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Tabe S, Nakayama Y, Kobayashi R, Oyama K, Kitano D, Ogihara J, Senpuku H, Ogata Y. Association between Dietary Habit and Clinical Parameters in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis Undergoing Supportive Periodontal Therapy. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14234993. [PMID: 36501023 PMCID: PMC9741307 DOI: 10.3390/nu14234993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The recurrence risk evaluation has been emphasized in periodontal stabilization during supportive periodontal therapy (SPT). However, nutritional factors, e.g., dietary habits such as the frequency of eating vegetables, are rarely included in the evaluation. In this study, the effect of nutritional factors on clinical periodontal parameters was examined in a lifestyle-related investigation and a periodontal examination in patients with periodontitis undergoing SPT. A total of 106 patients were recruited. Tendencies toward a negative correlation were found between rate of a probing depth (PD) of 4-5 mm, rate of PD ≥ 6 mm, the bleeding on probing (BOP) rate, periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA), and various nutritional factors. The number of teeth was a clinical parameter with a significantly high R2 (≥0.10) influenced by environmental factors, whereas PD, PD of 4-5 mm, the BOP rate, and PISA were influenced by nutritional factors. These results suggested that environmental factors reflected clinical parameters showing long-term pathophysiology, such as the PD rate. Nutritional factors tended to affect the current inflammatory pathophysiology, such as the BOP rate, PISA, and PISA/periodontal epithelial surface area. Therefore, environmental and nutritional factors appear to be useful for evaluating the risk of periodontitis during SPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Tabe
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-nishi, Matsudo 271-8587, Japan
| | - Yohei Nakayama
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-nishi, Matsudo 271-8587, Japan
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-nishi, Matsudo 271-8587, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.N.); (Y.O.); Tel.: +81-47-360-9363 (Y.N.); +81-47-360-9362 (Y.O.)
| | - Ryoki Kobayashi
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-nishi, Matsudo 271-8587, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-nishi, Matsudo 71-8587, Japan
| | - Kstsunori Oyama
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Nihon University, 1 Tamuramachi, Tokusada, Nakagawara, Koriyama 963-8642, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kitano
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchikamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Jun Ogihara
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa 252-8510, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Senpuku
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-nishi, Matsudo 271-8587, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-nishi, Matsudo 71-8587, Japan
| | - Yorimasa Ogata
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-nishi, Matsudo 271-8587, Japan
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-nishi, Matsudo 271-8587, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.N.); (Y.O.); Tel.: +81-47-360-9363 (Y.N.); +81-47-360-9362 (Y.O.)
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TNF-α, IL-1β, MMP-8 Crevicular Profile in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Periodontitis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12020736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence sustains the potential of periodontitis as a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Our study aimed to analyze several periodontal specific inflammatory biomarkers within the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with CKD, compared to patients with normal kidney function, providing an inflammatory profile of the dialysis patient. The study comprised 79 patients divided into: group 1 (59 subjects with periodontitis and CKD) and group 2 (20 patients with periodontitis, without other systemic conditions). Clinical diagnosis was performed via dental and periodontal examination. GCF samples were collected from each patient, and the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and MMP-8 were determined by using ELISA assay. In group 1, the average values were: 22.85 ± 5.87 pg/mL for TNF-α, 33.00 ± 39.68 pg/mL for IL-1β and 18.80 ± 27.75 ng/mL for MMP-8. In group 2, the mean values were: 2.10 ± 1.34 pg/mL for TNF-α, 0.71 ± 2.42 pg/mL for IL-1β and 5.35 ± 0.37 ng/mL for MMP-8. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between groups as referring to all three biomarkers and, TNF-α and MMP-8, in certain stages of periodontitis. The level of TNF-α, IL-1β and MMP-8 points out the increased inflammatory status of the dialysis patient with PD, supporting the mutual connection of the two pathologies.
