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Bajoria S, Antunez LR, Kumru OS, Klempner M, Wang Y, Cavacini LA, Joshi SB, Volkin DB. Formulation Studies to Develop Low-Cost, Orally-Delivered Secretory IgA Monoclonal Antibodies for Passive Immunization Against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1832-1844. [PMID: 37040833 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a common cause for diarrheal infections in children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). To date, no ETEC vaccine candidates have been approved. Passive immunization with low-cost, oral formulations of secretory IgA (sIgA) against ETEC is an alternative approach to protect high-risk populations in LMICs. Using a model sIgA monoclonal antibody (anti-LT sIgA2-mAb), the stability profiles of different formulations were assessed during storage and in in vitro digestion models (mimicking in vivo oral delivery). First, by employing various physicochemical techniques and a LT-antigen binding assay, three formulations with varying acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) were evaluated to stabilize sIgA2-mAb during stress studies (freeze-thaw, agitation, elevated temperature) and during exposure to gastric phase digestion. Next, a low-volume, in vitro intestinal digestion model was developed to screen various additives to stabilize sIgA2-mAb in the intestinal phase. Finally, combinations of high ANC buffers and decoy proteins were assessed to collectively protect sIgA2-mAb during in vitro sequential (stomach to intestine) digestion. Based on the results, we demonstrate the feasibility of low-cost, 'single-vial', liquid formulations of sIgA-mAbs delivered orally after infant feeding for passive immunization, and we suggest future work based on a combination of in vitro and in vivo stability considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Bajoria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center (VAFC), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Lorena R Antunez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center (VAFC), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Ozan S Kumru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center (VAFC), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Mark Klempner
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Boston, MA 02126, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Boston, MA 02126, USA
| | - Lisa A Cavacini
- MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Boston, MA 02126, USA
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center (VAFC), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center (VAFC), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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2
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Richards A, Baranova D, Mantis NJ. The prospect of orally administered monoclonal secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies to prevent enteric bacterial infections. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:1964317. [PMID: 34491878 PMCID: PMC9103515 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1964317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eliminating diarrheal diseases as a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) will require multiple intervention strategies. In this review, we spotlight a series of preclinical studies investigating the potential of orally administered monoclonal secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies (MAbs) to reduce disease associated with three enteric bacterial pathogens: Campylobacter jejuni, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), and invasive Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. IgA MAbs targeting bacterial surface antigens (flagella, adhesins, and lipopolysaccharide) were generated from mice, humanized mice, and human tonsillar B cells. Recombinant SIgA1 and/or SIgA2 derivates of those MAbs were purified from supernatants following transient transfection of 293 cells with plasmids encoding antibody heavy and light chains, J-chain, and secretory component (SC). When administered to mice by gavage immediately prior to (or admixed with) the bacterial challenge, SIgA MAbs reduced infection C. jejuni, ETEC, and S. Typhimurium infections. Fv-matched IgG1 MAbs by comparison were largely ineffective against C. jejuni and S. Typhimurium under the same conditions, although they were partially effective against ETEC. While these findings highlight future applications of orally administered SIgA, the studies also underscored the fundamental challenges associated with using MAbs as prophylactic tools against enteric bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelene Richards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Danielle Baranova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Mantis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School, Albany, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
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3
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Sit B, Fakoya B, Waldor MK. Animal models for dissecting Vibrio cholerae intestinal pathogenesis and immunity. Curr Opin Microbiol 2022; 65:1-7. [PMID: 34695646 PMCID: PMC8792189 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The human diarrheal disease cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Efforts to develop animal models that closely mimic cholera to study the pathogenesis of this disease began >125 years ago. Here, we review currently used non-surgical, oral inoculation-based animal models for investigation of V. cholerae intestinal colonization and disease and highlight recent discoveries that have illuminated mechanisms of cholera pathogenesis and immunity, particularly in the area of how V. cholerae interacts with the gut microbiome to influence infection. The emergence of high-throughput tools for studies of pathogen-host interactions, along with continued advances in host genetic engineering and manipulation in animal models of V. cholerae will deepen understanding of cholera pathogenesis, uncovering knowledge important for control of this globally important bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Sit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bolutife Fakoya
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew K. Waldor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Massachusetts, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,corresponding author: , Phone: 6175254646, Address: MCP-759, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, USA 02115
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Richards AF, Torres-Velez FJ, Mantis NJ. Salmonella Uptake into Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissues: Implications for Targeted Mucosal Vaccine Design and Delivery. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2410:305-324. [PMID: 34914054 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1884-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Peyer's patches are organized gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) in the small intestine and the primary route by which particulate antigens, including viruses and bacteria, are sampled by the mucosal immune system. Antigen sampling occurs through M cells, a specialized epithelial cell type located in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) that overlie Peyer's patch lymphoid follicles. While Peyer's patches play an integral role in intestinal homeostasis, they are also a gateway by which enteric pathogens, like Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm), cross the intestinal barrier. Once pathogens like STm gain access to the underlying network of mucosal dendritic cells and macrophages they can spread systemically. Thus, Peyer's patches are at the crossroads of mucosal immunity and intestinal pathogenesis. In this chapter, we provide detailed methods to assess STm entry into mouse Peyer's patch tissues. We describe Peyer's patch collection methods and provide strategies to enumerate bacterial uptake. We also detail a method for quantifying bacterial shedding from infected animals and provide an immunohistochemistry protocol for the localization of STm along the gastrointestinal tract and insight into pathogen transit in the presence of protective antibodies. While the protocols are written for STm, they are easily tailored to other enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelene F Richards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Fernando J Torres-Velez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas J Mantis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY, USA. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.
