonas gingivalis is serotype dependant. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 41:451-9. [PMID: 24476556 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM Destructive periodontitis is associated with a Th1-Th17 immune response and activation of RANKL-induced osteoclasts. In addition, Porphyromonas gingivalis K1 and K2 serotypes induce a strong Th1-Th17 response. This study aimed to investigate whether these P. gingivalis serotypes induce higher osteoclasts activation, by increased Th17-associated RANKL production, and an antigen-specific memory T-lymphocyte response. MATERIAL AND METHODS The RANKL production and TRAP(+) osteoclast induction were quantified on naïve T lymphocytes stimulated with dendritic cells primed with the P. gingivalis serotypes. The T-bet, GATA-3, RORC2 and Foxp3 expression was correlated with RANKL production. The frequency of proliferating memory T lymphocytes in response to P. gingivalis serotypes was determined in both periodontitis and healthy subjects. RESULTS T lymphocytes stimulated by K1 or K2-primed dendritic cells elicited higher levels of RANKL and TRAP(+) osteoclasts than cells stimulated with the other serotypes. RANKL positively correlated with RORC2. Whereas periodontitis patients had a higher frequency of memory T lymphocytes responding to K1 or K2, healthy subjects had a higher frequency of memory T lymphocytes responding to K4 or K(-) . CONCLUSIONS P. gingivalis serotypes K1 and K2, but not others, are associated with an increased production of the osteoclastogenesis-related factor RANKL. This important information suggests that these serotypes could elicit a greater bone resorption in vivo and have a role in the periodontitis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Vernal
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental School, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
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Oliver-Bell J, Butcher J, Malcolm J, MacLeod M, Adrados Planell A, Campbell L, Nibbs R, Garside P, McInnes I, Culshaw S. Periodontitis in the absence of B cells and specific anti-bacterial antibody. Mol Oral Microbiol 2014; 30:160-9. [DOI: 10.1111/omi.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Oliver-Bell
- Institute of Infection Immunology and Inflammation; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - J.P. Butcher
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research; School of Science; University of the West of Scotland; Paisley UK
| | - J. Malcolm
- Institute of Infection Immunology and Inflammation; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - M.K.L. MacLeod
- Institute of Infection Immunology and Inflammation; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - A. Adrados Planell
- Institute of Infection Immunology and Inflammation; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - L. Campbell
- Institute of Infection Immunology and Inflammation; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - R.J.B. Nibbs
- Institute of Infection Immunology and Inflammation; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - P. Garside
- Institute of Infection Immunology and Inflammation; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - I.B. McInnes
- Institute of Infection Immunology and Inflammation; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - S. Culshaw
- Infection and Immunity Research Group; Glasgow Dental School; School of Medicine; College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
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Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study of the effect of sodium alendronate in the progression of experimental periodontitis in rats. Microsc Res Tech 2014; 77:902-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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RANKL expression in periodontal disease: where does RANKL come from? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:731039. [PMID: 24719884 PMCID: PMC3955606 DOI: 10.1155/2014/731039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease characterized by periodontal pocket formation and alveolar bone resorption. Periodontal bone resorption is induced by osteoclasts and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) which is an essential and central regulator of osteoclast development and osteoclast function. Therefore, RANKL plays a critical role in periodontal bone resorption. In this review, we have summarized the sources of RANKL in periodontal disease and explored which factors may regulate RANKL expression in this disease.