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Becerra-Ruiz JS, Ramírez-De los Santos S, Alonso-Sánchez CC, Martínez-Esquivias F, Martínez-Pérez LA, Padilla-González AC, Rivera-Santana GA, Guerrero- Velázquez C, López-Pulido EI, Guzmán-Flores JM. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha polymorphism -308 G/a and its protein in subjects with gingivitis. Acta Odontol Scand 2021; 79:630-635. [PMID: 34027804 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2021.1928280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the association between tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α) (-308 G/A) polymorphism and gingivitis, and serum and salivary TNF- α levels, in a Mexican population. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study enrolled 171 subjects, divided into two groups: healthy subjects and gingivitis patients. TNF- α (-308 G/A) gene polymorphism was analyzed by PCR-RFLP assay. Salivary and serum samples were used to measure cytokine levels through the ELISA technique. RESULTS TNF- α (-308 G/A) polymorphism was shown to have a protective effect in carriers of the A/A genotype and allele A. The G/A genotype is associated with an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in the gingivitis group. Healthy individuals had higher levels of salivary TNF- α and HDL-C, and increased salivary flow. Triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were increased in the gingivitis group. No statistical differences were found in serum TNF- α levels. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that the TNF- α -308 A/A genotype exerts a protective effect against gingivitis. Moreover, oral conditions are associated with some biochemical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saúl Ramírez-De los Santos
- Biosciences Research Institute, Los Altos University Center, University of Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, México
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Celia Guerrero- Velázquez
- Institute for Research in Dentistry, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Edgar Iván López-Pulido
- Biosciences Research Institute, Los Altos University Center, University of Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, México
| | - Juan Manuel Guzmán-Flores
- Biosciences Research Institute, Los Altos University Center, University of Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, México
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Christopher JR, Ponnaiyan D, Parthasarathy H, Tadepalli A. Association of CST3 Gene with Its Protein: Cystatin C in Health and Severe Periodontal Disease. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2021; 25:405-410. [PMID: 34037438 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2021.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cystatin C (CSTC), a cysteine protease inhibitor, is found to be elevated in periodontal disease in an attempt to counterbalance the proteolytic enzymes and increased osteoclastic activity. Evidence on CSTC levels in periodontal health and disease has reported contradicting results, making its role as a biomarker in periodontal pathogenesis inconclusive. Aim: To evaluate CST3 gene expression and correlate it with CSTC levels in periodontal health and severe periodontal disease. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 patients with 25 in each group (Group I-periodontally healthy, Group II-Stage III/IV periodontitis) were recruited. Clinical parameters were assessed following which gingival crevicular fluid and gingival tissue samples were collected from tooth deemed for extraction. CSTC protein level and CST3 gene expression were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Results: Elevated concentrations of CSTC protein and CST3 gene expression were observed in Group II in comparison with Group I, which was considered statistically significant (p < 0.001). Further, a highly significant (p < 0.001) positive correlation was witnessed between CSTC protein and CST3 gene in both groups. In addition, the overall correlation between CSTC protein, CST3 gene, and clinical parameters was positive and highly significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion: CSTC protein levels and CST3 gene expression were significantly higher in periodontal disease compared with health, and there was a positive correlation between the gene and protein levels. Therefore, it can be concluded that CST3 gene can be used as a reliable indicator of periodontal disease pathogenesis. Clinical Trial Registration number: CTRI/2020/03/023926.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepa Ponnaiyan
- Department of Periodontics, SRM Dental College, Chennai, India
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Mohamed Ali H, Mustafa M, Suliman S, Elshazali OH, Ali RW, Berggreen E. Inflammatory mediators in saliva and gingival fluid of children with congenital heart defect. Oral Dis 2020; 26:1053-1061. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Mohamed Ali
- Department of Clinical Dentistry Faculty of Medicine University of Bergen Bergen Norway
| | - Manal Mustafa
- Oral Health Centre of Expertise in Western Norway Bergen Norway
| | - Salwa Suliman
- Department of Clinical Dentistry Faculty of Medicine University of Bergen Bergen Norway
| | - Osama Hafiz Elshazali
- Faculty of Medicine University of Khartoum Ahmed Gasim Hospital Ministry of Health Khartoum Sudan
| | - Raouf Whahab Ali
- Department of Periodontics University of Science and Technology Khartoum Sudan
| | - Ellen Berggreen
- Oral Health Centre of Expertise in Western Norway Bergen Norway
- Department of Biomedicine Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Bergen Bergen Norway
