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Wagner H, Heller M, Fawzy A, Schnee C, Nesseler A, Kaim U, Ewers C, Semmler T, Spergser J, Schultze T, Eisenberg T. Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri, an uncommon mastitis and respiratory pathogen isolated in a German flock of goats. Vet Microbiol 2024; 290:109996. [PMID: 38295490 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.109996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Mycoplasma mycoides ssp. capri (Mmc) is one of the etiological microorganisms of contagious agalactia, which is among the diseases causing the highest economical losses in small ruminants. We report a disease outbreak in a German flock that led to significant suffering of goats characterized by mastitis, arthritis, pleuropneumonia and sudden deaths. Mmc was persistently isolated from many animals both from milk, and from a number of different swab and tissue samples. A number of closely related Mycoplasma spp. have to be taken into consideration to rule out important animal epizootics listed by European Animal Health Law and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). Some goats developed cross-reacting antibodies against Mycoplasma mycoides ssp. mycoides. Although Mmc is believed to be an uncommon microorganism in Germany, this study highlights that veterinarians should consider this pathogen in their work during herd health monitoring in Central Europe. Although eradication was not fully achieved, autogenous vaccination significantly seemed to improve animal health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Wagner
- Veterinary Clinic for Reproductive Medicine and Neonatology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Martin Heller
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis (IMP), Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Ahmad Fawzy
- Cairo University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cairo, Egypt; Hessian State Laboratory (LHL), Schubertstr. 60, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Christiane Schnee
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis (IMP), Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Anne Nesseler
- Hessian State Laboratory (LHL), Schubertstr. 60, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Ute Kaim
- Hessian State Laboratory (LHL), Schubertstr. 60, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Christa Ewers
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Torsten Semmler
- NG1 Microbial Genomics, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Tilman Schultze
- Hessian State Laboratory (LHL), Schubertstr. 60, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Hessian State Laboratory (LHL), Schubertstr. 60, Giessen 35392, Germany; Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany.
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Barbosa MS, Sampaio BA, Spergser J, Rosengarten R, Marques LM, Chopra-Dewasthaly R. Mycoplasma agalactiae Vaccines: Current Status, Hurdles, and Opportunities Due to Advances in Pathogenicity Studies. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:156. [PMID: 38400139 PMCID: PMC10892753 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Contagious agalactia (CA) is a serious multietiological disease whose classic etiological agent is Mycoplasma agalactiae and which causes high morbidity and mortality rates in infected herds. CA is classified as a notifiable disease by the World Organization for Animal Health due to its significant worldwide economic impact on livestock, primarily involving goat and sheep farms. The emergence of atypical symptoms and strains of M. agalactiae in wildlife ungulates reestablishes its highly plastic genome and is also of great epidemiological significance. Antimicrobial therapy is the main form of control, although several factors, such as intrinsic antibiotic resistance and the selection of resistant strains, must be considered. Available vaccines are few and mostly inefficient. The virulence and pathogenicity mechanisms of M. agalactiae mainly rely on surface molecules that have direct contact with the host. Because of this, they are essential for the development of vaccines. This review highlights the currently available vaccines and their limitations and the development of new vaccine possibilities, especially considering the challenge of antigenic variation and dynamic genome in this microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysa Santos Barbosa
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitoria da Conquista 45029-094, Brazil; (M.S.B.)
| | | | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Renate Rosengarten
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Lucas Miranda Marques
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitoria da Conquista 45029-094, Brazil; (M.S.B.)
- Department of Microbiology, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Rohini Chopra-Dewasthaly
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Wien, Austria
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Vaccines for Mycoplasma Diseases of Small Ruminants: A Neglected Area of Research. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11010075. [PMID: 35056023 PMCID: PMC8781016 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas cause some of the most economically important diseases of sheep and goats, including diseases listed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) such as contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) and contagious agalactia (CA). Other important mycoplasma diseases include chronic respiratory and arthritic syndrome (CRAS) and atypical pneumonia, both present on all continents where small ruminants are farmed. Unfortunately, owing to a lack of investment, most commercial vaccines for these diseases are of poor quality, being mostly composed of killed bacteriocins of dubious or unknown efficacy. Several Mediterranean laboratories produce autogenous vaccines, but these can only be used on farms where outbreaks have been officially declared, and consequently have limited impact on disease nationally. Effective live vaccines are available, but their use is often restricted because of safety concerns. With the necessary safeguards in place, we argue for their greater use. This review examines reported vaccines for mycoplasma diseases of small ruminants and attempts to identify new candidate antigens that may enable the development of improved products. Vaccines for CCPP are covered elsewhere.