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Kayal RA. The role of osteoimmunology in periodontal disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:639368. [PMID: 24151615 PMCID: PMC3789307 DOI: 10.1155/2013/639368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a pathological condition that involves inflammation of the tooth supporting structures. It occurs in response to the presence of bacterial plaque on the tooth structure. The host defense system, including innate and adaptive immunity, is responsible for combating the pathologic bacteria invading the periodontal tissue. Failure to eradicate the invading pathogens will result in a continuous state of inflammation where inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes, PMNs, and macrophages will continue to produce inflammatory mediators in an effort to destroy the invaders. Unfortunately, these inflammatory mediators have a deleterious effect on the host tissue as well as foreign microbes. One of the effects of these mediators on the host is the induction of matrix degradation and bone resorption through activation of proteases and other inflammatory mediators that activate osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayyan A. Kayal
- Department of Oral Basic and Clinical Science, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Dentistry, P.O. Box 3738, Jeddah 21481, Saudi Arabia
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29
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Wara-aswapati N, Chayasadom A, Surarit R, Pitiphat W, Boch JA, Nagasawa T, Ishikawa I, Izumi Y. Induction of Toll-Like Receptor Expression by Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontol 2013; 84:1010-8. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.120362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Santos J, Marquis A, Epifano F, Genovese S, Curini M, Grenier D. Collinin ReducesPorphyromonas gingivalisGrowth and Collagenase Activity and Inhibits the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Macrophage Inflammatory Response and Osteoclast Differentiation and Function. J Periodontol 2013; 84:704-11. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.120118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Porphyromonas gingivalis infection-associated periodontal bone resorption is dependent on receptor activator of NF-κB ligand. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1502-9. [PMID: 23439308 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00043-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the oral microorganisms associated with human chronic periodontitis. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) in P. gingivalis infection-associated periodontal bone resorption. Inbred female Rowett rats were infected orally on four consecutive days (days 0 to 3) with 1 × 10(9) P. gingivalis bacteria (strain ATCC 33277). Separate groups of rats also received an injection of anti-RANKL antibody, osteoprotegerin fusion protein (OPG-Fc), or a control fusion protein (L6-Fc) into gingival papillae in addition to P. gingivalis infection. Robust serum IgG and salivary IgA antibody (P < 0.01) and T cell proliferation (P < 0.05) responses to P. gingivalis were detected at day 7 and peaked at day 28 in P. gingivalis-infected rats. Both the concentration of soluble RANKL (sRANKL) in rat gingival tissues (P < 0.01) and periodontal bone resorption (P < 0.05) were significantly elevated at day 28 in the P. gingivalis-infected group compared to levels in the uninfected group. Correspondingly, RANKL-expressing T and B cells in rat gingival tissues were significantly increased at day 28 in the P. gingivalis-infected group compared to the levels in the uninfected group (P < 0.01). Injection of anti-RANKL antibody (P < 0.05) or OPG-Fc (P < 0.01), but not L6-Fc, into rat gingival papillae after P. gingivalis infection resulted in significantly reduced periodontal bone resorption. This study suggests that P. gingivalis infection-associated periodontal bone resorption is RANKL dependent and is accompanied by increased local infiltration of RANKL-expressing T and B cells.
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Chaiyarit P, Chayasadom A, Wara-Aswapati N, Hormdee D, Sittisomwong S, Nakaresisoon S, Samson MH, Pitiphat W, Giraud AS. Trefoil Factors in Saliva and Gingival Tissues of Patients With Chronic Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2012; 83:1129-38. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.110431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Host-bacteria crosstalk at the dentogingival junction. Int J Dent 2012; 2012:821383. [PMID: 22899931 PMCID: PMC3412119 DOI: 10.1155/2012/821383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentogingival junction is of crucial importance in periodontal host defense both structurally and functionally. Oral bacteria exert a constant challenge to the host cells and tissues at the dentogingival junction. The host response is set up to eliminate the pathogens by the innate and adaptive defense mechanisms. In health, the commensal bacteria and the host defense mechanisms are in a dynamic steady state. During periodontal disease progression, the dental bacterial plaque, junctional epithelium (JE), inflammatory cells, connective tissue, and bone all go through a series of changes. The tissue homeostasis is turned into tissue destruction and progression of periodontitis. The classical study of Slots showed that in the bacterial plaque, the most remarkable change is the shift from gram-positive aerobic and facultatively anaerobic flora to a predominantly gram-negative and anaerobic flora. This has been later confirmed by several other studies. Furthermore, not only the shift of the bacterial flora to a more pathogenic one, but also bacterial growth as a biofilm on the tooth surface, allows the bacteria to communicate with each other and exert their virulence aimed at favoring their growth. This paper focuses on host-bacteria crosstalk at the dentogingival junction and the models studying it in vitro.