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Keles S, Anik A, Cevik O, Abas BI, Anik A. Gingival crevicular fluid levels of interleukin-18 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in type 1 diabetic children with gingivitis. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:3623-3631. [PMID: 32060657 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03238-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the levels of interleukin-18 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in gingival crevicular fluid of diabetic children with gingivitis. METHODOLOGY Eighty-eight children (44 with type 1 diabetes mellitus and 44 systemically healthy) were recruited for the study. The children were divided into four subgroups based on their periodontal and systemic condition: (1) systemically and periodontally healthy children (H), (2) systemically healthy children with gingivitis (G), (3) periodontally healthy children with T1DM (T1DM + H), and (4) children with T1DM and gingivitis (T1DM + G). The plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth, and GCF volume were recorded. The IL-18 and TNF-α levels in GCF were determined by ELISA. RESULTS The clinical periodontal parameters, GCF IL-18 level, and TNF-α level were similar between diabetic and systemically healthy children (p > 0.05). The gingivitis subgroups had a significantly higher GI, PI, PPD, GCF volume, and TNF-α total amounts than the H subgroups (p < 0.0001). The IL-18 concentrations in the gingivitis subgroups were significantly lower than in the periodontally healthy subgroups. CONCLUSIONS In diabetic children with good metabolic control, T1DM did not affect the GCF levels of IL-18 and TNF-α in the presence of gingivitis. However, increased GCF TNF-α levels in children with gingivitis confirm that TNF-α is closely related to gingival inflammation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Type 1 diabetes mellitus is not associated with GCF interleukin-18 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in children with gingivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Keles
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Anik
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Ozge Cevik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Burcin Irem Abas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Ayse Anik
- Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
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Doğusal G, Afacan B, Bozkurt E, Sönmez I. Gingival crevicular fluid and salivary resistin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in obese children with gingivitis. J Periodontol 2019; 89:973-982. [PMID: 29635809 DOI: 10.1002/jper.17-0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the levels of resistin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva of obese children with gingivitis. METHODS One-hundred and thirty children (65 obese and 65 normal weight; age range 8 to 12 years) were recruited for the study. The children were classified into four subgroups based on their body mass and periodontal status; 1) obese children with gingivitis (OG, n = 33); 2) obese children with healthy periodontium (OH, n = 32); 3) normal weight children with gingivitis (NWG, n = 32); 4) normal weight children with healthy periodontium (NWH, n = 33). Body mass index (BMI) percentile, probing pocket depth (PPD), gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI) were recorded. Resistin and TNF-α were analyzed in GCF and saliva samples by ELISA. RESULTS Obese children had higher BMI percentiles than normal weight children (p < 0.0001). PPD, GI, PI, GCF volume, GCF, and salivary resistin and TNF-α levels were similar between obese and normal weight children (P > 0.05). OG and NWG subgroups had significantly higher GI, PI, GCF volume, GCF resistin total amounts, and salivary resistin concentrations but lower GCF resistin and TNF-α concentrations than OH and NWH (P < 0.0001 for all). GCF resistin total amounts were positively correlated with GI, PI, and GCF TNF-α total amounts (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study evaluated the levels of resistin in GCF and saliva of children. Obesity is not associated with GCF and salivary resistin and TNF-α levels in children in the presence of gingival inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülçin Doğusal
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Beral Afacan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Emir Bozkurt
- Section of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Işıl Sönmez
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
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Trombelli L, Farina R, Silva CO, Tatakis DN. Plaque-induced gingivitis: Case definition and diagnostic considerations. J Periodontol 2019; 89 Suppl 1:S46-S73. [PMID: 29926936 DOI: 10.1002/jper.17-0576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical gingival inflammation is a well-defined site-specific condition for which several measurement systems have been proposed and validated, and epidemiological studies consistently indicate its high prevalence globally. However, it is clear that defining and grading a gingival inflammatory condition at a site level (i.e. a "gingivitis site") is completely different from defining and grading a "gingivitis case" (GC) (i.e. a patient affected by gingivitis), and that a "gingivitis site" does not necessarily mean a "GC". The purpose of the present review is to summarize the evidence on clinical, biochemical, microbiologic, genetic markers as well as symptoms associated with plaque-induced gingivitis and to propose a set of criteria to define GC. IMPORTANCE A universally accepted case definition for gingivitis would provide the necessary information to enable oral health professionals to assess the effectiveness of their prevention strategies and treatment regimens; help set priorities for therapeutic actions/programs by health care providers; and undertake surveillance. FINDINGS Based on available methods to assess gingival inflammation, GC could be simply, objectively and accurately identified and graded using bleeding on probing score (BOP%) CONCLUSIONS: A patient with intact periodontium would be diagnosed as a GC according to a BOP score ≥ 10%, further classified as localized (BOP score ≥ 10% and ≤30%) or generalized (BOP score > 30%). The proposed classification may also apply to patients with a reduced periodontium, where a GC would characterize a patient with attachment loss and BOP score ≥ 10%, but without BOP in any site probing ≥4 mm in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Trombelli
- Research Centre for the Study of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Operative Unit of Dentistry, University-Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Farina
- Research Centre for the Study of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Operative Unit of Dentistry, University-Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cléverson O Silva
