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Alruhaimi RS, Mostafa-Hedeab G, Abduh MS, Bin-Ammar A, Hassanein EHM, Kamel EM, Mahmoud AM. A flavonoid-rich fraction of Euphorbia peplus attenuates hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress in a type 2 diabetes rat model. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1204641. [PMID: 37397470 PMCID: PMC10311489 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1204641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance (IR) and hyperglycemia. Plants are valuable sources of therapeutic agents for the management of T2D. Euphorbia peplus has been widely used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, but its beneficial role in T2D has not been fully explored. Methods: The anti-diabetic efficacy of E. peplus extract (EPE) was studied using rats with T2D induced by high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ). The diabetic rats received 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg EPE for 4 weeks. Results: Phytochemical fractionation of the aerial parts of E. peplus led to the isolation of seven known flavonoids. Rats with T2D exhibited IR, impaired glucose tolerance, decreased liver hexokinase and glycogen, and upregulated glycogen phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase), and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (F-1,6-BPase). Treatment with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg EPE for 4 weeks ameliorated hyperglycemia, IR, liver glycogen, and the activities of carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes. EPE attenuated dyslipidemia, serum transaminases, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and liver lipid accumulation, nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65, and lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide and enhanced antioxidants. All EPE doses upregulated serum adiponectin and liver peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in HFD/STZ-induced rats. The isolated flavonoids showed in silico binding affinity toward hexokinase, NF-κB, and PPARγ. Conclusion: E. peplus is rich in flavonoids, and its extract ameliorated IR, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, inflammation and redox imbalance, and upregulated adiponectin and PPARγ in rats with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem S. Alruhaimi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gomaa Mostafa-Hedeab
- Pharmacology Department, Medical College, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Maisa Siddiq Abduh
- Immune Responses in Different Diseases Research Group, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Albandari Bin-Ammar
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad H. M. Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Emadeldin M. Kamel
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Ayman M. Mahmoud
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Parvez MK, Ahmed S, Al-Dosari MS, Abdelwahid MAS, Arbab AH, Al-Rehaily AJ, Al-Oqail MM. Novel Anti-Hepatitis B Virus Activity of Euphorbia schimperi and Its Quercetin and Kaempferol Derivatives. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:29100-29110. [PMID: 34746599 PMCID: PMC8567387 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Natural or plant
products, because of their structural diversity,
are a potential source for identifying new anti-hepatitis B virus
(HBV) agents. Here, we report the anti-HBV activity of Euphorbia schimperi and its quercetin (QRC) and kaempferol
derivatives. The anti-HBV-active methanol fraction of E. schimperi was subjected to chromatographic techniques,
leading to isolation of three flavonols, following their structure
determination by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies.
Their cytotoxicity and anti-HBV potential were assessed using HBV
reporter HepG2.2.15 cells, and their modes of action were delineated
by molecular docking. The isolated compounds identified as quercetin-3-O-glucuronide (Q3G), quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside
(Q3R), and kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide (K3G) were
non-cytotoxic to HepG2.2.15 cells. The viral HBsAg/HBeAg production
on day 5 was significantly inhibited by K3G (∼70.2/∼73.4%),
Q3G (∼67.8/∼72.1%), and Q3R (∼63.2%/∼68.2%)
as compared to QRC (∼70.3/∼74.8%) and lamivudine (∼76.5/∼84.5%)
used as standards. The observed in vitro anti-HBV
potential was strongly supported by in silico analysis,
which suggested their structure-based activity via interfering with viral Pol/RT and core proteins. In conclusion,
this is the first report on the anti-HBV activity of E. schimperi-derived quercitrin-3-O-glucuronide, quercitrin-3-O-rhamnoside, and kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide, most likely through interfering with HBV
proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad K. Parvez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S. Al-Dosari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazin A. S. Abdelwahid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum 11114, Sudan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan
| | - Ahmed H. Arbab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
| | - Adnan J. Al-Rehaily
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai M. Al-Oqail
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Alqahtani AA, Jansen RK. The evolutionary fate of rpl32 and rps16 losses in the Euphorbia schimperi (Euphorbiaceae) plastome. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7466. [PMID: 33811236 PMCID: PMC8018952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86820-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene transfers from mitochondria and plastids to the nucleus are an important process in the evolution of the eukaryotic cell. Plastid (pt) gene losses have been documented in multiple angiosperm lineages and are often associated with functional transfers to the nucleus or substitutions by duplicated nuclear genes targeted to both the plastid and mitochondrion. The plastid genome sequence of Euphorbia schimperi was assembled and three major genomic changes were detected, the complete loss of rpl32 and pseudogenization of rps16 and infA. The nuclear transcriptome of E. schimperi was sequenced to investigate the transfer/substitution of the rpl32 and rps16 genes to the nucleus. Transfer of plastid-encoded rpl32 to the nucleus was identified previously in three families of Malpighiales, Rhizophoraceae, Salicaceae and Passifloraceae. An E. schimperi transcript of pt SOD-1-RPL32 confirmed that the transfer in Euphorbiaceae is similar to other Malpighiales indicating that it occurred early in the divergence of the order. Ribosomal protein S16 (rps16) is encoded in the plastome in most angiosperms but not in Salicaceae and Passifloraceae. Substitution of the E. schimperi pt rps16 was likely due to a duplication of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial-targeted rps16 resulting in copies dually targeted to the mitochondrion and plastid. Sequences of RPS16-1 and RPS16-2 in the three families of Malpighiales (Salicaceae, Passifloraceae and Euphorbiaceae) have high sequence identity suggesting that the substitution event dates to the early divergence within Malpighiales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldanah A Alqahtani