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Macbeth JC, Liu R, Alavi S, Hsiao A. A dysbiotic gut microbiome suppresses antibody mediated-protection against Vibrio cholerae. iScience 2021; 24:103443. [PMID: 34877500 PMCID: PMC8633975 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera is a severe diarrheal disease that places a significant burden on global health. Cholera's high morbidity demands effective prophylactic strategies, but oral cholera vaccines exhibit variable efficacy in human populations. One contributor of variance in human populations is the gut microbiome, which in cholera-endemic areas is modulated by malnutrition, cholera, and non-cholera diarrhea. We conducted fecal transplants from healthy human donors and model communities of either human gut microbes that resemble healthy individuals or those of individuals recovering from diarrhea in various mouse models. We show microbiome-specific effects on host antibody responses against Vibrio cholerae, and that dysbiotic human gut microbiomes representative of cholera-endemic areas suppress the immune response against V. cholerae via CD4+ lymphocytes. Our findings suggest that gut microbiome composition at time of infection or vaccination may be pivotal for providing robust mucosal immunity, and suggest a target for improved prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Macbeth
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.,Graduate Program in Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Salma Alavi
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Ansel Hsiao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Richards A, Baranova DE, Pizzuto MS, Jaconi S, Willsey GG, Torres-Velez FJ, Doering JE, Benigni F, Corti D, Mantis NJ. Recombinant Human Secretory IgA Induces Salmonella Typhimurium Agglutination and Limits Bacterial Invasion into Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissues. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1221-1235. [PMID: 33728898 PMCID: PMC8154420 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As the predominant antibody type in mucosal secretions, human colostrum, and breast milk, secretory IgA (SIgA) plays a central role in safeguarding the intestinal epithelium of newborns from invasive enteric pathogens like the Gram-negative bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm). SIgA is a complex molecule, consisting of an assemblage of two or more IgA monomers, joining (J)-chain, and secretory component (SC), whose exact functions in neutralizing pathogens are only beginning to be elucidated. In this study, we produced and characterized a recombinant human SIgA variant of Sal4, a well-characterized monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for the O5-antigen of STm lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We demonstrate by flow cytometry, light microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy that Sal4 SIgA promotes the formation of large, densely packed bacterial aggregates in vitro. In a mouse model, passive oral administration of Sal4 SIgA was sufficient to entrap STm within the intestinal lumen and reduce bacterial invasion into gut-associated lymphoid tissues by several orders of magnitude. Bacterial aggregates induced by Sal4 SIgA treatment in the intestinal lumen were recalcitrant to immunohistochemical staining, suggesting the bacteria were encased in a protective capsule. Indeed, a crystal violet staining assay demonstrated that STm secretes an extracellular matrix enriched in cellulose following even short exposures to Sal4 SIgA. Collectively, these results demonstrate that recombinant human SIgA recapitulates key biological activities associated with mucosal immunity and raises the prospect of oral passive immunization to combat enteric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelene
F. Richards
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany
School of Public Health, Albany, New York 12208, United States
- Division
of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center,
New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12208, United States
| | - Danielle E. Baranova
- Division
of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center,
New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12208, United States
| | - Matteo S. Pizzuto
- Humabs
BioMed SA a Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology Inc., 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Jaconi
- Humabs
BioMed SA a Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology Inc., 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Graham G. Willsey
- Division
of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center,
New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12208, United States
| | - Fernando J. Torres-Velez
- Division
of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center,
New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12208, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Doering
- Division
of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center,
New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12208, United States
| | - Fabio Benigni
- Humabs
BioMed SA a Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology Inc., 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs
BioMed SA a Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology Inc., 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas J. Mantis
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany
School of Public Health, Albany, New York 12208, United States
- Division
of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center,
New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12208, United States
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7
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Baranova DE, Willsey GG, Levinson KJ, Smith C, Wade J, Mantis NJ. Transcriptional profiling of Vibrio cholerae O1 following exposure to human anti- lipopolysaccharide monoclonal antibodies. Pathog Dis 2020; 78:ftaa029. [PMID: 32589220 PMCID: PMC7371154 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Following an episode of cholera, a rapidly dehydrating, watery diarrhea caused by the Gram-negative bacterium, Vibrio cholerae O1, humans mount a robust anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antibody response that is associated with immunity to subsequent re-infection. In neonatal mouse and rabbit models of cholera, passively administered anti-LPS polyclonal and monoclonal (MAb) antibodies reduce V. cholerae colonization of the intestinal epithelia by inhibiting bacterial motility and promoting vibrio agglutination. Here we demonstrate that human anti-LPS IgG MAbs also arrest V. cholerae motility and induce bacterial paralysis. A subset of those MAbs also triggered V. cholerae to secrete an extracellular matrix (ECM). To identify changes in gene expression that accompany antibody exposure and that may account for motility arrest and ECM production, we subjected V. cholerae O1 El Tor to RNA-seq analysis after treatment with ZAC-3 IgG, a high affinity MAb directed against the core/lipid A region of LPS. We identified > 160 genes whose expression was altered following ZAC-3 IgG treatment, although canonical outer membrane stress regulons were not among them. ompS (VCA1028), a porin associated with virulence and indirectly regulated by ToxT, and norR (VCA0182), a σ54-dependent transcription factor involved in late stages of infection, were two upregulated genes worth noting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Baranova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany NY 12222
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, NYS Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany NY 12208
| | - Graham G Willsey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, NYS Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany NY 12208
| | - Kara J Levinson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany NY 12222
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, NYS Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany NY 12208
| | - Carol Smith
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Wadsworth Center, NYS Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany NY 12208
| | - Joseph Wade
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany NY 12222
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Wadsworth Center, NYS Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany NY 12208
| | - Nicholas J Mantis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany NY 12222
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, NYS Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany NY 12208
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