Synthesis, Structural, and Cytotoxic Properties of New Water-Soluble Copper(II) Complexes based on 2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-Phenanthroline and Their One Derivative Containing 1,3,5-Triaza-7-Phosphaadamantane-7-Oxide

A series of water-soluble copper(II) complexes based on 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dmphen) and mixed-ligands, containing PTA=O (1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane-7-oxide) have been synthesized and fully characterized. Two types of complexes have been obtained, monocationic [Cu(NO₃)(O-PTA=O)(dmphen)][PF₆] (1), [Cu(Cl)(dmphen)₂][PF₆] (2), and neutral [Cu(NO₃)₂(dmphen)] (3). The solid-state structures of all complexes have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Magnetic studies for the complex 1–3 indicated a very weak antiferromagnetic interaction between copper(II) ions in crystal lattice. Complexes were successfully evaluated for their cytotoxic activities on the normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cell line and the antitumor activity using the human lung carcinoma (A549), epithelioid cervix carcinoma (HeLa), colon (LoVo), and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell lines. Complexes 1 and 3 revealed lower toxicity to NHDF than A549 and HeLa cells, meanwhile compound 2 appeared to be more toxic to NHDF cell line in comparison to all cancer lines. Additionally, interactions between the complexes and human apo-transferrin (apo-Tf) using fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy were also investigated. All compounds interacted with apo-transferrin, causing same changes of the protein conformation. Electrostatic interactions dominate in the 1/2 – apo- Tf systems and hydrophobic and ionic interactions in the case of 3.

INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF COBALT(II)–MORIN COMPLEX AGAINST THE REPLICATION OF DENGUE VIRUS TYPE 2

Dengue virus (DENV) is a significant pathogen emerging worldwide as a cause of infectious disease. Antidengue treatments are urgently required to control the emergence of dengue. DENV is a mosquito-borne disease responsible for acute systemic diseases and serious health conditions. DENVs were distributed in the tropical and sub-tropical areas and transmitted to humans by Aedes agypty and Aedes albopictus. Dengue vaccine or antiviral has not yet been clinically approved for humans, even though there have been great efforts toward this end. Antiviral activity against DENV is an important alternative for the characterization and development of drugs. Metal–organic compounds were reported to exhibit fungicidal, bactericidal, and antiviral activities its inhibitory activity was not significant, at high concentration it was more toxic to replicating cells than to stationary cell monolayers of Vero cells. The aim of this study is to investigate the antiviral effects of Cobalt(II)–Morin complex. This compound was further investigated for its inhibitory effect on the replication of DENV-2 in Vero cells. The replication of DENV was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the value of selectivity index (SI). SI was determined as the ratio of the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) to the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50). The IC50 value of the Cobalt(II)–Morin complex for DENV-2 was 3.08 µg/ml, and the CC50 value of the complex for Vero cells was 3.36 µg/ml; thus, the SI value was 1.09. The results of this study demonstrate the antidengue serotype 2 inhibitory activity of Cobalt(II)–Morin complex and its high toxicity in Vero cells. Further studies are not required before Co(II)–Morin can be applied in the treatment of DENV-2 infections.

ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF COPPER(II)CHLORIDE DIHYDRATE AGAINST DENGUE VIRUS TYPE-2 IN VERO CELL

Infection of dengue virus (DENV) was number of globally significant emerging pathogen. Antiviral dengue therapies ar importantly needed to control emerging dengue. Dengue virus (DENV) is mosquito-borne arboviruses responsible for causing acute systemic diseases and grievous health conditions in humans. To date, there is no clinically approved dengue vaccine or antiviral for humans, even though there have been great efforts towards this end. Copper and copper compounds have more effective in inactivation viruses, likes an influenza virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Purpose in this project was investigated of Copper(II)chloride Dihydrate antiviral compound were further tested for inhibitory effect on the replication of DENV-2 in cell culture. DENV replication was measures by Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) with selectivity index value (SI) was determined as the ratio of cytotoxic concentration 50 (CC50) to inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) for compound. The maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Copper(II)chloride Dihydrate against dengue virus type-2 was 0.13 μg/ml. The cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of compound against Vero cell was 5.03 μg/ml. The SI values for Copper(II)chloride Dihydrate 38.69. Result of this study suggest that Copper(II)chloride Dihydrate demonstated significant anti-DENV-2 inhibitory activities and not toxic in the Vero cells. Copper mechanisms play an important role in the prevention of copper toxicity, exposure to excessive levels of copper can result in a number of adverse health effects, as a result increased reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage to lipid, DNA, and proteins have been observed in human cell culture models or clinical syndromes of severe copper deficiency and inhibition was attributed to released cupric ions which react with cysteine residues on the surface of the protease.