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Wahid RM, Hassan NH, Samy W, Abdelhadi AA, Saadawy SF, Elsayed SF, Seada SG, Mohamed SRA. Unraveling the hepatic stellate cells mediated mechanisms in aging's influence on liver fibrosis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13473. [PMID: 38866800 PMCID: PMC11169484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63644-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging enhances numerous processes that compromise homeostasis and pathophysiological processes. Among these, activated HSCs play a pivotal role in advancing liver fibrosis. This research delved into how aging impacts liver fibrosis mechanisms. The study involved 32 albino rats categorized into four groups: Group I (young controls), Group II (young with liver fibrosis), Group III (old controls), and Group IV (old with liver fibrosis). Various parameters including serum ALT, adiponectin, leptin, and cholesterol levels were evaluated. Histopathological analysis was performed, alongside assessments of TGF-β, FOXP3, and CD133 gene expressions. Markers of fibrosis and apoptosis were the highest in group IV. Adiponectin levels significantly decreased in Group IV compared to all other groups except Group II, while cholesterol levels were significantly higher in liver fibrosis groups than their respective control groups. Group III displayed high hepatic expression of desmin, α-SMA, GFAP and TGF- β and in contrast to Group I. Increased TGF-β and FOXP3 gene expressions were observed in Group IV relative to Group II, while CD133 gene expression decreased in Group IV compared to Group II. In conclusion, aging modulates immune responses, impairs regenerative capacities via HSC activation, and influences adipokine and cholesterol levels, elevating the susceptibility to liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham M Wahid
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Nancy Husseiny Hassan
- Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Walaa Samy
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amina A Abdelhadi
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Sara F Saadawy
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sherein F Elsayed
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sara G Seada
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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2
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Han J, Lee C, Jung Y. Current Evidence and Perspectives of Cluster of Differentiation 44 in the Liver's Physiology and Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4749. [PMID: 38731968 PMCID: PMC11084344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), a multi-functional cell surface receptor, has several variants and is ubiquitously expressed in various cells and tissues. CD44 is well known for its function in cell adhesion and is also involved in diverse cellular responses, such as proliferation, migration, differentiation, and activation. To date, CD44 has been extensively studied in the field of cancer biology and has been proposed as a marker for cancer stem cells. Recently, growing evidence suggests that CD44 is also relevant in non-cancer diseases. In liver disease, it has been shown that CD44 expression is significantly elevated and associated with pathogenesis by impacting cellular responses, such as metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, and activation, in different cells. However, the mechanisms underlying CD44's function in liver diseases other than liver cancer are still poorly understood. Hence, to help to expand our knowledge of the role of CD44 in liver disease and highlight the need for further research, this review provides evidence of CD44's effects on liver physiology and its involvement in the pathogenesis of liver disease, excluding cancer. In addition, we discuss the potential role of CD44 as a key regulator of cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsol Han
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea;
| | - Chanbin Lee
- Institute of Systems Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea;
| | - Youngmi Jung
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Abdellateif MS, Zekri ARN. Stem cell therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and end-stage liver disease. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2023; 35:35. [PMID: 37926787 DOI: 10.1186/s43046-023-00194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health problem worldwide, especially for patients who are suffering from end-stage liver disease (ESLD). The ESLD is considered a great challenge for clinicians due to the limited chance for liver transplantation, which is the only curative treatment for those patients. Stem cell-based therapy as a part of regenerative medicine represents a promising application for ESLD patients. Many clinical trials were performed to assess the utility of bone marrow-derived stem cells as a potential therapy for patients with liver diseases. The aim of the present study is to present and review the various types of stem cell-based therapy, including the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), BM-derived mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs), CD34 + hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and cancer stem cells.Though this type of therapy achieved promising results for the treatment of ESLD, however still there is a confounding data regarding its clinical application. A large body of evidence is highly required to evaluate the stem cell-based therapy after long-term follow-up, with respect to the incidence of toxicity, immunogenicity, and tumorigenesis that developed in many patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona S Abdellateif
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, 11976, Egypt.