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Migliore S, Puleio R, Nicholas RAJ, Loria GR. Mycoplasma agalactiae: The Sole Cause of Classical Contagious Agalactia? Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061782. [PMID: 34203625 PMCID: PMC8232315 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary For over thirty years, contagious agalactia has been recognized as a mycoplasma disease affecting small ruminants caused by four different pathogens: Mycoplasma agalactiae, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri, Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum and Mycoplasma putrefaciens which were previously thought to produce clinically similar diseases. Today, with major advances in diagnosis enabling the rapid identification by molecular methods of causative mycoplasmas from infected flocks, it is time to revisit this issue. In this paper, we discuss and argue the reasons to support Mycoplasma agalactiae infection as the sole cause of contagious agalactia. Abstract Contagious agalactia (CA) is suspected when small ruminants show all or several of the following clinical signs: mastitis, arthritis, keratoconjunctivitis and occasionally abortion. It is confirmed following mycoplasma isolation or detection. The historical and major cause is Mycoplasma agalactiae which was first isolated from sheep in 1923. Over the last thirty years, three other mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri, Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum and Mycoplasma putrefaciens) have been added to the etiology of CA because they can occasionally cause clinically similar outcomes though nearly always in goats. However, only M. agalactiae is subject to animal disease regulations nationally and internationally. Consequently, it makes little sense to list mycoplasmas other than M. agalactiae as causes of the OIE-listed CA when they are not officially reported by the veterinary authorities and unlikely to be so in the future. Indeed, encouraging countries just to report M. agalactiae may bring about a better understanding of the importance of CA. In conclusion, we recommend that CA should only be diagnosed and confirmed when M. agalactiae is detected either by isolation or molecular methods, and that the other three mycoplasmas be removed from the OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines in Terrestrial Animals and associated sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Migliore
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Sicily, Italy; (S.M.); (G.R.L.)
| | - Roberto Puleio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Sicily, Italy; (S.M.); (G.R.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Guido R. Loria
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Sicily, Italy; (S.M.); (G.R.L.)
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the most important cause of clinical mastitis in goats, and non-aureus staphylococci is the most common isolate from subclinical mastitis. Environmental streptococci are a severe problem. Somatic cell counts and California mastitis test are a screening test for mastitis and an indicator of poor udder health, but values should be interpreted differently than with dairy cattle. Somatic cell scores likely are a more useful way of viewing data. High bacterial counts in milk are common; mastitis may be involved as a cause. Proper udder preparation, milking procedure, and postmilking management are key factors in mastitis control.
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Loria GR, Ruocco L, Ciaccio G, Iovino F, Nicholas RAJ, Borrello S. The Implications of EU Regulation 2016/429 on Neglected Diseases of Small Ruminants including Contagious Agalactia with Particular Reference to Italy. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E900. [PMID: 32455858 PMCID: PMC7278377 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
After almost 40 years, the 27 member states (MS) of the European Union (EU) will comply with the European Law 429/2016 in 2021 by completing a process of unification and harmonization of all regulations related to animal health between MS. These new provisions are based on modern scientific principles on animal health, on long-term epidemiological data, and, above all, on the most current risk assessment and analysis. The paper describes all changes and updates, which will impact the Italian current National regulation. A total of 58 animal diseases have been included in the Annex II ("Listing") and Annex IV ("Categorization") of the new Delegated Act (DA 2018/1629). Five diseases comprising the great viral epizooties were automatically included on the list because of their primary importance. These diseases include foot and mouth disease (FMD), African swine fever (ASF), classical swine fever (CSF), highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), and African horse sickness (AHS). Another 53 diseases have been identified by the ad hoc assessment on listing and categorization of animal diseases developed by the European Food Safety Association. Seventeen communicable diseases of the Order Artiodactlya (sheep, goats, deer, etc.) have been listed including foot and mouth disease, sheep and goat pox, and pestes de petits ruminants. In addition, other endemic diseases affecting more than one species include blue tongue, tuberculosis, brucellosis, and anthrax. There are five categories (A-E) based on the degree of action to be undertaken throughout the EU for each disease. These vary from complete eradication for diseases not normally found in the EU like FMD (category A) for establishing surveillance for diseases like West Nile that present high risk but lack control tools (category E).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Ruggero Loria
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.R.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Luigi Ruocco
- Direzione Generale della Sanità Animale e dei Farmaci Veterinari-Ministero della Salute Viale Giorgio Ribotta, 5-00144 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (S.B.)
| | - Gabriele Ciaccio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.R.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Francesco Iovino
- Ministero della Salute, Ufficio Veterinario Adempimenti Comunitari UVAC, Via Cavour 106, 90133 Palermo, Italy;
| | | | - Silvio Borrello
- Direzione Generale della Sanità Animale e dei Farmaci Veterinari-Ministero della Salute Viale Giorgio Ribotta, 5-00144 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (S.B.)
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