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA. .,Department of Biology, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Robert K Jansen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.,Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Isolation of diverse bioactive compounds from Euphorbia balsamifera: Cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity studies. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 28:417-426. [PMID: 33424325 PMCID: PMC7783668 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of Euphorbia balsamifera, fractions and pure compounds were evaluated. The cytotoxic assays for HCT116, HePG2 and MCF7 showed a significant IC50: 54.7 and 76.2 µg/mL of non-polar fraction “n-hexane” against HCT116 and HePG2, respectively. Antibacterial results revealed that plant fractions exhibited significant potential against the tested pathogens than the total extract where n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions showed significant antibacterial activity (P < 0.05) against tested bacterial strains. Isolation and structure determination of compounds from n-hexane and n-butanol fractions were performed. From n-hexane fraction, 29-nor-cycloartanol (1), lanost-8-en-3-ol (2a), cycloartanol (2b) and kampferol-3,4'-dimethyl ether (3) were isolated and structurally identified, along with 24 compounds were tentatively identified by GC–MS. From the polar n-butanol fraction, 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-2-hydroxy-6-methoxyacetophenone (4), 4-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-(1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-2-hydroxy-6methoxy-acetophenone (5), quercetin-3-O-glucopyranoside (6) and isoorientin (7) were assigned. Structures of the obtained compounds were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Except compounds 1 and 5, all reported compounds announced antibacterial efficiency. Compound 2 showed selectively the highest activity against Enterococcus faecalis (22 ± 0.13 mm), meanwhile 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-2-hydroxy-6-methoxyacetophenone (4) showed broadly the highest antibacterial activity with MIC of 1.15–1.88 mg/mL against the test Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Cytotoxic assays indicated that kampferol-3,4'-dimethyl ether (3) exhibited the highest activity with matching IC50 values to doxorubicin; 111.46, 42.67 and 44.90 µM against HCT116, HePG2 and MCF7, respectively, however, it is toxic on retina normal cell line RPE1.
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Key Words
- 1H–1H COSY, Proton Correlation Spectrometry
- Antibacterial
- Asir region
- Cytotoxicity
- DEPT, Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer
- E. balsamifera, Euphorbia balsamifera
- ESIMS, Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
- Euphorbia balsamifera
- GC–MS
- GC–MS, Gas Chromatogrphy/ Mass Spectrometry
- HCT116, Colon cell line
- HMBC, Hetero-nuclear multiple bond correlation spectroscopy
- HMQC, Hetero-nuclear multiple quantum correlation spectroscopy
- HSQC, Heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectroscopy
- HePG2, Human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line
- Isolation
- J, Coupling Constant
- MCF7, Human Caucasian breast adenocarcinoma
- MTT, Colorimetric assay for measuring cell metabolic activity as an indicator of cell viability, proliferation, and cytotoxicity
- Spectroscopy
- TLC, Thin-layer Chromatography
- d, Doublet
- dd, Doublet of doublet
- δ, Chemical shift (in ppm)
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Ahmed S, Al-Rehaily AJ, Alam P, Alqahtani AS, Hidayatullah S, Rehman MT, Mothana RA, Abbas SS, Khan M, Khalid JM, Siddiqui NA. Antidiabetic, antioxidant, molecular docking and HPTLC analysis of miquelianin isolated from Euphorbia schimperi C. Presl. Saudi Pharm J 2019; 27:655-663. [PMID: 31297020 PMCID: PMC6598219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study demonstrates the miquelianin or quercetin 3-O-glucuronide (compound 1) isolated from aerial parts of Euphorbia schimperi exhibited significant results for antioxidant and antidiabetic potential. The compound 1 along with kaempferol 3-O-glucuronide (compound 2) and quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (compound 3) isolated from the same source were quantified by validated HPTLC method. Antioxidant activity was determined by chemical means in terms of ABTS radical cation and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Compound 1 showed significant scavenging activity in both ABTS and DPPH assays as compared to standard BHA. In ABTS method IC50 values of compound 1 and standard BHA is found to be 58.90 ± 3.40 µg/mL and 28.70 ± 5.20 µg/mL respectively while in DPPH assay IC50 values of Compound 1 and standard BHA is 47.20 ± 4.90 µg/mL and 34.50 ± 6.20 µg/mL respectively. Antidiabetic effect was studied through α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The mechanistic approach through molecular modelling also support the strong binding sites of compound 1 which showed significant α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities with IC50 values 128.34 ± 12.30 and 89.20 ± 9.20 µg/mL respectively as compared to acarbose 64.20 ± 5.60 and 52.40 ± 4.60 µg/mL respectively. The results of validated RP-HPTLC analyses revealed the concentration of compound 1 found to be 16.39 µg/mg and for compound 2 and compound 3 as 3.92 and 14.98 µg/mg of dried extract, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarfaraz Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan J. Al-Rehaily
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Perwez Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S. Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Hidayatullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md. Tabish Rehman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramzi A. Mothana
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Sadiq Abbas
- Department of Zoology, Shia P.G. College, Lucknow University, Lucknow, India
| | - M.U. Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal M. Khalid
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasir A. Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author.
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