| | - Abdel-Rahman N Zekri
- Molecular Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, NCI, Cairo University, Cairo, 11976, Egypt
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Faghihkhorasani A, Dalvand A, Derafsh E, Tavakoli F, Younis NK, Yasamineh S, Gholizadeh O, Shokri P. The role of oncolytic virotherapy and viral oncogenes in the cancer stem cells: a review of virus in cancer stem cells. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:250. [PMID: 37880659 PMCID: PMC10599042 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) are the main "seeds" for the initiation, growth, metastasis, and recurrence of tumors. According to many studies, several viral infections, including the human papillomaviruses, hepatitis B virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and hepatitis C virus, promote the aggressiveness of cancer by encouraging the development of CSC features. Therefore, a better method for the targeted elimination of CSCs and knowledge of their regulatory mechanisms in human carcinogenesis may lead to the development of a future tool for the management and treatment of cancer. Oncolytic viruses (OVs), which include the herpes virus, adenovirus, vaccinia, and reovirus, are also a new class of cancer therapeutics that have favorable properties such as selective replication in tumor cells, delivery of numerous eukaryotic transgene payloads, induction of immunogenic cell death and promotion of antitumor immunity, as well as a tolerable safety profile that essentially differs from that of other cancer therapeutics. The effects of viral infection on the development of CSCs and the suppression of CSCs by OV therapy were examined in this paper. The purpose of this review is to investigate the dual role of viruses in CSCs (oncolytic virotherapy and viral oncogenes).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alaleh Dalvand
- Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Derafsh
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Windsor University School of Medicine, Brighton's Estate, Cayton, St. Kitts And Nevis
| | - Farnaz Tavakoli
- Nephrology and Transplantation Ward, Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saman Yasamineh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Pooria Shokri
- Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medical Science, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
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Nairuz T, Mahmud Z, Manik RK, Kabir Y. Cancer stem cells: an insight into the development of metastatic tumors and therapy resistance. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023:10.1007/s12015-023-10529-x. [PMID: 37129728 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The term "cancer stem cells" (CSCs) refers to cancer cells that exhibit traits parallel to normal stem cells, namely the potential to give rise to every type of cell identified in a tumor microenvironment. It has been found that CSCs usually develops from other neoplastic cells or non-cancerous somatic cells by acquiring stemness and malignant characteristics through particular genetic modifications. A trivial number of CSCs, identified in solid and liquid cancer, can give rise to an entire tumor population with aggressive anticancer drug resistance, metastasis, and invasiveness. Besides, cancer stem cells manipulate their intrinsic and extrinsic features, regulate the metabolic pattern of the cell, adjust efflux-influx efficiency, modulate different signaling pathways, block apoptotic signals, and cause genetic and epigenetic alterations to retain their pluripotency and ability of self-renewal. Notably, to keep the cancer stem cells' ability to become malignant cells, mesenchymal stem cells, tumor-associated fibroblasts, immune cells, etc., interact with one another. Furthermore, CSCs are characterized by the expression of particular molecular markers that carry significant diagnostic and prognostic significance. Because of this, scientific research on CSCs is becoming increasingly imperative, intending to understand the traits and behavior of cancer stem cells and create more potent anticancer therapeutics to fight cancer at the CSC level. In this review, we aimed to elucidate the critical role of CSCs in the onset and spread of cancer and the characteristics of CSCs that promote severe resistance to targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahsin Nairuz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Zimam Mahmud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Rasel Khan Manik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Yearul Kabir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