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Dimitris N Tatakis
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Duruk G, Gurbuz T, Aksoy H. Effect of Interproximal Caries in Primary Molars on Clinical Parameters and Levels of Some Biochemical Markers in Gingival Crevicular Fluid. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2019; 40:75-81. [PMID: 31638454 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2019.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the relationship between dental caries and periodontal health by examining the clinical parameters and levels of some biochemical markers in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of the teeth. In 22 children, 22 maxillary primary canine teeth and a pair of primary molars in a total of 38 quadrants were examined. The control group (C) consisted of children who had at least 1 caries-free primary maxillary canine. The test group (T) consisted of children who had a pair of primary molars where the interproximal contact was lost due to the caries in the same quadrant. Their primary molars were restored with compomer. The teeth were evaluated based on clinical values (plaque index, gingival index, and probing depth) and biochemical values in GCF before (C0, T0) and after a 6-month treatment (C1, T1). While total amounts of interleukin-1 beta and vascular endothelial growth factor in GCF in T0 were significantly higher than in C0 (P < 0.001), osteocalcin was statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). Clinic parameters in T0 were significantly higher than in C0 and T1. Also these parameters in C0 were higher than in C1 (P < 0.01). Clinical and biochemical parameters in GCF in the teeth with interproximal caries might show symptoms of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsum Duruk
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Taskin Gurbuz
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Chatzopoulos GS, Mansky KC, Lunos S, Costalonga M, Wolff LF. Sclerostin and WNT‐5a gingival protein levels in chronic periodontitis and health. J Periodontal Res 2019; 54:555-565. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios S. Chatzopoulos
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Kim C. Mansky
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Scott Lunos
- Biostatistical Design and Analysis Center, Clinical and Translational Science Institute University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Massimo Costalonga
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota
| | - Larry F. Wolff
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota
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Gomes AM, Douglas-de-Oliveira DW, Ferreira SD, Silva TAD, Cota LOM, Costa FO. Periodontal disease, peri-implant disease and levels of salivary biomarkers IL-1β, IL-10, RANK, OPG, MMP-2, TGF-β and TNF-α: follow-up over 5 years. J Appl Oral Sci 2019; 27:e20180316. [PMID: 30810638 PMCID: PMC6382322 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2018-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of salivary biomarkers IL-1β, IL-10, RANK, OPG, MMP-2, TG-β and TNF-α in individuals with diagnosis of peri-implant mucositis in the absence or presence of periodontal and peri-implant maintenance therapy (TMPP) over 5 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighty individuals diagnosed with peri-implant mucositis were divided into two groups: one group that underwent periodontal and peri-implant regularly maintenance therapy, called GTP (n=39), and a second group that received no regular maintenance GNTP (n=41). Each participant underwent a complete periodontal and peri-implant clinical examination. Collection of saliva samples and radiographic examination to evaluate peri-implant bone levels were conducted at two times: initial examination (T1) and after 5 years (T2). The salivary samples were evaluated through ELISA for the following markers: IL-1β, IL-10, RANK, OPG, MMP-2, TGF and TNF-α. RESULTS A higher incidence of peri-implantitis was observed in the GNTP group (43.9%) than in the GTP group (18%) (p=0.000). All individuals (n=12) who presented peri-implant mucositis and had resolution at T2 were in the GTP group. After 5 years, there was an increase in the incidence of periodontitis in the GNTP group compared to the GTP group (p=0.001). The results of the study revealed an increase in the salivary concentration of TNF-α in the GNTP group compared to the GTP group. The other salivary biomarkers that were evaluated did not show statistically significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The salivary concentration of TNF-α was increased in individuals with worse periodontal and peri-implant clinical condition and in those with a higher incidence of peri-implantitis, especially in the GNTP group. Longitudinal studies in larger populations are needed to confirm these findings and elucidate the role of this biomarker in peri-implant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Martins Gomes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Periodontia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | | | | | - Tarcília Aparecida da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Periodontia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Luís Otávio Miranda Cota
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Periodontia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Fernando Oliveira Costa
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Periodontia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Lorenzo-Pouso AI, Pérez-Sayáns M, Bravo SB, López-Jornet P, García-Vence M, Alonso-Sampedro M, Carballo J, García-García A. Protein-Based Salivary Profiles as Novel Biomarkers for Oral Diseases. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:6141845. [PMID: 30524521 PMCID: PMC6247606 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6141845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Global Burden of Oral Diseases affects 3.5 billion people worldwide, representing the number of people affected by the burden of untreated dental caries, severe periodontal disease, and edentulism. Thus, much more efforts in terms of diagnostics and treatments must be provided in the fight of these outcomes. In this sense, recently, the study of saliva as biological matrix has been identified as a new landmark initiative in the search of novel and useful biomarkers to prevent and diagnose these conditions. Specifically, saliva is a rich reservoir of different proteins and peptides and accessible due to recent advances in molecular biology and specially in targeted and unbiased proteomics technologies. Nonetheless, emerging barriers are an obstacle to the study of the salivary proteome in an effective way. This review aims at giving an overall perspective of salivary biomarkers identified in several oral diseases by means of molecular biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro I. Lorenzo-Pouso
