An autologous platelet-rich plasma stimulates periodontal ligament regeneration

Advances in mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium-mediated periodontal tissue regeneration

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to the destruction of both soft and hard periodontal tissues. Complete periodontal regeneration in clinics using the currently available treatment approaches is still a challenge. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown promising potential to regenerate periodontal tissue in various preclinical and clinical studies. The poor survival rate of MSCs during in vivo transplantation and host immunogenic reaction towards MSCs are the main drawbacks of direct use of MSCs in periodontal tissue regeneration. Autologous MSCs have limited sources and possess patient morbidity during harvesting. Direct use of allogenic MSCs could induce host immune reaction. Therefore, the MSC-based indirect treatment approach could be beneficial for periodontal regeneration in clinics. MSC culture conditioned medium (CM) contains secretomes that had shown immunomodulatory and tissue regenerative potential in pre-clinical and clinical studies. MSC-CM contains a cocktail of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, and exosomes, extracellular vesicles, etc. MSC-CM-based indirect treatment has the potential to eliminate the drawbacks of direct use of MSCs for periodontal tissue regeneration. MSC-CM holds the tremendous potential of bench-to-bed translation in periodontal regeneration applications. This review focuses on the accumulating evidence indicating the therapeutic potential of the MSC-CM in periodontal regeneration-related pre-clinical and clinical studies. Recent advances on MSC-CM-based periodontal regeneration, existing challenges, and prospects are well summarized as guidance to improve the effectiveness of MSC-CM on periodontal regeneration in clinics.

Influence of Materials Properties on Bio-Physical Features and Effectiveness of 3D-Scaffolds for Periodontal Regeneration

Periodontal diseases are multifactorial disorders, mainly due to severe infections and inflammation which affect the tissues (i.e., gum and dental bone) that support and surround the teeth. These pathologies are characterized by bleeding gums, pain, bad breath and, in more severe forms, can lead to the detachment of gum from teeth, causing their loss. To date it is estimated that severe periodontal diseases affect around 10% of the population worldwide thus making necessary the development of effective treatments able to both reduce the infections and inflammation in injured sites and improve the regeneration of damaged tissues. In this scenario, the use of 3D scaffolds can play a pivotal role by providing an effective platform for drugs, nanosystems, growth factors, stem cells, etc., improving the effectiveness of therapies and reducing their systemic side effects. The aim of this review is to describe the recent progress in periodontal regeneration, highlighting the influence of materials' properties used to realize three-dimensional (3D)-scaffolds, their bio-physical characteristics and their ability to provide a biocompatible platform able to embed nanosystems.

Extracellular vesicles in bone and periodontal regeneration: current and potential therapeutic applications

Oral mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their secretomes are considered important factors in the field of medical tissue engineering and cell free biotherapy due to their ease of access, differentiation potential, and successful therapeutic outcomes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and the conditioned medium (CM) from MSCs are gaining more attraction as an alternative to cell-based therapies due to the less ethical issues involved, and their easier acquisition, preservation, long term storage, sterilization, and packaging. Bone and periodontal regenerative ability of EVs and CM have been the focus of some recent studies. In this review, we looked through currently available literature regarding MSCs' EVs or conditioned medium and their general characteristics, function, and regenerative potentials. We will also review the novel applications in regenerating bone and periodontal defects.

The use of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) in guided tissue regeneration and guided bone regeneration. A review of histological, immunohistochemical, histomorphometrical, radiological and clinical results in humans

BACKGROUND

Modern surgeries have advanced toward personalized minimal-invasive treatments with a high rate of clinical healing that facilitates the regeneration of tissues. One of the leading approaches to deliver endogenous plasma- and platelet-derived growth factors is the plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF). This narrative review determines the effects of using PRGF in different oral surgical procedures including alveolar ridge augmentation, socket preservation, sinus floor augmentation and periodontal regeneration.

METHODS

For this narrative review, a literature search was conducted using PubMed and Researchgate. A combination of the following text words was used to maximize search specificity and sensitivity: "platelet-rich plasma", "PRP", "PRGF", "Platelet-rich growth factor", "socket preservation", "Extraction", "infra-bony pockets", "sinus floor augmentation", "randomized clinical controlled trials", "Alveolar osteitis", "Periodontal regeneration", "guided bone regeneration", "guided tissue regeneration".

RESULTS

Investigations have generally agreed that PRGF can promote and accelerate the healing process. PRGF optimizes the patient's quality of life by reducing pain, swelling and inflammation rate and also accelerates regeneration of soft tissue and bone tissue regeneration as well.

