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Zafar H, Zhang J, Raza F, Pan X, Hu Z, Feng H, Shen Q. Biomimetic gold nanocages incorporating copper-human serum albumin for tumor immunotherapy via cuproptosis-lactate regulation. J Control Release 2024; 372:446-466. [PMID: 38917953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy remains a significant challenge due to insufficient proliferation of immune cells and the sturdy immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Herein, we proposed the hypothesis of cuproptosis-lactate regulation to provoke cuproptosis and enhance anti-tumor immunity. For this purpose, copper-human serum albumin nanocomplex loaded gold nanocages with bacterial membrane coating (BAu-CuNCs) were developed. The targeted delivery and disassembly of BAu-CuNCs in tumor cells initiated a cascade of reactions. Under near infrared (NIR) laser irradiation, the release of copper-human serum albumin (Cu-HSA) was enhanced that reacted with intratumoral glutathione (GSH) via a disulfide exchange reaction to liberate Cu2+ ions and exert cuproptosis. Subsequently, the cuproptosis effect triggered immunogenic cell death (ICD) in tumor by the release of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to realize anti-tumor immunity via robust production of cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) and helper T cells (CD4+). Meanwhile, under NIR irradiation, gold nanocages (AuNCs) promoted excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation that played a primary role in inhibiting glycolysis, reducing the lactate and ATP level. The combine action of lower lactate level, ATP reduction and GSH depletion further sensitized the tumor cells to cuproptosis. Also, the lower lactate production led to the significant blockage of immunosuppressive T regulatory cells (Tregs) and boosted the anti-tumor immunity. Additionally, the effective inhibition of breast cancer metastasis to the lungs enhanced the anti-tumor therapeutic impact of BAu-CuNCs + NIR treatment. Hence, BAu-CuNCs + NIR concurrently induced cuproptosis, ICD and hindered lactate production, leading to the inhibition of tumor growth, remodeling of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and suppression of lung metastasis. Therefore, leveraging cuproptosis-lactate regulation, this approach presents a novel strategy for enhanced tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajra Zafar
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Faisal Raza
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiuhua Pan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zongwei Hu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hanxiao Feng
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qi Shen
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China..
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2
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Cong Z, Li Y, Xie L, Chen Q, Tang M, Thongpon P, Jiao Y, Wu S. Engineered Microrobots for Targeted Delivery of Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMV) in Thrombus Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2400847. [PMID: 38801399 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In the realm of thrombosis treatment, bioengineered outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) offer a novel and promising approach, as they have rich content of bacterial-derived components. This study centers on OMVs derived from Escherichia coli BL21 cells, innovatively engineered to encapsulate the staphylokinase-hirudin fusion protein (SFH). SFH synergizes the properties of staphylokinase (SAK) and hirudin (HV) to enhance thrombolytic efficiency while reducing the risks associated with re-embolization and bleeding. Building on this foundation, this study introduces two cutting-edge microrobotic platforms: SFH-OMV@H for venous thromboembolism (VTE) treatment, and SFH-OMV@MΦ, designed specifically for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) therapy. These platforms have demonstrated significant efficacy in dissolving thrombi, with SFH-OMV@H showcasing precise vascular navigation and SFH-OMV@MΦ effectively targeting cerebral thrombi. The study shows that the integration of these bioengineered OMVs and microrobotic systems marks a significant advancement in thrombosis treatment, underlining their potential to revolutionize personalized medical approaches to complex health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Cong
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
- South China Hospital, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518116, P. R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, 95817, USA
| | - Yangyang Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
| | - Leiming Xie
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
| | - Qiwei Chen
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
| | - Menghuan Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, 95817, USA
| | - Phonpilas Thongpon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, 95817, USA
| | - Yanxiao Jiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, 95817, USA
| | - Song Wu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
- South China Hospital, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518116, P. R. China
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3
