Bilateral axillo-breast approach robotic thyroidectomy: review of evidences

Mini-invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy vs robot-assisted transaxillary thryoidectomy: analisys and comparison of safety and outcomes

Thyroid surgery is characterized by large volumes and typically affects a young female population. Mini-invasive or remote access surgical techniques are born driven by the desire to improve aesthetic outcomes of the traditional technique, following technological advances that have upset the surgical world in the last 20 years. In our multicenter, retrospective observational study, we first compared an endoscopic technique with a robotic one: minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy (MIVAT) and robot-assisted transaxillary thyroidectomy (RATT). We evaluated intraoperative features, complications, and cosmetic outcomes in a cohort of 609 patients. The efficacy and safety of these techniques are proven by a large literature and the comparison made in our study does not show inferiority of one technique compared to the other. Even the aesthetic results tend to be equal in the long term. It is desirable that further prospective and randomized studies are conducted to evaluate the outcomes of these procedures and the cost-benefit ratio.

Defining competencies in robotic thyroidectomy: development of a model assessing an expert operator's intraoperative performance skills and cognitive strategies

Background

The changing medical education environment emphasizes the need for time efficiency, increasing the demand for competency-based medical education to improve trainees' learning strategies. This study was performed to determine the competencies required for successful performance of robotic thyroidectomy (RT) and to determine the consensus of experts for performance of RT.

Methods

Data were collected through 12 semi-structured interviews with RT experts and 11 field observations. Cognitive task analysis was performed to determine the competencies required for experts to perform RT. A modified Delphi methodology was used to determine how 20 experts rated the importance of each item of RT performance on a Likert 7-point scale. The criteria for the Delphi consensus were set at a Cronbach's α≥0.80 with two survey rounds.

Results

After 11 field observations and 12 semi-structured interviews, 89 items were identified within six modules. These items were grouped into sub-modules according to their theme. The modified Delphi survey, involving 21 experts, reached the consensus standard during the second round (Cronbach's α=0.954), enabling the identification of the 64 most important items within six modules related to RT performance: midline incision to isthmectomy (MID module; n=8), lateral dissection (LAT module; n=7), preservation of inferior parathyroid glands (INF module; n=16), preservation of recurrent laryngeal nerve and dissection of the ligament of Berry (BER module; n=21), dissection of the thyroid upper pole (SUP module; n=10), and specimen removal and closure (END module; n=2).

Conclusions

This mixed-method study combining qualitative and quantitative methodology identified modules of core competencies required to perform RT. These modules can be used as a standard and objective guide to train surgeons to perform RT and evaluate outcomes.

Gasless robot-assisted transaxillary hemithyroidectomy (RATH): learning curve and complications

PURPOSE

Gasless robot-assisted transaxillary hemithyroidectomy (RATH) is regarded as an alternative surgical option for thyroid operations. However, the associated steep learning curve is a clinical concern. This study evaluated the learning curve of RATH for surgeons without experience of endoscopic surgery and the early surgical outcomes of RATH.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective study of patients who underwent gasless RATH and conventional hemithyroidectomy (CH) at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China, from June 2021 to August 2022. The learning curve and early surgical outcomes of gasless RATH were evaluated. And the early surgical outcomes of gasless RATH were compared to CH.

RESULTS

In total, 105 patients who underwent gasless RATH and 104 patients who underwent CH were matched and assessed. The cumulative sum techniques (CUSUM) analysis showed that the peak point of gasless RATH operative time occurred at the 31st case. No clear single peak was identified in the CUSUM plot for drainage amount and blood loss. No significant difference in perioperative complications was observed between these two groups. Moreover, the number of postoperative patients who got sense of thyroid area traction were fewer in the gasless RATH group (n = 11, 10.5%) than in the CH group (n = 32, 30.8%).

CONCLUSION

Gasless RATH can be considered as an alternative approach to the conventional open procedure, as it is an easy remote access technique, with shorter learning curves and certain advantage such as less sense of thyroid area traction.

Surgical safety and effectiveness of bilateral axillo-breast approach robotic thyroidectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

To assess the safety and effectiveness of bilateral axillo-breast approach robotic thyroidectomy in thyroid tumor.