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Mario Pérez-Sayáns
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Susana B. Bravo
- Proteomic Unit, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Pía López-Jornet
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - María García-Vence
- Proteomic Unit, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Manuela Alonso-Sampedro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, Santiago de Compostela University Hospital Complex (CHUS), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Javier Carballo
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo-Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | - Abel García-García
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
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Trombelli L, Farina R, Silva CO, Tatakis DN. Plaque-induced gingivitis: Case definition and diagnostic considerations. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 45 Suppl 20:S44-S67. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Trombelli
- Research Centre for the Study of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
- Operative Unit of Dentistry; University-Hospital of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | - Roberto Farina
- Research Centre for the Study of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases; University of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
- Operative Unit of Dentistry; University-Hospital of Ferrara; Ferrara Italy
| | | | - Dimitris N. Tatakis
- Division of Periodontology; College of Dentistry; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH USA
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Naghsh N, Sabet NK, Vahidi F, Mogharehabed A, Yaghini J. Relationship Between Periodontal Disease and Serum Factors in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. Open Dent J 2017; 11:701-709. [PMID: 29399214 PMCID: PMC5759098 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601711010701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic renal disease is a common condition with several recognized risk factors. Periodontal disease is a recently suggested risk factor for renal disease. We aimed to assess the relationship between periodontal disease and several serum factors in patients undergoing hemodialysis. METHODS This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 57 patients undergoing hemodialysis. Periodontal examination was done by measuring the mean Pocket Depth (PD), Silness-Löe Plaque Index (PI), Ainamo and Bay Bleeding On Probing (BOP), Löe and Silness Gingival Index (GI) and Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL). Serum levels of albumin, calcium, phosphorus, hemoglobin, ferritin and creatinine were measured via a routine blood test. Cystatin C was separately measured. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, chi square test and Mann Whitney test (alpha=0.05). RESULTS 37 men and 20 women were evaluated. Of these, 26.3% had periodontitis and 73.7% had gingivitis. Serum level of albumin (P=0.02) and ferritin (P=0.043) in patients with periodontitis was significantly higher than that in patients with gingivitis. The serum level of creatinine (P=0.02), cystatin C (P=0.013), calcium (P=0.046) and phosphorus (P=0.037) had a significant correlation with severity of periodontitis and increase in CAL. CONCLUSION Increase in the serum levels of albumin and ferritin was related to the progression of gingivitis to periodontitis. Also, the serum levels of creatinine, cystatin C, calcium and phosphorus increased with an increase in CAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Naghsh
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Implants Research Center, School of dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Negar Kanuni Sabet
- Department of Periodontology, Torabinejad research center, School of dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Forozan Vahidi
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Implants Research Center, School of dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Mogharehabed
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Implants Research Center, School of dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jaber Yaghini
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Implants Research Center, School of dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Eivazi M, Falahi N, Eivazi N, Eivazi MA, Raygani AV, Rezaei F. The Effect of Scaling and Root Planning on Salivary TNF-α and IL-1α Concentrations in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis. Open Dent J 2017; 11:573-580. [PMID: 29238418 PMCID: PMC5712651 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601711010573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Periodontitis is one of the main diseases in the oral cavity that causes tooth loss. The host immune response and inflammatory factors have important role in periodontal tissue. The current study was done with the objective to determine the effect of scaling and root planning on the salivary concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1-alpha (IL-1α). METHODS In this quasi-experimental clinical trial, 29 patients with chronic periodontitis and 29 healthy subjects without periodontitis were studied. Clinical examination findings and salivary TNF-α and IL-1α (using ELISA method) were compared before and after scaling, root planning. RESULTS Before starting treatment, salivary TNF-α and IL-1α concentrations were higher in healthy control group than in periodontitis group (P< 0.05). Non-surgical treatment increased the concentration of these two biomarkers in the saliva. However, increase in IL-1α concentration was not statistically significant (P= 0.056). There was a negative relationship between TNF-α and IL-1α levels with pocket depth and attachment loss (P< 0.05). CONCLUSION Scaling and root planning improved periodontal disease indices and salivary TNF-α and IL-1α levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoome Eivazi