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Shi G, Yang X, Wang J, Wei W, Hu K, Huang X, Qiu Y, He Y. Isolation of Extracellular Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) from Escherichia coli Using EVscore47 Beads. Molecules 2024; 29:1831. [PMID: 38675651 PMCID: PMC11054804 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are attractive for biomedical applications based on their intrinsic properties in relation to bacteria and vesicles. However, their widespread use is hampered by low yields and purities. In this study, EVscore47 multifunctional chromatography microspheres were synthesized and used to efficiently isolate functional OMVs from Escherichia coli. Through this technology, OMV loss can be kept to a minimum, and OMVs can be harvested using EVscore47 at 11-fold higher yields and ~13-fold higher purity than those achieved by means of ultracentrifugation. Based on the results presented here, we propose a novel EVscore47-based isolation of OMVs that is fast and scalable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongming Shi
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Shapingba, Chongqing 401331, China;
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266 Fangzheng Ave, Beibei, Chongqing 400714, China; (X.Y.); (W.W.); (K.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Jikai Wang
- Nanjing Aidimai Technology Co., Ltd., 18 Zhilan Road, Jiangning, Nanjing 211100, China;
| | - Wenjing Wei
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266 Fangzheng Ave, Beibei, Chongqing 400714, China; (X.Y.); (W.W.); (K.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Kecui Hu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266 Fangzheng Ave, Beibei, Chongqing 400714, China; (X.Y.); (W.W.); (K.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Xingyue Huang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266 Fangzheng Ave, Beibei, Chongqing 400714, China; (X.Y.); (W.W.); (K.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yanfei Qiu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266 Fangzheng Ave, Beibei, Chongqing 400714, China; (X.Y.); (W.W.); (K.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yun He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Shapingba, Chongqing 401331, China;
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4
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Xu L, Cao Y, Xu Y, Li R, Xu X. Redox-Responsive Polymeric Nanoparticle for Nucleic Acid Delivery and Cancer Therapy: Progress, Opportunities, and Challenges. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2300238. [PMID: 37573033 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer development and progression of cancer are closely associated with the activation of oncogenes and loss of tumor suppressor genes. Nucleic acid drugs (e.g., siRNA, mRNA, and DNA) are widely used for cancer therapy due to their specific ability to regulate the expression of any cancer-associated genes. However, nucleic acid drugs are negatively charged biomacromolecules that are susceptible to serum nucleases and cannot cross cell membrane. Therefore, specific delivery tools are required to facilitate the intracellular delivery of nucleic acid drugs. In the past few decades, a variety of nanoparticles (NPs) are designed and developed for nucleic acid delivery and cancer therapy. In particular, the polymeric NPs in response to the abnormal redox status in cancer cells have garnered much more attention as their potential in redox-triggered nanostructure dissociation and rapid intracellular release of nucleic acid drugs. In this review, the important genes or signaling pathways regulating the abnormal redox status in cancer cells are briefly introduced and the recent development of redox-responsive NPs for nucleic acid delivery and cancer therapy is systemically summarized. The future development of NPs-mediated nucleic acid delivery and their challenges in clinical translation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Nanomaterials, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, 528200, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Nanomaterials, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, 528200, P. R. China
| | - Ya Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Nanomaterials, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, 528200, P. R. China
| | - Rong Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoding Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Nanomaterials, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, 528200, P. R. China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, P. R. China
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5
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Gurunathan S, Thangaraj P, Wang L, Cao Q, Kim JH. Nanovaccines: An effective therapeutic approach for cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115992. [PMID: 38070247 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines hold considerable promise for the immunotherapy of solid tumors. Nanomedicine offers several strategies for enhancing vaccine effectiveness. In particular, molecular or (sub) cellular vaccines can be delivered to the target lymphoid tissues and cells by nanocarriers and nanoplatforms to increase the potency and durability of antitumor immunity and minimize negative side effects. Nanovaccines use nanoparticles (NPs) as carriers and/or adjuvants, offering the advantages of optimal nanoscale size, high stability, ample antigen loading, high immunogenicity, tunable antigen presentation, increased retention in lymph nodes, and immunity promotion. To induce antitumor immunity, cancer vaccines rely on tumor antigens, which are administered in the form of entire cells, peptides, nucleic acids, extracellular vesicles (EVs), or cell membrane-encapsulated NPs. Ideal cancer vaccines stimulate both humoral and cellular immunity while overcoming tumor-induced immune suppression. Herein, we review the key properties of nanovaccines for cancer immunotherapy and highlight the recent advances in their development based on the structure and composition of various (including synthetic and semi (biogenic) nanocarriers. Moreover, we discuss tumor cell-derived vaccines (including those based on whole-tumor-cell components, EVs, cell membrane-encapsulated NPs, and hybrid membrane-coated NPs), nanovaccine action mechanisms, and the challenges of immunocancer therapy and their translation to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Biotechnology, Rathinam College of Arts and Science, Eachanari, Coimbatore 641 021, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Pratheep Thangaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Rathinam College of Arts and Science, Eachanari, Coimbatore 641 021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lin Wang
