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Toll-Like Receptor 4: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:7924199. [PMID: 36046763 PMCID: PMC9420645 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7924199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that primarily manifests as memory deficits and cognitive impairment and has created health challenges for patients and society. In AD, amyloid β-protein (Aβ) induces Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation in microglia. Activation of TLR4 induces downstream signaling pathways and promotes the generation of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which also trigger the activation of astrocytes and influence amyloid-dependent neuronal death. Therefore, TLR4 may be an important molecular target for treating AD by regulating neuroinflammation. Moreover, TLR4 regulates apoptosis, autophagy, and gut microbiota and is closely related to AD. This article reviews the role of TLR4 in the pathogenesis of AD and a range of potential therapies targeting TLR4 for AD. Elucidating the regulatory mechanism of TLR4 in AD may provide valuable clues for developing new therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Jones GB, Wright JM. The economic imperatives for technology enabled wellness centered healthcare. J Public Health Policy 2022; 43:456-468. [PMID: 35922479 PMCID: PMC9362427 DOI: 10.1057/s41271-022-00356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 2020 World Health Organization report underscored the impact of rising healthcare spending globally and questioned the long-term economic sustainability of current funding models. Increases in costs associated with care of late-stage irreversible diseases and the increasing prevalence of debilitating neurodegenerative disorders, coupled with increases in life expectancy are likely to overload the healthcare systems in many nations within the next decade if not addressed. One option for sustainability of the healthcare system is a change in emphasis from illness to wellness centered care. An attractive model is the P4 (Predictive, Preventative, Personalized and Participatory) medicine approach. Recent advances in connected health technology can help accelerate this transition; they offer prediction, diagnosis, and monitoring of health-related parameters. We explain how to integrate such technologies with conventional approaches and guide public health policy toward wellness-based care models and strategies to relieve the escalating economic burdens of managed care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham B Jones
- Connected Health Program, Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, 1 Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, USA.
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Justin M Wright
- Connected Health Program, Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, 1 Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, USA
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O'Bryant S, Petersen M, Hall J, Johnson L, Yaffe K, Braskie M, Toga AW, Rissman RA. Characterizing plasma NfL in a community-dwelling multi-ethnic cohort: Results from the HABLE study. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:240-250. [PMID: 34310015 PMCID: PMC9228481 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION No large-scale characterizations of neurofilament light chain (NfL) have been conducted in diverse populations. METHODS Baseline data were analyzed among n = 890 Mexican Americans and n = 813 non-Hispanic Whites from the multi-ethnic Health & Aging Brain among Latino Elders (HABLE) study. Plasma NfL was measured on the Simoa platform. RESULTS In unadjusted models, NfL was significantly associated with age (P < .001), hypertension (P < .001), dyslipidemia (P = .02), and diabetes (P < .001). Covarying for age and sex, NfL was associated with neurodegeneration (P < .001) and global amyloid burden levels (P = .02) in a subset with available data. NfL levels were significantly associated with diagnostic groups (Normal Cognition [NC], mild cognitive impairment [MCI], Dementia; P < .001); however, there was no cut-score that yielded acceptable diagnostic accuracy. NfL levels produced a sensitivity of 0.60 and specificity of 0.78 with negative predictive value of 89% for detecting amyloid positivity. DISCUSSION Plasma NfL levels are significantly impacted by age and medical co-morbidities that are common among older adults, which complicate its utility as a diagnostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sid O'Bryant
- Institute for Translational ResearchUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTexasUSA
| | - Melissa Petersen
- Institute for Translational ResearchUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTexasUSA
- Department of Family MedicineUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTexasUSA
| | - James Hall
- Institute for Translational ResearchUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTexasUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTexasUSA
| | - Leigh Johnson
- Institute for Translational ResearchUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTexasUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTexasUSA
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of PsychiatryNeurology, and Epidemiology and BiostatisticsUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- San Francisco VA Medical CenterSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Meredith Braskie
- Imaging Genetics CenterStevens Neuroimaging and Informatics InstituteKeck School of MedicineUSCLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Arthur W. Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro ImagingUSC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics InstituteKeck School of Medicine of USCUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Robert A. Rissman
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare SystemSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
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Kaya ZZ, Tuzuner MB, Sahin B, Akgun E, Aksungar F, Koca S, Serdar M, Sahin S, Cinar N, Karsidag S, Hanagasi HA, Kilercik M, Serteser M, K Baykal AT. Kappa/Lambda light-chain typing in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:84-93. [PMID: 35100957 DOI: 10.2174/1567205019666220131101334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss and cognitive impairment. The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease according to symptomatic events is still a puzzling task. Developing a biomarker-based, low-cost, and high-throughput test, readily applicable in clinical laboratories, dramatically impacts the rapid and reliable detection of the disease. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to develop an accurate, sensitive, and reliable screening tool for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease, which can significantly reduce the cost and time of existing methods. METHODS We have employed a MALDI-TOF-MS-based methodology combined with a microaffinity chromatogra Results: We observed a statistically significant difference in the kappa light chain over lambda light chain (κLC/LC) ratios between patients with AD and controls (% 95 CI: -0.547 to -0.269, p<0.001). Our method demonstrated higher sensitivity (100.00%) and specificity (71.43%) for discrimination between AD and controls. CONCLUSION We have developed a high-throughput screening test with a novel sample enrichment method for determining κLC/LC ratios associated with AD diagnosis. Following further validation, we believe our test has a potential for clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelal Zuhal Kaya
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Betul Sahin
- cibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emel Akgun
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
- cibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fehime Aksungar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
- cibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sebile Koca