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, , Iran
| | - Negar Falahi
- School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, , Iran
| | - Nastaran Eivazi
- Department of ENT, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, , Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Eivazi
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Management, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,, Iran
| | - Asad Vaisi Raygani
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, , Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, , Iran
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16
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Rathnayake N, Buhlin K, Kjellström B, Klinge B, Löwbeer C, Norhammar A, Rydén L, Sorsa T, Tervahartiala T, Gustafsson A. Saliva and plasma levels of cardiac-related biomarkers in post-myocardial infarction patients. J Clin Periodontol 2017; 44:692-699. [PMID: 28453865 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To relate cardiac biomarkers, such as cystatin C and growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) in saliva to myocardial infarction (MI) and to periodontal status, and to investigate the relation between salivary and plasma cardiac biomarkers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred patients with MI admitted to coronary care units and 200 matched controls without MI were included. Dental examination and collection of blood and saliva samples was performed 6-10 weeks after the MI for patients and in close proximity thereafter for controls. Analysing methods: ARCHITECT i4000SR, Immulite 2000 XPi or ELISA. RESULTS The mean age was 62 ± 8 years and 84% were male. Total probing pocket depth, fibrinogen, white blood cell counts and HbA1c were higher in patients than controls. GDF-15 levels correlated with most of the included clinical variables in both study groups. No correlation was found between plasma and saliva levels of cystatin C or GDF-15. CONCLUSION Salivary cystatin C and GDF-15 could not differentiate between MI patients and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilminie Rathnayake
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Solna, Sweden
| | - Kåre Buhlin
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Solna, Sweden
| | - Barbro Kjellström
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Solna, Sweden
| | - Bjorn Klinge
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christian Löwbeer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Aleris Medilab, Täby, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anna Norhammar
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Solna, Sweden.,Cardiology Unit, Capio S:t Görans Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Rydén
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Solna, Sweden
| | - Timo Sorsa
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Solna, Sweden.,Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taina Tervahartiala
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anders Gustafsson
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Solna, Sweden
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Duque C, João MFD, Camargo GADCG, Teixeira GS, Machado TS, Azevedo RDS, Mariano FS, Colombo NH, Vizoto NL, Mattos-Graner RDO. Microbiological, lipid and immunological profiles in children with gingivitis and type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Appl Oral Sci 2017; 25:217-226. [PMID: 28403363 PMCID: PMC5393543 DOI: 10.1590/1678-77572016-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of periodontal pathogens, systemic inflammatory mediators and lipid profiles in type 1 diabetes children (DM) with those observed in children without diabetes (NDM), both with gingivitis. Material and methods Twenty-four DM children and twenty-seven NDM controls were evaluated. The periodontal status, glycemic and lipid profiles were determined for both groups. Subgingival samples of periodontal sites were collected to determine the prevalence of periodontal microorganisms by PCR. Blood samples were collected for IL-1-β, TNF-α and IL-6 analysis using ELISA kits. Results Periodontal conditions of DM and NDM patients were similar, without statistical differences in periodontal indices. When considering patients with gingivitis, all lipid parameters evaluated were highest in the DM group; Capnocytophaga sputigena and Capnocytophaga ochracea were more prevalent in the periodontal sites of DM children. “Red complex” bacteria were detected in few sites of DM and NDM groups. Fusobacterium nucleatum and Campylobacter rectus were frequently found in both groups. Similar levels of IL-1-β, TNF-α and IL-6 were detected in DM and NDM children. Conclusion Clinical and immunological profiles are similar between DM and NDM children. The presence of Capnocytophaga sputigena and Capnocytophaga ochracea were associated with gingivitis in DM children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Duque
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Departamento de Odontologia Infantil e Social, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Mariana Ferreira Dib João
- Universidade de Campinas, Faculdade de odontologia de Piracicaba, Departamento de Diagnóstico Oral, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Gláucia Schuindt Teixeira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Odontologia de Nova Friburgo, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Thamiris Santana Machado
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Odontologia de Nova Friburgo, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Rebeca de Souza Azevedo
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Odontologia de Nova Friburgo, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Flávia Sammartino Mariano
- Universidade de Campinas, Faculdade de odontologia de Piracicaba, Departamento de Diagnóstico Oral, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Natália Helena Colombo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, Departamento de Odontologia Infantil e Social, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Natália Leal Vizoto