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Belibasakis GN, Bostanci N. The RANKL-OPG system in clinical periodontology. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 39:239-48. [PMID: 22092994 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The receptor activator of NF-κB ligand-osteoprotegerin (RANKL-OPG) bi-molecular system is the "bottle-neck" regulator of osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption, both in physiological and pathological conditions. This review aims to elaborate the current knowledge on RANKL and OPG in periodontal disease, and to evaluate their diagnostic and prognostic potential as biomarkers of the disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS To pursue this aim, electronic and manual searches were performed for identifying clinical and in vivo studies on RANKL and OPG in gingival tissue, gingival crevicular fluid, saliva and blood. Smoking and diabetes mellitus were also considered for their potential effects. RESULTS Papers fulfilling the inclusion criteria demonstrate that RANKL is up-regulated, whereas OPG is down-regulated in periodontitis, compared to periodontal health, resulting in an increased RANKL/OPG ratio. This ratio is further up-regulated in smokers and diabetics, and is not affected by conventional periodontal treatment. CONCLUSIONS The increased RANKL/OPG ratio may serve as a biomarker that denotes the occurrence of periodontitis, but may not necessarily predict on-going disease activity. Its steadily elevated levels post treatment may indicate that the molecular mechanisms of bone resorption are still active, holding an imminent risk for relapse of the disease. Additional adjunct treatment modalities that would "switch-off" the RANKL/OPG ratio may therefore be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios N Belibasakis
- Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
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35
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Buduneli N, Kinane DF. Host-derived diagnostic markers related to soft tissue destruction and bone degradation in periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38 Suppl 11:85-105. [PMID: 21323706 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major challenge in clinical periodontics is to find a reliable molecular marker of periodontal tissue destruction with high sensitivity, specificity and utility. OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate available literature on 'the utility of molecular markers of soft and hard periodontal tissue destruction'. MATERIALS AND METHODS Based on the focused question, 'What is the utility of molecular markers of soft and hard periodontal tissue destruction', an electronic and manual search was conducted for human studies presenting clinical data for the potential of molecular markers of tissue destruction in biofluids; gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), saliva, and serum. RESULTS Papers fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected. All relevant data from the selected papers were extracted and recorded in separate tables for molecules in GCF, saliva, and serum. CONCLUSION Within the defined limits of the Problem/Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, the present analysis reveals that (a) no single or combination of markers exists that can disclose periodontal tissue destruction adequately; (b) while the most fruitful source of biomarkers for periodontal destruction appears to be in molecules tightly related to bone and soft tissue destruction, this remains to be objectively demonstrated. Currently, clinical measurements are still the most reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurcan Buduneli
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
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Hernández M, Gamonal J, Salo T, Tervahartiala T, Hukkanen M, Tjäderhane L, Sorsa T. Reduced expression of lipopolysaccharide-induced CXC chemokine in Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced experimental periodontitis in matrix metalloproteinase-8 null mice. J Periodontal Res 2011; 46:58-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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37
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Santos VR, Lima JA, Gonçalves TED, Bastos MF, Figueiredo LC, Shibli JA, Duarte PM. Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Ligand/Osteoprotegerin Ratio in Sites of Chronic Periodontitis of Subjects With Poorly and Well-Controlled Type 2 Diabetes. J Periodontol 2010; 81:1455-65. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2010.100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
The prevalence of periodontal disease has increased two-fold among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared to the general population. This increased prevalence is unrelated to secondary Sjögren's syndrome but instead reflects shared pathogenic mechanisms, including an increased prevalence of the shared epitope HLA-DRB1-04; exacerbated T-cell responsiveness with high tissue levels of IL-17; exaggerated B-cell responses, with plasma cells being the predominant cell type found within gingival tissue affected with periodontitis and B cells being twice as numerous as T cells; RANK overexpression; and an increase in the ratio of RANK-L over osteoprotegerin with a high level of RANK-L expression on gingival B cells, most notably those capable of recognizing Porphyromonas gingivalis. Other factors conducive to periodontitis include smoking and infection with the Epstein-Barr virus or cytomegalovirus, which act by promoting the growth of organisms such as P. gingivalis, whose DNA is often found in synovial tissue from RA patients. P. gingivalis produces the enzyme peptidylarginine deiminase that induces citrullination of various autoantigens, and levels of anti-CCP antibodies are considerably higher in RA patients with than without periodontal disease, suggesting that periodontitis may contribute to the pathogenesis of RA. Further support for this hypothesis comes from evidence that other antigens involved in RA, such as HC-gp39, are also present in gingival tissue. TNFα antagonists slow alveolar resorption but may perpetuate infection of periodontal pockets. Therefore, rheumatology patients, including those taking biotherapies, are likely to benefit from increased referral to dental care (e.g., scaling, root planing and, if needed, dental surgery), particularly as periodontitis is also associated with an increased risk of premature atheroma.