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Mehdi HK, Raju K, Sheela SR. Association of P16, Ki-67, and CD44 expression in high-grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia and squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:S260-S267. [PMID: 37148002 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_43_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Stem cells exist in niches in the cervical tissue at squamocolumnar junction, which when infected with HR-Human Papilloma Virus undergo malignant transformation to cancer stem cells and have a role in carcinogenesis and metastasis. The expression of CD44, P16, and Ki67 in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is assessed in this study. Materials and Methods Twenty-six cases each of normal cervix, HSIL, and SCC of cervix cases were subjected to immunohistochemistry markers; p16, Ki-67, and CD44. The association of expression of these markers between normal, HSIL, SCC cervix, and clinic-pathological parameters was statistically analyzed. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results Of 26 cases of HSIL, 61.5%, 7.7%, and 30.8% cases were positive, ambiguous, and negative respectively for p16 expression. About 11.5%, 53.8%, and 34.6% of cases were strongly positive, positive, and weakly positive, respectively, for Ki-67 expression. About 42.3%, 42.3%, and 15.4% cases were strongly positive, positive, and weakly positive, respectively, for CD44 expression. Among 26 cases of SCC of the cervix 92.3% and 7.7% were positive and ambiguous respectively. About 73.1% and 26.9% of cases were strongly positive and positive, respectively, for Ki-67 expression. 65.4%, 30.8%, and 3.8% of cases were strongly positive, positive, and weakly positive, respectively, for CD44 expression. p16, Ki-67, and CD44 expression between the three groups were statistically significant. p16 expression versus FIGO stage including lymph node involvement and CD44 expression versus lymph node involvement in carcinoma cervix was statistically significant. Conclusion Expression of p16, Ki-67, and CD44 increases as the lesion progress from normal to HSIL to carcinoma cervix. p16 and CD44 expression increase with lymph node involvement. P16 expression was maximum in Stage II than Stage III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajra K Mehdi
- Department of Pathology, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | - Kalyani Raju
- Department of Pathology, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | - S R Sheela
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kolar, Karnataka, India
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CHRIST: CD44-Incorporated Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk Index Scoring Tool—A Novel Prognostic Scoring System for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development and Aggressiveness. MEDICINES 2022; 9:medicines9020014. [PMID: 35200757 PMCID: PMC8876239 DOI: 10.3390/medicines9020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
CD44 has been demonstrated to play a pivotal role in regulating tumor cell progression, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. Here, we aimed to establish a scoring system to evaluate the risk of developing HCC utilizing CD44-rs187115 SNP polymorphism. A prospective cohort of 120 individuals was enrolled in four groups: 19 non-metastatic HCC patients, 21 metastatic, 40 patients with hepatitis C-related cirrhosis, and 40 controls. Allelic discrimination of the CD44-rs187115 gene polymorphism was assessed using TaqMan genotyping assay. HCC patients with CT/CC genotypes were more likely to have aggressive malignancy compared to TT carriers. A significant correlation was noted between the existence of CT/CC genotypes and tumor size, multicentricity, infiltration, portal vein thrombosis, and metastasis. A CD44-incorporated Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk Index Scoring Tool (CHRIST) was formulated utilizing clinical and genetic variables. A score > 3 for HCC development demonstrated 87.5% sensitivity, 72.5% specificity, and a 76% positive predictive value (PPV) and 85% negative predictive value (NPV). Furthermore, a score > 5 for HCC metastasis demonstrated 90.4% sensitivity, 68.4% specificity, a 76% PPV and 86% NPV. A similarly significant score was noted following a six-month re-evaluation. We conclude that CD44-rs187115 may serve as a reliable prognostic biomarker for HCC and that the CHRIST prognostic model is highly predictive of the development of HCC and metastatic HCC.