- Universidade de Campinas, Faculdade de odontologia de Piracicaba, Departamento de Diagnóstico Oral, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Renata de Oliveira Mattos-Graner
- Universidade de Campinas, Faculdade de odontologia de Piracicaba, Departamento de Diagnóstico Oral, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil
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Nazar Majeed Z, Philip K, Alabsi AM, Pushparajan S, Swaminathan D. Identification of Gingival Crevicular Fluid Sampling, Analytical Methods, and Oral Biomarkers for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Periodontal Diseases: A Systematic Review. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:1804727. [PMID: 28074077 PMCID: PMC5198140 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1804727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background. Several studies in the last decades have focused on finding a precise method for the diagnosis of periodontal disease in its early stages. Aim. To evaluate from current scientific literature the most common and precise method for gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) sample collection, biomarker analytical methods, and the variability of biomarker quantification, even when using the same analytical technique. Methodology. An electronic search was conducted on in vivo studies that presented clinical data on techniques used for GCF collection and biomarker analysis. Results. The results showed that 71.1%, 24.7%, and 4.1% of the studies used absorption, microcapillary, and washing techniques, respectively, in their gingival crevicular fluid collection. 73.1% of the researchers analyzed their samples by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). 22.6%, 19.5%, and 18.5% of the researchers included interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), respectively, in their studies as biomarkers for periodontal disease. Conclusion. IL-1β can be considered among the most common biomarkers that give precise results and can be used as an indicator of periodontal disease progression. Furthermore, paper strips are the most convenient and accurate method for gingival crevicular fluid collection, while enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay can be considered the most conventional method for the diagnosis of biofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyad Nazar Majeed
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Koshy Philip
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A. M. Alabsi
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saravanan Pushparajan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dasan Swaminathan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Celec P, Tóthová Ľ, Šebeková K, Podracká Ľ, Boor P. Salivary markers of kidney function - Potentials and limitations. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 453:28-37. [PMID: 26633856 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Saliva can be collected non-invasively, repeatedly and without trained personnel. It is a promising diagnostic body fluid with clinical use in endocrinology and dentistry. For decades, it is known that saliva contains also urea, creatinine and other markers of renal function. Clinical studies have shown that the salivary concentrations of these markers could be useful for the assessment of kidney function without the need of blood collection. This article summarizes the clinical and experimental data on the use of saliva as a diagnostic fluid in nephrology and points out the advantages, pitfalls, technical requirements and future perspective for the use of saliva as a novel potential diagnostic biofluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Celec
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Center for Molecular Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Ľubomíra Tóthová
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Center for Molecular Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Šebeková
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ľudmila Podracká
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Pathology & Department of Nephrology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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20
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Boronat-Catalá M, Catalá-Pizarro M, Bagán Sebastián JV. Salivary and crevicular fluid interleukins in gingivitis. J Clin Exp Dent 2014; 6:e175-9. [PMID: 24790719 PMCID: PMC4002349 DOI: 10.4317/jced.51403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gingivitis is a frequent inflammatory process of the gum tissue that is mainly caused by the accumulation of plaque. The immune response against inflammatory processes is regulated in part by cytokines. AIMS Given that a continuous inflammation exists in gingivitis, it would be logical to assume that the interleukins will be altered locally in those patients. Therefore, the aim of this review was to check whether there is evidence that the interleukins can be used as diagnostic markers of inflammation levels in patients with gingivitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A bibliographical search was undertaken using the key words interleukin and gingivitis in Pubmed, Cochrane, Scopus and Embase. Only those articles published over the last 10 years that were systematic reviews, case-controls or cohort studies in which interleukins in saliva and/or crevicular fluid was investigated in patients with gingivitis were selected. RESULTS Finally 15 articles were selected, all of them being case-control studies. The interleukins analyzed in the reviewed articles were: IL-1β, IL-8, IL-18, IL-11, IL-12, TNFα, IL-4, IL-17, IL-1α and IL-6. The most commonly studied interleukin is IL-1β and most authors agree that it is higher in the saliva and/or crevicular fluid of patients with gingivitis. Therefore, it could be used as a diagnostic marker of the degree of inflammation in gingivitis. Moreover, as far as the other interleukins studied are concerned, there is no clear consensus among the authors. CONCLUSION There is sufficient evidence to suggest that IL-1β in saliva and/or crevicular fluid can be used as a marker of the degree of inflammation in gingivitis. Key words:Interleukins, gingivitis, saliva, crevicular fluid.