- Research and Development Department, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Qilong Cao
- Research and Development Department, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Pérez Jorge G, Gontijo MTP, Brocchi M. Salmonella enterica and outer membrane vesicles are current and future options for cancer treatment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1293351. [PMID: 38116133 PMCID: PMC10728604 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1293351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional cancer therapies have many limitations. In the last decade, it has been suggested that bacteria-mediated immunotherapy may circumvent the restrictions of traditional treatments. For example, Salmonella enterica is the most promising bacteria for treating cancer due to its intrinsic abilities, such as killing tumor cells, targeting, penetrating, and proliferating into the tumor. S. enterica has been genetically modified to ensure safety and increase its intrinsic antitumor efficacy. This bacterium has been used as a vector for delivering anticancer agents and as a combination therapy with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or photothermic. Recent studies have reported the antitumor efficacy of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) derived from S. enterica. OMVs are considered safer than attenuated bacteria and can stimulate the immune system as they comprise most of the immunogens found on the surface of their parent bacteria. Furthermore, OMVs can also be used as nanocarriers for antitumor agents. This review describes the advances in S. enterica as immunotherapy against cancer and the mechanisms by which Salmonella fights cancer. We also highlight the use of OMVs as immunotherapy and nanocarriers of anticancer agents. OMVs derived from S. enterica are innovative and promising strategies requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genesy Pérez Jorge
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Laboratório de Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Biologia, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio Pardini Gontijo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Marcelo Brocchi
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Laboratório de Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Biologia, Campinas, Brazil
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7
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Shi E, Shan T, Wang H, Mao L, Liang Y, Cao M, Wu Q, Li C, Wang Y, Wang Y. A Bacterial Nanomedicine Combines Photodynamic-Immunotherapy and Chemotherapy for Enhanced Treatment of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2304014. [PMID: 37653616 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial therapy is an emerging hotspot in tumor immunotherapy, which can initiate antitumor immune activation through multiple mechanisms. Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), a pathogenic bacterium inhabiting the oral cavity, contains a great deal of pathogen associated molecular patterns that can activate various innate immune cells to promote antitumor immunity. Owing to the presence of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), Pg is also an excellent photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT) via the in situ generation of reactive oxygen species. This study reports a bacterial nanomedicine (nmPg) fabricated from Pg through lysozyme degradation, ammonium chloride lysis, and nanoextrusion, which has potent PDT and immune activation performances for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) treatment. To further promote the tumoricidal efficacy, a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX) is efficiently encapsulated into nmPg through a simple incubation method. nmPg/DOX thus prepared exhibits significant synergistic effects on inhibiting the growth and metastasis of OSCC both in vitro and in vivo via photodynamic-immunotherapy and chemotherapy. In summary, this work develops a promising bacterial nanomedicine for enhanced treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyu Shi
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Tianhe Shan
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Hanping Wang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Lujia Mao
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yanjie Liang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Mingxin Cao
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Qiqi Wu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Changyi Li
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yue Wang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yinsong Wang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
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8