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Liu L, Borlak J. Advances in Liver Cancer Stem Cell Isolation and their Characterization. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:1215-1238. [PMID: 33432485 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade research on cancer stem cells (CSC) significantly contributed to a better understanding of tumor biology. Given their similarity to normal stem cells, i.e. self-renewal and pluripotency the need arises to develop robust protocols for the isolation and characterization of CSCs. As with other malignancies, hepatic tumors are composed of a heterogeneous population of cells including liver cancer stem cells (LCSC). Yet, a precise understanding of why stem cells become cancerous is still lacking. There is unmet need to develop robust protocols for the successful isolation of LCSCs from human tissue resection material as to assist in the development of molecular targeted therapies. Here we review the research progress made in the isolation and characterization of LCSCs by considering a wide range of cell surface markers and sorting methods, as applied to side populations, microsphere cultures and the gradient centrifugation method. We emphasize the different fluorescence activated cell sorting methods and the possibility to enrich LCSCs by immunomagnetic beads. We review the specificity of functional assays by considering ABCG transporter and ALDH1 enzyme activities and evaluate the in vivo tumorigenicity of LCSCs in highly sensitive bioassays. Finally, we evaluate different LCSC markers in association with viral and non-viral liver disease and explore the potential of novel drug delivery systems targeting CD133, EpCAM, CD13 and CD90 for the development of molecular targeted therapies. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jürgen Borlak
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Wu J, Sun L, Liu T, Dong G. Ultrasound-Targeted Microbubble Destruction-Mediated Downregulation of EZH2 Inhibits Stemness and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Liver Cancer Stem Cells. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:221-237. [PMID: 33469303 PMCID: PMC7810681 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s269589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer cells could show the characteristics of cancer stem cells (CSCs) through epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EZH2 was associated with EMT. Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) could enhance gene transfection efficiency. Here, we explored the effect of UTMD-mediated shEZH2 on liver CSCs. Methods EZH2 expression in liver cancer and the overall survival of liver cancer patients were analyzed by bioinformatics. Liver CSCs (CD133+HuH7) were sorted by flow cytometry. After transfection of shEZH2 through UTMD (UTMD-shEZH2) or liposome (LIP-shEZH2), the viability, proliferation, sphere formation, migration, and invasion of CD133+HuH7 cells were detected by MTT, colony formation, tumor-sphere formation, wound healing, and transwell assays, respectively. A mice subcutaneous-xenotransplant tumor model was established by injecting CD133+HuH7 or CD133−HuH7 cells into the limbs of mice. Tumor weight and volume were documented. The expressions of EZH2, EMT-related factors, and STAT3/PI3K/AKT pathway-related factors in CD133+HuH7 cells or tumor tissues were detected by RT-qPCR, Western blot, or immunohistochemical. Results EZH2 was high-expressed in liver cancer, and the patients with high expression of EZH2 had a poor survival. CD133+ HuH7 cells had higher EZH2 expression, higher viability, and stronger sphere-forming and tumor-forming abilities than CD133− HuH7 cells. ShEZH2 inhibited the viability, proliferation, sphere formation, migration, and invasion of CD133+ HuH7 cells, decreased the weight and volume of the xenotransplant tumor, inhibited the expressions of EZH2, Vimentin, N-Cadherin, Twist-1, p-STAT3, p-PI3K, and p-AKT, and increased E-Cadherin expression. UTMD-shEZH2 caused a stronger effect on CD133+ HuH7 cells than LIP-shEZH2. Conclusion UTMD-mediated shEZH2 inhibited the stemness and EMT of liver CSCs in vitro and in vivo through regulating the STAT3/PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Department of Ultrasound Intervention, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Sun
- Department of Ultrasound Intervention, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Ultrasound Intervention, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Dong
- Department of Ultrasound Intervention, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