METHODS

Bilateral axillo-breast approach robotic thyroidectomy and other approaches (open thyroidectomy, transoral robotic thyroidectomy, and bilateral axillo-breast approach endoscopic thyroidectomy) were compared in studies from 6 databases.

RESULTS

Twenty-two studies (8830 individuals) were included. Bilateral axillo-breast approach robotic thyroidectomy had longer operation time, greater cosmetic satisfaction, and reduced transient hypoparathyroidism than conventional open thyroidectomy. Compared to bilateral axillo-breast approach endoscopic thyroidectomy, bilateral axillo-breast approach robotic thyroidectomy had greater amount of drainage, lower chances of transient vocal cord palsy and permanent hypothyroidism, and better surgical completeness (postopertive thyroblobulin level and lymph node removal). Bilateral axillo-breast approach robotic thyroidectomy induced greater postoperative drainage and greater patient dissatisfaction than transoral robotic thyroidectomy.

CONCLUSION

Bilateral axillo-breast approach robotic thyroidectomy is inferior to transoral robotic thyroidectomy in drainage and cosmetic satisfaction but superior to bilateral axillo-breast approach endoscopic thyroidectomy in surgical performance. Its operation time is longer, but its cosmetic satisfaction is higher than open thyroidectomy.

A Randomized Comparison of Multimodal Analgesia and Fentanyl-Based Patient-Controlled Analgesia in Women Undergoing Robot-Assisted Bilateral Axillary Breast Approach Thyroidectomy

Opioid-free multimodal analgesia (MMA) emerges as a preferable approach for postoperative pain management compared to opioid-based patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) in robot-assisted bilateral axillary breast approach thyroidectomy, a procedure commonly undergone by young female patients. We compared the analgesic efficacy and other recovery profiles between MMA and PCA. In total, 88 female patients were administered fentanyl-based PCA or the combination of lidocaine continuous infusion and nefopam injection before recovery from general anesthesia. The visual analog scale score of postoperative pain was assessed at the post-anesthesia care unit and at 6, 12, and 24 h after the termination of surgery. Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), rescue analgesic and anti-emetic agents, recovery profiles, and adverse events were also compared. The median numeric rating scores on postoperative pain at 6 h after recovery from general anesthesia were three in both groups, with no significant difference between the groups at any time point. The PONV incidence was significantly higher in the PCA group than in the MMA group. The combination of systemic lidocaine infusion and nefopam injection has an analgesic effect equivalent to that of fentanyl-based PCA without PONV.

Robotic thyroidectomy using gas-insufflation one-step single-port transaxillary (GOSTA) approach

BACKGROUND

We conducted this study to report our novel robotic thyroidectomy using gas-insufflation one-step single-port transaxillary (GOSTA) approach and compare it with a conventional transaxillary (CTA) approach using a retraction method for intraoperative and postoperative outcomes.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed 354 patients who underwent robotic thyroidectomy between January 2019 and April 2023. Of these patients, 143 underwent the procedure through the GOSTA approach, which involves a small incision of 3 cm along the axillary folds with both arms down and a gas-insufflation, from skin flap creation to the completion of thyroidectomy as a one-step single-port procedure without the need for a retractor. The remaining 211 patients underwent the CTA approach. We analyzed the GOSTA approach and compared the surgical outcomes of the GOSTA (n = 100) and CTA (n = 167) approaches in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer who underwent thyroid lobectomy.

RESULTS

Out of the 143 patients who underwent the GOSTA approach, 12 underwent total thyroidectomy and 9 underwent lateral neck lymph node dissection with total thyroidectomy. GOSTA-thyroid lobectomy was performed on 122 patients; of these, 100 were diagnosed with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. A comparative study with the CTA approach was only conducted in patients who underwent thyroid lobectomy. No significant differences were found in operative time, hospital stay, or complications between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite proceeding in one-step with a single smaller incision, from skin flap creation to the completion of thyroidectomy, the GOSTA approach is as feasible and safe as the CTA approach. Additionally, the GOSTA approach allows for thyroidectomy without using a retractor and reduces the workload for the surgeon and assistants.