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Chen M, Shen Y, Pu Y, Zhou B, Bing J, Ge M, Zhu Y, Gao S, Wu W, Zhou M, Shi J. Biomimetic inducer enabled dual ferroptosis of tumor and M2-type macrophages for enhanced tumor immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2023; 303:122386. [PMID: 37977008 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are abundant in the tumor microenvironment which promotes the formation of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITME) through multiple mechanisms, severely counteracting the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy. In this study, a novel biomimetic ferroptosis inducer (D@FMN-M) capable of ITME regulation for enhanced cancer ferroptosis immunotherapy is reported. Upon tumor accumulation of D@FMN-M, the intratumoral mild acidity triggers the biodegradation of Fe-enriched nanocarriers and the concurrent co-releases of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and Fe3+. The released Fe3+ is reduced to Fe2+ by consuming intratumoral glutathione (GSH), which promotes abundant free radical generation via triggering Fenton and Fe2+-DHA reactions, thus inducing ferroptosis of both cancer cells and M2-type TAMs. Resultantly, the anticancer immune response is strongly activated by the massive tumor-associated antigens released by ferroptositic cancer cells. Also importantly, the ferroptosis-sensitive M2-type TAMs will be either damaged or gradually domesticated to ferroptosis-resistant M1 TAMs under the ferroptosis stress, favoring the normalization of ITME and finally amplifying cancer ferroptosis immunotherapeutic efficacy. This work provides a novel strategy for ferroptosis immunotherapy of solid tumors featuring TAMs infiltration and immunosuppression by inducing dual ferroptosis of tumor cells and M2-type TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqi Chen
- Endoscopy Center, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, PR China
| | - Yucui Shen
- Endoscopy Center, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, PR China
| | - Yinying Pu
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Bangguo Zhou
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Ultrasound Research and Education Institute, Tongji University Cancer Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, PR China
| | - Jinhong Bing
- Nanocatalytic Medicine in Specific Therapy for Serious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2021RU012), Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
| | - Min Ge
- Nanocatalytic Medicine in Specific Therapy for Serious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2021RU012), Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
| | - Yaxuan Zhu
- Nanocatalytic Medicine in Specific Therapy for Serious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2021RU012), Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Endoscopy Center, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, PR China
| | - Wencheng Wu
- Nanocatalytic Medicine in Specific Therapy for Serious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2021RU012), Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China.
| | - Min Zhou
- Endoscopy Center, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, PR China.
| | - Jianlin Shi
- Nanocatalytic Medicine in Specific Therapy for Serious Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2021RU012), Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China.
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9
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Wang Y. Bacterial therapy: a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Biol Med 2023; 20:j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0292. [PMID: 37964508 PMCID: PMC10690880 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yinsong Wang
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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10
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Zong R, Ruan H, Liu C, Fan S, Li J. Bacteria and Bacterial Components as Natural Bio-Nanocarriers for Drug and Gene Delivery Systems in Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2490. [PMID: 37896250 PMCID: PMC10610331 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria and bacterial components possess multifunctional properties, making them attractive natural bio-nanocarriers for cancer diagnosis and targeted treatment. The inherent tropic and motile nature of bacteria allows them to grow and colonize in hypoxic tumor microenvironments more readily than conventional therapeutic agents and other nanomedicines. However, concerns over biosafety, limited antitumor efficiency, and unclear tumor-targeting mechanisms have restricted the clinical translation and application of natural bio-nanocarriers based on bacteria and bacterial components. Fortunately, bacterial therapies combined with engineering strategies and nanotechnology may be able to reverse a number of challenges for bacterial/bacterial component-based cancer biotherapies. Meanwhile, the combined strategies tend to enhance the versatility of bionanoplasmic nanoplatforms to improve biosafety and inhibit tumorigenesis and metastasis. This review summarizes the advantages and challenges of bacteria and bacterial components in cancer therapy, outlines combinatorial strategies for nanocarriers and bacterial/bacterial components, and discusses their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shaohua Fan
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
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11
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Jiang Y, Zhou Z, Liu C, Wang L, Li C. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles as drug delivery carrier for photodynamic anticancer therapy. Front Chem 2023; 11:1284292. [PMID: 37915541 PMCID: PMC10616255 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1284292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is an effective tumor treatment strategy that not only induces photocytotoxicity to kill tumor cells directly but also activates the immune system in the body to generate tumor-specific immunity, preventing cancer metastasis and recurrence. However, some limitations of PDT limit the therapeutic efficacy in deep tumors. Previous studies have used different types of nanoparticles (NPs) as drug carriers of photosensitizers (PSs) to overcome the shortcomings of PDT and improve therapeutic efficacy. Among them, bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have natural advantages as carriers for PS delivery. In addition to the targeted delivery of PSs into tumor cells, their unique immunogenicity helps them to serve as immune adjuvants to enhance the PDT-induced immune effect, providing new ideas for photodynamic anticancer therapy. Therefore, in this review, we will introduce the biogenesis and anticancer functions of OMVs and the research on them as drug delivery carriers in PDT. Finally, we also discuss the challenges and prospects of OMVs as a versatile drug delivery carrier for photodynamic anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Jiang
- Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - ZunZhen Zhou
- Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chongzhi Liu
- Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Limei Wang
- Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
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12
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Tian J, Ma J. The Value of Microbes in Cancer Neoantigen Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2138. [PMID: 37631352 PMCID: PMC10459105 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor neoantigens are widely used in cancer immunotherapy, and a growing body of research suggests that microbes play an important role in these neoantigen-based immunotherapeutic processes. The human body and its surrounding environment are filled with a large number of microbes that are in long-term interaction with the organism. The microbiota can modulate our immune system, help activate neoantigen-reactive T cells, and play a great role in the process of targeting tumor neoantigens for therapy. Recent studies have revealed the interconnection between microbes and neoantigens, which can cross-react with each other through molecular mimicry, providing theoretical guidance for more relevant studies. The current applications of microbes in immunotherapy against tumor neoantigens are mainly focused on cancer vaccine development and immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors. This article summarizes the related fields and suggests the importance of microbes in immunotherapy against neoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrui Tian
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China;
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Jian Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China;
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha 410078, China
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13
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Zhou M, Tang Y, Xu W, Hao X, Li Y, Huang S, Xiang D, Wu J. Bacteria-based immunotherapy for cancer: a systematic review of preclinical studies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1140463. [PMID: 37600773 PMCID: PMC10436994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1140463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been emerging as a powerful strategy for cancer management. Recently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that bacteria-based immunotherapy including naive bacteria, bacterial components, and bacterial derivatives, can modulate immune response via various cellular and molecular pathways. The key mechanisms of bacterial antitumor immunity include inducing immune cells to kill tumor cells directly or reverse the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Currently, bacterial antigens synthesized as vaccine candidates by bioengineering technology are novel antitumor immunotherapy. Especially the combination therapy of bacterial vaccine with conventional therapies may further achieve enhanced therapeutic benefits against cancers. However, the clinical translation of bacteria-based immunotherapy is limited for biosafety concerns and non-uniform production standards. In this review, we aim to summarize immunotherapy strategies based on advanced bacterial therapeutics and discuss their potential for cancer management, we will also propose approaches for optimizing bacteria-based immunotherapy for facilitating clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yucheng Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyan Hao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongjiang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Si Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Daxiong Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junyong Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
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14
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Gao X, Li Y, Nie G, Zhao X. mRNA Delivery Platform Based on Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles for Tumor Vaccine. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4774. [PMID: 37456344 PMCID: PMC10338712 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid display and delivery method for customized tumor mRNA vaccines is limited. Herein, bacteria-derived outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are employed as an mRNA delivery platform by surface engineering of an RNA-binding protein, L7Ae. OMV-L7Ae can rapidly adsorb boxC/D sequence-labeled mRNA antigens through L7Ae-boxC/D binding and deliver them into HEK-293T and dendritic cells. This platform provides an mRNA delivery technology distinct from lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for personalized mRNA tumor vaccination and with a Plug-and-Display strategy suitable for rapid preparation of the personalized mRNA tumor vaccine against varied tumor antigens. Key features OMVs are employed as an mRNA delivery platform through L7Ae-boxC/D binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Guangjun Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- IGDB-NCNST Joint Research Center, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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15