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Lee SH, Moon HJ, Lee YS, Kang CD, Kim SH. Potentiation of TRAIL‑induced cell death by nonsteroidal anti‑inflammatory drug in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through the ER stress‑dependent autophagy pathway. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:1136-1148. [PMID: 32705218 PMCID: PMC7388578 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most commonly diagnosed primary liver malignancy. The limited success with relapse of the disease in HCC therapy is frequently associated with the acquired resistance to anticancer drugs. To develop a strategy and design for overcoming the resistance of HCC cells to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death, we evaluated the efficacy of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in combination with TRAIL against TRAIL-resistant HCC cells expressing a high level of CD44. We revealed by MTT and western blotting, respectively, that celecoxib (CCB), an NSAID, and 2,5-dimethyl celecoxib (DMC), a non-cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor analog of CCB, were able to sensitize TRAIL-resistant HCC cells to TRAIL, implicating a COX-independent mechanism. CCB dose-dependently enhanced LC3-II and reduced p62 levels through AMPK activation and inhibition of the Akt/mTOR pathway and upregulated expression of ATF4/CHOP, leading to activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-dependent autophagy. The TRAIL sensitization capacity of CCB in TRAIL-resistant HCC cells was abrogated by an ER stress inhibitor. In addition, we also revealed by flow cytometry and western blotting, respectively, that accelerated downregulation of TRAIL-mediated c-FLIP expression, DR5 activation and CD44 degradation/downregulation by NSAID resulted in activation of caspases and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), leading to the sensitization of TRAIL-resistant HCC cells to TRAIL and thereby reversal of TRAIL resistance. From these results, we propose that NSAID in combination with TRAIL may improve the antitumor activity of TRAIL in TRAIL-resistant HCC, and this approach may serve as a novel strategy that maximizes the therapeutic efficacy of TRAIL for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hoon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam‑do 626‑870, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam‑do 626‑870, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Shin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam‑do 626‑870, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Dug Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam‑do 626‑870, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam‑do 626‑870, Republic of Korea
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Jeng KS, Lu SJ, Wang CH, Chang CF. Liver Fibrosis and Inflammation under the Control of ERK2. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113796. [PMID: 32471201 PMCID: PMC7312875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver injury could lead the formation of liver fibrosis, eventually some would develop to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the leading malignancies worldwide. The aim of the study is to dissect the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) signaling in liver fibrosis and inflammation. The choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented (CDE) diet could lead to fatty livers and generate oval cells, activate hepatocyte stellate cell (HSC) and recruit immune cells as the liver fibrosis model mice. WT and ERK2 deficient (ERK2−/−) mice were compared in terms of liver weight/body weight, liver function, liver fibrosis markers and the differential gene expression in hepatotoxicity. ERK2−/− mice display the less degree of liver fibrosis when compared to WT mice. The protein level of alpha smooth muscle (α-SMA) was reduced and several hepatocellular carcinoma-related genes such as MMP9, FoxM1 were down-regulated. In addition, the cell proliferation and the percentages of activated T cells were reduced in ERK2−/− mice upon liver injury. Therefore, ERK2 plays an important role in regulating liver cirrhosis and inflammation.
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Abdou AG, Holah NS, Elazab DS, El-Gendy WG, Badr MT, Al-Sharaky DR. Hepatocellular Carcinoma Score and Subclassification Into Aggressive Subtypes Using Immunohistochemical Expression of p53, β-Catenin, CD133, and Ki-67. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2020; 29:20-33. [PMID: 32287076 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary hepatic malignancy in adults. Several studies have classified HCC into molecular subtypes aiming at detecting aggressive subtypes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of p53, β-catenin, CD133, and Ki-67 in subclassification of HCC into different aggressive subtypes and the correlation between those markers and the clinicopathologic characteristics of HCC patients. This retrospective study was conducted on paraffin-embedded blocks of 114 HCC specimens. Tissue microarray was constructed and immunostaining for p53, β-catenin, CD133, and Ki-67 was performed and HCC score was formulated. P53 expression was associated with old age (P=0.028), large tumor size (P=0.019), poorly differentiated HCC (P=0.012), hepatitis B virus (HBV) positivity (P=0.032), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) negativity (P =0.046). β-catenin expression was associated with small sized tumors (P=0.005), HBV negativity (P=0.027), early-staged tumors (P=0.029), and prolonged recurrence-free survival (P=0.045). High percentage of CD133 expression was associated with old patients (P=0.035) and HBV positivity (P= 0.045). Ki-67 expression was associated with large tumor size (P= 0.049), vascular invasion (P= 0.05), old age (P=0.035), and previous treatment of HCV by direct acting antiviral agents (P=0.005). Cases with high HCC score showed significant association with old patients (P=0.002), previous treatment of HCV by direct acting antiviral agents (P<0.001), large tumor size (P<0.001), and poorly differentiated tumors (P= 0.009). The proposed HCC score can divide HCC patients into subtypes necessitating tailoring of treatment strategy according to this proposed score to target and optimally treat the aggressive subtypes. This score needs to be further validated on large number of patients with longer follow-up period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dina S Elazab