CONCLUSIONS

There is increasing evidence to support the use of PRGF in oral surgical procedures in order to improve the healing processes of the oral soft and hard tissues.

Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Platelet-rich Plasma, Platelet-rich Fibrin, and Injectable Platelet-rich Fibrin on the Standard Strains of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

Context:

Platelet concentrates are commonly used to promote periodontal soft- and hard-tissue regeneration. Recently, their antimicrobial efficacy is also explored. Various platelet concentrates have evolved which differ in the centrifugation protocols. Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) have been found to have an important role in periodontal pathology.

Aims:

In this study, PRP, PRF, and I-PRF are compared for their antibacterial effect against Pg and Aa.

Materials and Methods:

Blood samples were obtained from ten systemically and periodontally healthy individuals. Platelet concentrates were prepared using standardized centrifugation protocol. Antimicrobial activity was examined on standard strains of Pg and Aa using well diffusion method.

Statistical Analysis Used:

Means for the width of zones of inhibition were calculated along with standard deviations, and the comparison was made using Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

Results:

In case of Pg, I-PRF had the widest zone of inhibition which was significantly wider as compared to PRF. Furthermore, PRP had significantly wider zone of inhibition against PRF. In case of Aa, PRP had wider zone of inhibition which was significantly wider as compared to that of PRF and I-PRF.

Conclusions:

All the three platelet concentrates PRP, PRF, and I-PRF have antibacterial activity, but PRP and I-PRF are more active as compared to PRF. I-PRF being autologous and easy to prepare can be a very useful adjunct to the surgical therapy in bringing down the bacterial count helping in wound healing and regeneration.

Evolution, current status and advances in application of platelet concentrate in periodontics and implantology

Platelet concentrates (PC) [platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF)] are frequently used for surgical procedures in medical and dental fields, particularly in oral and maxillofacial surgery, plastic surgery and sports medicine. The objective of all these technologies is to extract all the elements from a blood sample that could be used to improve healing and promote tissue regeneration. Although leukocyte rich and leukocyte poor PRP’s have their own place in literature, the importance of non-platelet components in a platelet concentrate remains a mystery. PC have come a long way since its first appearance in 1954 to the T-PRF, A-PRF and i-PRF introduced recently. These PC find varied applications successfully in periodontics and implant dentistry as well. However, the technique of preparation, standing time, transfer process, temperature of centrifuge, vibration, etc., are the various factors for the mixed results reported in the literature. Until the introduction of a proper classification of terminologies, the PC were known by different names in different countries and by different commercial companies which also created a lot of confusion. This review intends to clarify all these confusion by briefing the exact evolution of PC, their preparation techniques, recent advances and their various clinical and technical aspects and applications.

Use of Platelet Rich Plasma in the Management of Periodontal Intra-Osseous Defects: A Clinical Study

Background:

Periodontal disease is characterized by the presence of gingival inflammation, periodontal pocket formation, loss of connective tissue attachment, and alveolar bone around the affected tooth. Alveolar bone support and attachment apparatus regeneration has been achieved through various processes and have given elusive results. An expedient and cost-effective approach to obtain autologous platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP). PRP is obtained by sequestrating and concentrating platelets by gradient density centrifugation.

Aims:

The current study was aimed at evaluating the regenerative potential of platelet-rich plasma in comparison with open flap debridement.

Settings and Designs:

This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial conducted in the Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, KIDS, Bhubaneswar, Odisha.

Materials and Methods:

Twenty periodontal infrabony defects in 10 patients; 6 males and 4 females of age between 25–45 years were included in this study and were followed up for a period of 6 months.

Statistical Analysis:

Both the groups showed a mean plaque index of 2.10 and 2.50 at baseline, 1.75 and 2.05 at 3 months, and 1.28 and 1.53 at the end of 6 months. The mean reduction of 0.35 and 0.45 at three months and 0.82 and 0.97 at six months was achieved, which was statistically significant. (P < 0.001). When comparison was done between the two groups it was not found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). In each of the group there was definitive reduction in plaque score over a period of time.

Results and Conclusion:

There was no statistically significant difference in the treatment outcome between open flap debridement and PRP alone. Platelet-rich plasma application holds promise and needs further exploration.