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Aytar Çelik P, Erdogan-Gover K, Barut D, Enuh BM, Amasya G, Sengel-Türk CT, Derkus B, Çabuk A. Bacterial Membrane Vesicles as Smart Drug Delivery and Carrier Systems: A New Nanosystems Tool for Current Anticancer and Antimicrobial Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041052. [PMID: 37111538 PMCID: PMC10142793 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) are known to be critical communication tools in several pathophysiological processes between bacteria and host cells. Given this situation, BMVs for transporting and delivering exogenous therapeutic cargoes have been inspiring as promising platforms for developing smart drug delivery systems (SDDSs). In the first section of this review paper, starting with an introduction to pharmaceutical technology and nanotechnology, we delve into the design and classification of SDDSs. We discuss the characteristics of BMVs including their size, shape, charge, effective production and purification techniques, and the different methods used for cargo loading and drug encapsulation. We also shed light on the drug release mechanism, the design of BMVs as smart carriers, and recent remarkable findings on the potential of BMVs for anticancer and antimicrobial therapy. Furthermore, this review covers the safety of BMVs and the challenges that need to be overcome for clinical use. Finally, we discuss the recent advancements and prospects for BMVs as SDDSs and highlight their potential in revolutionizing the fields of nanomedicine and drug delivery. In conclusion, this review paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art field of BMVs as SDDSs, encompassing their design, composition, fabrication, purification, and characterization, as well as the various strategies used for targeted delivery. Considering this information, the aim of this review is to provide researchers in the field with a comprehensive understanding of the current state of BMVs as SDDSs, enabling them to identify critical gaps and formulate new hypotheses to accelerate the progress of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Aytar Çelik
- Environmental Protection and Control Program, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26110, Turkey
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosafety, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26040, Turkey
| | - Kubra Erdogan-Gover
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosafety, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26040, Turkey
| | - Dilan Barut
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosafety, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26040, Turkey
| | - Blaise Manga Enuh
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosafety, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26040, Turkey
| | - Gülin Amasya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Ceyda Tuba Sengel-Türk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Burak Derkus
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Çabuk
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosafety, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26040, Turkey
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir 26040, Turkey
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16
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Hameed S, Bhattarai P, Gong Z, Liang X, Yue X, Dai Z. Ultrasmall porphyrin-silica core-shell dots for enhanced fluorescence imaging-guided cancer photodynamic therapy. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 5:277-289. [PMID: 36605795 PMCID: PMC9765644 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00704e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Clinically used small-molecular photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) share similar disadvantages, such as the lack of selectivity towards cancer cells, short blood circulation time, life-threatening phototoxicity, and low physiological solubility. To overcome such limitations, the present study capitalizes on the synthesis of ultra-small hydrophilic porphyrin-based silica nanoparticles (core-shell porphyrin-silica dots; PSDs) to enhance the treatment outcomes of cancer via PDT. These ultra-small PSDs, with a hydrodynamic diameter less than 7 nm, have an excellent aqueous solubility in water (porphyrin; TPPS3-NH2) and enhanced tumor accumulation therefore exhibiting enhanced fluorescence imaging-guided PDT in breast cancer cells. Besides ultra-small size, such PSDs also displayed an excellent biocompatibility and negligible dark cytotoxicity in vitro. Moreover, PSDs were also found to be stable in other physiological solutions as a function of time. The fluorescence imaging of porphyrin revealed a prolonged residence time of PSDs in tumor regions, reduced accumulation in vital organs, and rapid renal clearance upon intravenous injection. The in vivo study further revealed reduced tumor growth in 4T1 tumor-bearing bulb mice after laser irradiation explaining the excellent photodynamic therapeutic efficacy of ultra-small PSDs. Thus, ultrasmall hydrophilic PSDs combined with excellent imaging-guided therapeutic abilities and renal clearance behavior represent a promising platform for cancer imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Hameed
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Pravin Bhattarai
- CÚRAM-SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, Biomedical Sciences, University of Galway Ireland
| | - Zhuoran Gong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiaolong Liang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Peking University Third Hospital Beijing 100191 China
| | - Xiuli Yue
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Zhifei Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
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