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Liu YCG, Lerner UH, Teng YTA. Cytokine responses against periodontal infection: protective and destructive roles. Periodontol 2000 2010; 52:163-206. [PMID: 20017801 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2009.00321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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40
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The effect of chlorhexidine on the receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression in chronic periodontitis in humans and companion animals. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2010. [DOI: 10.2298/avb1006641j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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41
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Dereka XE, Markopoulou CE, Fanourakis G, Tseleni-Balafouta S, Vrotsos IA. RANKL and OPG mRNA Level after Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment. Inflammation 2009; 33:200-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-009-9174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Shimizu H, Nakagami H, Morita S, Tsukamoto I, Osako MK, Nakagami F, Shimosato T, Minobe N, Morishita R. New treatment of periodontal diseases by using NF-kappaB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides via prevention of bone resorption and promotion of wound healing. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:2065-75. [PMID: 19186992 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) is involved in osteoclast differentiation and activation. Thus, the blockade of the NF-kappaB pathway might be a novel therapeutic strategy for treating bone metabolic diseases. Periodontitis is subgingival inflammation caused by bacterial infection; this disease also is thought to be a chronic focal point responsible for systemic diseases. In this study, NF-kappaB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) were topically applied for experimental periodontitis in a debris-accumulation model and wound healing in a bone-defect model of beagle dogs to investigate the effect of decoy ODN on bone metabolism. Application of NF-kappaB decoy ODN significantly reduced interleukin-6 activity in crevicular fluid and improved alveolar bone loss in the analysis of dental radiographs and DEXA. Direct measurement of exposed root that lost alveolar bone support revealed that NF-kappaB decoy treatment dramatically protected bone from loss. In a bone-defect model, NF-kappaB decoy ODN promoted the healing process as compared with control scrambled decoy in micro-CT analysis. Overall, inhibition of NF-kappaB by decoy strategy prevented the progression of bone loss in periodontitis and promoted the wound healing in bone defects through the inhibition of osteoclastic bone resorption. Targeting of NF-kappaB might be a potential therapy in various bone metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Shimizu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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La VD, Tanabe S, Grenier D. Naringenin inhibits human osteoclastogenesis and osteoclastic bone resorption. J Periodontal Res 2009; 44:193-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are central mediators of innate antimicrobial and inflammatory responses and play instructive roles in the development of the adaptive immune response. Thus when stimulated by certain agonists, TLRs serve as adjuvant receptors that link innate and adaptive immunity. However, when excessively activated or inadequately controlled during an infection, TLRs may contribute to immunopathology associated with inflammatory diseases, such as periodontitis. Moreover, certain microbial pathogens appear to exploit aspects of TLR signalling in ways that enhance their adaptive fitness. The diverse and important roles played by TLRs suggest that therapeutic manipulation of TLR signalling may have implications in the control of infection, attenuation of inflammation, and the development of vaccine adjuvants for the treatment of periodontitis. Successful application of TLR-based therapeutic modalities in periodontitis would require highly selective and precisely targeted intervention. This would in turn necessitate precise characterization of TLR signalling pathways in response to periodontal pathogens, as well as development of effective and specific agonists or antagonists of TLR function and signalling. This review summarizes the current status of TLR biology as it relates to periodontitis, and evaluates the potential of TLR-based approaches for host-modulation therapy in this oral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hajishengallis
- Department of Periodontics/ Oral Health and Systemic Disease, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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45
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Abstract
Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition induced by tooth-associated microbial biofilms that induce a host immune response. Therapeutic control of progressive tissue destruction in high-risk patients is a significant challenge in therapy. Soluble protein delivery of antagonists to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) inhibits alveolar bone resorption due to periodontitis. However, protein therapy raises several concerns, such as recurrence of disease activity after treatment cessation and repeated dosing regimens. In this study, we used pseudotyped adeno-associated virus vector based on serotype 1 (AAV2/1) to deliver the TNF receptor-immunoglobulin Fc (TNFR:Fc) fusion gene to rats subjected to experimental Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg)-lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated bone loss. Animals received Pg-LPS delivered to the gingivae thrice weekly for 8 weeks, vehicle alone, Pg-LPS and intramuscular delivery of pseudotyped AAV2/1-TNFR:Fc vector (1×1011 DNase I-resistant particles) or AAV2/1-TNFR:Fc vector delivered to naïve animals. AAV2/1-TNFR:Fc therapy led to sustained therapeutic levels of serum TNFR protein and protected against Pg-LPS-mediated loss of bone volume and density. Furthermore, AAV2/1-TNFR:Fc administration reduced local levels of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines and osteoclast-like cells at the periodontal lesions. These findings suggest that delivery of AAV2/1-TNFR:Fc may be a viable approach to modulate periodontal disease progression.