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhittin Serdar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevki Sahin
- Maltepe University, School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Cinar
- Maltepe University, School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sibel Karsidag
- Maltepe University, School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasmet Ayhan Hanagasi
- istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meltem Kilercik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
- cibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey; 3 Maltepe University, School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Serteser
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
- cibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Tari K Baykal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
- cibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey
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Subramanian ML, Vig V, Chung J, Fiorello MG, Xia W, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Zetterberg M, Shareef F, Siegel NH, Ness S, Jun GR, Stein TD. Neurofilament light chain in the vitreous humor of the eye. Alzheimers Res Ther 2020; 12:111. [PMID: 32943089 PMCID: PMC7500015 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00677-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a promising biomarker of neurodegeneration in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood. This study investigated the presence of NfL in the vitreous humor and its associations with amyloid beta, tau, inflammatory cytokines and vascular proteins, apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, systemic disease, and ophthalmic diseases. METHODS This is a single-site, prospective, cross-sectional cohort study. Undiluted vitreous fluid (0.5-1.0 mL) was aspirated during vitrectomy, and whole blood was drawn for APOE genotyping. NfL, amyloid beta (Aβ), total Tau (t-Tau), phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau181), inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and vascular proteins in the vitreous were quantitatively measured by immunoassay. The main outcome measures were the detection of NfL levels in the vitreous humor and its associations with the aforementioned proteins. Linear regression was used to test the associations of NfL with other proteins, APOE genotypes, MMSE scores, and ophthalmic and systemic diseases after adjustment for age, sex, education level, and other eye diseases. RESULTS NfL was detected in all 77 vitreous samples. NfL was not found to be associated with ophthalmic conditions, APOE genotypes, MMSE scores, or systemic disease (p > 0.05). NfL levels were positively associated with increased vitreous levels of Aβ40 (p = 7.7 × 10-5), Aβ42 (p = 2.8 × 10-4), and t-tau (p = 5.5 × 10-7), but not with p-tau181 (p = 0.53). NfL also had significant associations with inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-15 (IL-15, p = 5.3 × 10-4), IL-16 (p = 2.2 × 10-4), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1, p = 4.1 × 10-4), and vascular proteins such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR1, p = 2.9 × 10-6), Vegf-C (p = 8.6 × 10-6), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1, p = 5.0 × 10-4), Tie-2 (p = 6.3 × 10-4), and intracellular adhesion molecular-1 (ICAM-1, p = 1.6 × 10-4). CONCLUSION NfL is detectable in the vitreous humor of the eye and significantly associated with amyloid beta, t-tau, and select inflammatory and vascular proteins in the vitreous. Additionally, NfL was not associated with patients' clinical eye condition. Our results serve as a foundation for further investigation of NfL in the ocular fluids to inform us about the potential utility of its presence in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju L Subramanian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 85 E Concord St. #8813, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Viha Vig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 85 E Concord St. #8813, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Jaeyoon Chung
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics Section), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marissa G Fiorello
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 85 E Concord St. #8813, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Weiming Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Bedford Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry at Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry at Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Zetterberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience at Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Farah Shareef
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicole H Siegel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 85 E Concord St. #8813, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Steven Ness
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 85 E Concord St. #8813, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Gyungah R Jun
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics Section), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thor D Stein
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
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Mullane K, Williams M. Alzheimer’s disease beyond amyloid: Can the repetitive failures of amyloid-targeted therapeutics inform future approaches to dementia drug discovery? Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113945. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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He W, Yuan K, Ji B, Han Y, Li J. Protective effects of curcumin against neuroinflammation induced by Aβ25-35 in primary rat microglia: modulation of high-mobility group box 1, toll-like receptor 4 and receptor for advanced glycation end products expression. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:88. [PMID: 32175381 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.12.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Activated microglia induced by amyloid-beta (Aβ) release proinflammatory cytokines that can induce neurotoxicity. High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) and HMGB1-mediated inflammatory responses have been attributed with memory impairment in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is accumulating evidence to suggest curcumin is a potent anti-inflammatory polyphenol. However, whether curcumin could effectively inhibit inflammation through the suppression of HMGB1 production or HMGB1-mediated inflammatory responses in Aβ-activated microglia is still unclear. Methods Primary microglia were prepared from the cerebral cortices of one- to three-day-old Sprague Dawley rats. The microglia were cultured and treated with Aβ25-35 50 µM for 24 h to prove a toxic effect. Curcumin 10 µM was administrated 1 h before Aβ25-35 treatment. The levels of HMGB1, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the culture medium were analyzed by ELISA. Western blotting was conducted to assess the expression level of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). In addition, PC12 cells were treated with conditioned medium from microglia treated with Aβ25-35 or Aβ25-35 and curcumin, and cell viability was subsequently assessed by MTT. Results Curcumin was found to significantly inhibit HMGB1 expression and release in Aβ25-35-stimulated microglia. Pretreatment with curcumin reduced TLR4 and RAGE expression. Proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α were also remarkably reduced by curcumin. In addition, curcumin protected neurons from indirect toxicity mediated by Aβ25-35-treated microglia. Conclusions Curcumin effectively inhibits Aβ25-35-induced neuroinflammation in microglia, partly by suppressing the expression of HMGB1, TLR4, and RAGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Kaiming Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Bin Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yuan Han
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
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