- National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebein Elkom, Egypt
| | - Walaa G El-Gendy
- National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebein Elkom, Egypt
| | - Mohammed T Badr
- National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebein Elkom, Egypt
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Nimmakayala RK, Batra SK, Ponnusamy MP. Unraveling the journey of cancer stem cells from origin to metastasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1871:50-63. [PMID: 30419314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer biology research over recent decades has given ample evidence for the existence of self-renewing and drug-resistant populations within heterogeneous tumors, widely recognized as cancer stem cells (CSCs). However, a lack of clear understanding about the origin, existence, maintenance, and metastatic roles of CSCs limit efforts towards the development of CSC-targeted therapy. In this review, we describe novel avenues of current CSC biology. In addition to cell fusion and horizontal gene transfer, CSCs are originated by mutations in somatic or differentiated cancer cells, resulting in de-differentiation and reprogramming. Recent studies also provided evidence for the existence of distinct or heterogeneous CSC populations within a single heterogeneous tumor. Our analysis of the literature also opens the doors for a novel hypothesis that CSC populations with specific phenotypes, metabolic profiles, and clonogenic potential metastasize to specific organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Krishna Nimmakayala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA.
| | - Moorthy P Ponnusamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA.
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14
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Kim S, Cho CY, Lee D, Song DG, Kim HJ, Jung JW, Kim JE, Park D, Lee H, Um H, Park J, Choi Y, Kim Y, Nam SH, Lee JW. CD133-induced TM4SF5 expression promotes sphere growth via recruitment and blocking of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type F (PTPRF). Cancer Lett 2018; 438:219-231. [PMID: 30217560 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
CD133 is a surface marker of liver cancer stem cells. Transmembrane 4 L six family member 5 (TM4SF5) promotes sphere growth and circulation. However, it is unknown how CD133 and TM4SF5 cross-talk with each other for cancer stem cell properties. Here, we investigated the significance of inter-relationships between CD133, TM4SF5, CD44, and protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type F (PTPRF) in a three-dimensional (3D) sphere growth system. We found that CD133 upregulated TM4SF5 and CD44, whereas TM4SF5 and CD44 did not affect CD133 expression. Signaling activity following CD133 phosphorylation caused TM4SF5 expression and sphere growth. TM4SF5 bound to CD133 and promoted c-Src activity for CD133 phosphorylation as a positive feedback loop, leading to CD133-mediated sphere growth that was inhibited by TM4SF5 inhibition or suppression. TM4SF5 also bound PTPRF and promoted paxillin phosphorylation. Decreased sphere growth upon CD133 suppression was recovered by TM4SF5 expression and partially by PTPRF suppression. TM4SF5 inhibition enhanced PTPRF levels and abolished PTPRF suppression-mediated sphere growth. Altogether, CD133-induced TM4SF5 expression and function were important for liver cancer sphere growth and may be a promising target to block metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somi Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Yun Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Doohyung Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Geun Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Systems Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Woo Jung
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dasomi Park
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Haesong Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Um
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsoo Park
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjeong Choi
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoomin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Hee Nam
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Weon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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