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46
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Donovan TE, Becker W, Brodine AH, Burgess JO, Cagna DR, Summitt JB. Annual review of selected dental literature: report of the Committee on Scientific Investigation of the American Academy of Restorative Dentistry. J Prosthet Dent 2008; 100:110-41. [PMID: 18672128 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3913(08)60159-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Terence E Donovan
- Department of Operative Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA. Terry_Donovan @dentistry.unc.edu
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Abstract
Inflammation and bone loss are hallmarks of periodontal disease (PD). The question is how the former leads to the latter. Accumulated evidence demonstrates that PD involves bacterially derived factors and antigens that stimulate a local inflammatory reaction and activation of the innate immune system. Proinflammatory molecules and cytokine networks play essential roles in this process. Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha seem to be primary molecules that, in turn, influence cells in the lesion. Antigen-stimulated lymphocytes (B and T cells) also seem to be important. Eventually, a cascade of events leads to osteoclastogenesis and subsequent bone loss via the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK)-RANK ligand (RANKL)-osteoprotegerin (OPG) axis. This axis and its regulation are not unique to PD but rather are critical for pathologic lesions involving chronic inflammation. Multiple lines of evidence in models of PD clearly indicate that increases in RANKL mRNA expression and protein production increase the RANKL/OPG ratio and stimulate the differentiation of macrophage precursor cells into osteoclasts. They also stimulate the maturation and survival of the osteoclast, leading to bone loss. OPG mRNA expression and protein production do not generally seem to be increased in the periodontitis lesion. Studies of RANKL and OPG transgenic and knockout animals provide further support for the involvement of these molecules in the tissue loss observed in PD. Ironically, periodontal practitioners have focused on the bacterial etiology of PD and believed that plaque removal was aimed at eliminating specific bacteria or bacterial complexes. However, it seems that the reduction of inflammation and attenuation of the host's immune reaction to the microbial plaque, eventually leading to a decrease in the ratio of RANKL/OPG and a decrease in associated bone loss, are the actual and desired outcomes of periodontal therapy. Future therapeutic options are likely to have regulation of the RANK-RANKL-OPG axis as their goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Cochran
- Department of Periodontics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7702 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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48
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Reddi D, Bostanci N, Hashim A, Aduse-Opoku J, Curtis MA, Hughes FJ, Belibasakis GN. Porphyromonas gingivalis regulates the RANKL-OPG system in bone marrow stromal cells. Microbes Infect 2008; 10:1459-68. [PMID: 18789397 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative anaerobe implicated in chronic periodontitis, a bacterial-induced inflammatory condition that causes destruction of the periodontal connective tissues and underlying alveolar bone. The receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) is a cytokine that directly stimulates osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption, whereas its decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) blocks this action. This study aimed to investigate the effects of P. gingivalis culture supernatants on RANKL and OPG expression in W20-17 bone marrow stromal cells, and evaluate the involvement of its virulence factors, particularly gingipains and lipopolysaccharide. P. gingivalis up-regulated RANKL and down-regulated OPG mRNA expression and protein production. These effects were blocked by indomethacin, suggesting mediation by prostaglandins. Furthermore, P gingivalis induced the production of prostaglandin E(2). Heat-inactivation, or chemical inhibition of P. gingivalis gingipains did not affect RANKL and OPG regulation. However, lipopolysaccharide depletion by polymyxin B abolished RANKL induction, and partly rescued the suppression of OPG. In conclusion, P. gingivalis regulates the RANKL-OPG system via prostaglandin E(2) in bone marrow stromal cells, in a manner that favours osteoclastogenesis. A non-proteolytic and non-proteinaceous P. gingivalis component is involved in these events, most probably its lipopolysaccharide. This activity may contribute to the bone loss characteristic of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Reddi
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AD, UK
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