Plasma rich in growth factors stimulates proliferation, migration, and gene expression associated with bone formation in human dental follicle cells

Background/purpose

Plasma rich in growth factors (PRGFs), which is prepared from autologous blood from patients, has been reported with regards to bone regeneration for dental implants. Human dental follicle cells (hDFCs) have the capacity to commit to multiple cell types such as the osteoblastic lineage. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of PRGFs for mineralization in hDFCs.

Materials and methods

PRGFs was prepared from whole blood centrifuged at 460g for 8 minutes. hDFCs isolated from the dental follicle with collagenase/dispase were cultured with growth medium or osteogenic induction medium (OIM) containing PRGFs or fetal bovine serum. Concentrations of the growth factors were examined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. A cell migration assay was used for two-dimensional movement. Gene expressions were examined with real-time polymerase chain reaction using a DyNAmo SYBR Green quantitative polymerase chain reaction kit.

Results

The platelet concentration in PRGF Fraction 2 was 2.14-fold higher than in whole blood. White blood cells were not detected in PRGFs. Transforming growth factor-β levels were higher than insulin-like growth factor-1, platelet-derived growth factor-AB and -BB, and vascular endothelial growth factors in PRGF Fraction 2. Proliferation and migration by hDFCs increased in OIM supplemented with PRGFs in a dose-dependent manner and were higher in hDFCs cultured in OIM plus 10% PRGFs compared with OIM plus 10% fetal bovine serum. PRGFs upregulated the gene expression of type I collagen, osteomodulin, alkaline phosphatase, bone morphogenic protein-4, and transforming growth factor-β in hDFCs.

Conclusion

PRGFs may promote bone regeneration due to it including high levels of growth factors.

Clinical, radiographical, and histological outcomes of plasma rich in growth factors in extraction socket: a randomized controlled clinical trial

OBJECTIVES

Platelet-rich plasma has been used in the treatment of extraction socket; however, randomized controlled clinical trial is still lacking to evaluate its effect on extraction socket healing.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Single center, assessor-blinded, parallel group, randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted. Sixty patients with indication of a simple one molar extraction in the mandible were randomized to receive plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) or blood clot. A cross-stitch suture was placed in both groups. Clinical, radiographical, and histological assessments were performed during 10-12 weeks of follow-up.

RESULTS

Cone beam CT analysis has shown that the percentage of patients where the sockets are regenerated at ≥75 % of the baseline volume was significantly higher in PRGF group (96.7 %) than the control group (45.5 %). Pain and inflammation (day 3 and day 7) have been significantly lower in PRGF group than the control group but not at day 15. Soft tissue healing scores have been significantly higher in the test group. No serious adverse events have been occurred in both groups. Histological analysis has indicated the presence of significantly thicker keratinized epithelium and significantly higher newly formed bone in the PRGF group.

CONCLUSIONS

PRGF was associated with enhanced healing of extraction socket of mandibular molars throughout the observation period.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Plasma rich in growth factors could be a useful tool to enhance the healing of extraction sockets by minimizing postoperative complications and stimulating the hard and soft tissues regeneration.

Platelet-rich plasma, low-level laser therapy, or their combination promotes periodontal regeneration in fenestration defects: a preliminary in vivo study

BACKGROUND

This study histomorphometrically analyzes the influence of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), low-level laser therapy (LLLT), or their combination on the healing of periodontal fenestration defects (PFDs) in rats.

METHODS

PFDs were surgically created in the mandibles of 80 rats. The animals were randomly divided into four groups: 1) C (control) and 2) PRP, defects were filled with blood clot or PRP, respectively; 3) LLLT and 4) PRP/LLLT, defects received laser irradiation, were filled with blood clot or PRP, respectively, and then irradiated again. Animals were euthanized at either 10 or 30 days post-surgery. Percentage of new bone (NB), density of newly formed bone (DNB), new cementum (NC), and extension of remaining defect (ERD) were histomorphometrically evaluated. Data were statistically analyzed (analysis of variance; Tukey test, P <0.05).

RESULTS

At 10 days, group PRP presented ERD significantly lower than group C. At 30 days, group PRP presented NB and DNB significantly greater than group C. Groups LLLT, PRP, and PRP/LLLT showed significant NC formation at 30 days, with collagen fibers inserted obliquely or perpendicularly to the root surface. NC formation was not observed in any group C specimen.

CONCLUSIONS

LLLT, PRP, or their combination all promoted NC formation with a functional periodontal ligament. The combination PRP/LLLT did not show additional positive effects compared to the use of either therapy alone.