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Detection and quantitation of forty eight cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and nine acute phase proteins in healthy human plasma, saliva and urine. J Proteomics 2012; 75:4802-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Sexton WM, Lin Y, Kryscio RJ, Dawson DR, Ebersole JL, Miller CS. Salivary biomarkers of periodontal disease in response to treatment. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38:434-41. [PMID: 21480939 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary biomarkers of periodontitis were assessed longitudinally to determine response to therapy. METHODS A 6-month case-controlled study of adults with chronic periodontitis was performed, with 33 participants receiving oral hygiene instructions (OHI) alone and 35 with scaling and root planing (SRP) combined with OHI. Saliva samples collected at week 0, 16 and 28 were analysed for interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF)-α. Clinical measures of periodontal disease were recorded at each visit. RESULTS All parameters of periodontal health improved significantly in both groups by week 16 (p<0.0001) with the SRP group demonstrating greater benefit at week 16 and 28. Baseline OPG and TNF-α levels changed significantly at both follow-up visits (p<0.03), regardless of treatment group. IL-1β and MMP-8 levels decreased significantly from baseline (p<0.04) in the SRP group only. OPG, MMP-8, and MIP-1α were significantly reduced in responders compared with non-responders (p=0.04, 0.01, 0.05, respectively). In receiver-operating characteristic analyses, MMP-8 produced the highest area under the curve (0.7; p=0.01). CONCLUSION Salivary levels of IL-1β, MMP-8, OPG, and MIP-1α reflected disease severity and response to therapy suggesting their potential utility for monitoring periodontal disease status.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Sexton
- Department of Oral Health Practice, Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Hiroshima Y, Bando M, Kataoka M, Inagaki Y, Herzberg MC, Ross KF, Hosoi K, Nagata T, Kido JI. Regulation of antimicrobial peptide expression in human gingival keratinocytes by interleukin-1α. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:761-7. [PMID: 21316034 PMCID: PMC3412402 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In the oral cavity, mucosal keratinocytes resist bacterial infection, in part, by producing broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) including defensin, adrenomedullin and calprotectin. Epidermal keratinocyte expression of many AMPs increases in response to interleukin-1α (IL-1α). IL-1α is produced by epidermal keratinocytes and regulates cell differentiation. To better understand innate immunity in the oral cavity, we sought to determine how IL-1α might regulate expression of AMPs by human gingival keratinocytes (HGKs) using DNA microarray and Western blot analyses. HGKs from three subjects expressed eleven AMPs, including S100A7, S100A8, S100A9, S100A12, secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor, lipocalin 2 (LCN2), cystatin C and β-defensin 2. Of the expressed AMPs, S100A7, S100A12 and LCN2 were up-regulated by IL-1α (inducible AMPs); the other AMPs were considered to be constitutive. Human gingival keratinocytes, therefore, express constitutive and IL-1α-inducible AMPs to provide a rapid and robust innate response to microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Hiroshima
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Mika Bando
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kataoka
- Nano-bioanalysis Team, Health Technology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Hayashi-cho 2217-14, Takamatsu 761-0395, Japan
| | - Yuji Inagaki
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Mark C Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Karen F Ross
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Kazuo Hosoi
- Deartment of Molecular Oral Physiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Nagata
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kido
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
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Abstract
AIMS The goal of this review is to identify the antimicrobial proteins in the oral fluids, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid and identify functional families and candidates for antibacterial treatment. RESULTS Periodontal biofilms initiate a cascade of inflammatory and immune processes that lead to the destruction of gingival tissues and ultimately alveolar bone loss and tooth loss. Treatment of periodontal disease with conventional antibiotics does not appear to be effective in the absence of mechanical debridement. An alternative treatment may be found in antimicrobial peptides and proteins, which can be bactericidal and anti-inflammatory and block the inflammatory effects of bacterial toxins. The peptides have co-evolved with oral bacteria, which have not developed significant peptide resistance. Over 45 antibacterial proteins are found in human saliva and gingival crevicular fluid. The proteins and peptides belong to several different functional families and offer broad protection from invading microbes. Several antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) serve as templates for the development of therapeutic peptides and peptide mimetics, although to date none have demonstrated efficacy in human trials. CONCLUSIONS Existing and newly identified AMPs may be developed for therapeutic use in periodontal disease or can serve as templates for peptide and peptide mimetics with improved therapeutic indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven-Ulrik Gorr
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Gonçalves LDR, Soares MR, Nogueira FCS, Garcia CHS, Camisasca DR, Domont G, Feitosa ACR, Pereira DA, Zingali RB, Alves G. Analysis of the salivary proteome in gingivitis patients. J Periodontal Res 2011; 46:599-606. [PMID: 21668887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Gingivitis is a disease that is characterized by inflammation of the gingival tissue, which can progress to periodontitis and tooth loss. Although many studies have attempted to identify salivary proteins that are associated with the disease, this is the first study to use a proteomic approach to analyze and compare the proteomic profile of whole saliva from gingivitis patients and healthy controls. MATERIAL AND METHOD To analyze the saliva proteome, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography were used, followed by mass spectrometry. RESULTS The analyses showed that gingival inflammation was associated with increased amounts of blood proteins (serum albumin and hemoglobin), immunoglobulin peptides and keratins. In the control group, salivary cystatins, which were detected using capillary Liquid Chromatography on line to electrospray ionization Quadrupole Time-of-flight mass spectrometry, appeared to be more abundant. CONCLUSION This approach provides novel insight into profiles of the salivary proteome during gingival inflammation, which may contribute to improvements in diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L da R Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Genética Aplicada, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, INCA, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
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