Modern Surgical Techniques of Thyroidectomy and Advances in the Prevention and Treatment of Perioperative Complications

Thyroid cancer is the most common cancer of the endocrine system, and, in recent years, there has been a phenomenon of overdiagnosis followed by subsequent overtreatment. This results in an increasing number of thyroidectomy complications being faced in clinical practice. In this paper, we present the current state of knowledge and the latest findings in the fields of modern surgical techniques, thermal ablation, the identification and assessment of parathyroid function, recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring and treatment and perioperative bleeding. We reviewed 485 papers, from which we selected 125 papers that are the most relevant. The main merit of this article is its comprehensive view of the subject under discussion-both general, concerning the selection of the appropriate method of surgery, and particular, concerning the selection of the appropriate method of prevention or treatment of selected perioperative complications.

Total areola approach for endoscopic thyroidectomy: Six years of experience with the same surgeon

Background

Scarless endoscopic thyroidectomy (ET) is increasingly accepted by the growing amount of surgeons. The target of this study is to assess the efficacy and summarise the experiences of total areola approach for ET (TAAET).

Subjects and Methods

TAAET was performed on 529 patients between January 2016 and October 2021. All operated patients were divided into two groups according to the chronological order. Demographic data, perioperative data and post-operative complications were collected to assess the effectiveness of TAAET.

Results

Five hundred and twenty-eight patients were successfully treated with TAAET, while 1 case was converted to open surgery due to bleeding. The surgical approach consists of lobectomy or total thyroidectomy with or without central lymph node dissection. The post-operative pathology of 433 (81.9%) patients was diagnosed with T1 ~2N0M0. The average number of unilateral lymph node dissection was 7.72 ± 2.44 while the bilateral lymph node was 10.70 ± 3.72. In terms of complications, 38 cases had transient hoarseness, 28 cases had tetany and numbness, 3 cases had post-operative bleeding, 1 case had infection and 33 cases had subcutaneous fluid. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups with respect to transient hoarseness (P < 0.001), tetany and numbness (P = 0.005), intraoperative blood loss (P = 0.003) and operation time for malignant tumour (P < 0.001) because of the accumulation of surgical experience and the maturation of technology.

Conclusions

TAAET which conforms to the anatomical pathway of open thyroidectomy is a safe, effective and feasible technique and is highly suitable for novices.

Advancements in Thyroidectomy: A Mini Review

Demand for minimally invasive surgery has driven the development of new gadgets and surgical techniques. Yet, questions about safety and skeptical views on new technology have prevented proliferation of new modes of surgery. This skepticism is perhaps due to unfamiliarity of new fields. Likewise, there are currently various remote-access techniques available for thyroid surgeons that only few regions in the world have adapted. This review will explore the history of minimally invasive techniques in thyroid surgery and introduce new technology to be implemented.

The Advantages of Robotic Over Open Thyroidectomy in Thyroid Diseases: A Systematic Review

Over a hundred thousand thyroid surgeries are performed per year in the United States. Although conventional thyroidectomy has successful surgical outcomes, robotic minimally invasive procedures, known for their scar free (regarding the neck, no collar incision) surgical outcomes gained popularity through the years. Furthermore, these techniques are new and still debatable. The purpose is to know the advantages of robotic over open thyroidectomy in thyroid diseases. Note that we didn't aim to compare different robotic techniques due to the lack of data.

We performed a systematic review comparing surgical approaches for thyroidectomy, open vs robotic techniques, from January 2017 to December 2021, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. All papers with no full free article access and not in the English language were excluded. The outcomes of interest were superior cosmetics outcome, cost-effectiveness, limitations, operation time, length of hospital stay and postoperative pain or complications, and future outcomes.

A literature search was carried out in electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar) in order to retrieve all papers comparing the effectiveness of robotic vs open thyroidectomy. An initial reference search yielded 433 articles. Finally, we chose nine studies covering different robotic thyroidectomy techniques compared to the open thyroidectomy approach. Promising results were seen in these studies, especially with superior cosmetic results, less post-operative pain, swallowing discomfort, and voice changes. In addition, the risk of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury is almost the same as the open approach. Multiple types of biases were caused by the selection of the population and the limitation of the studies to certain regions associated with the low numbers of robotic thyroidectomy approaches in Europe and the United States of America and the lack of randomized trials and long-term follow-up respectively. All studies discussed the importance of the surgeon's skills and the patient decision in choosing the appropriate approach for the thyroidectomy depending on the risk factors, a larger number of patients, and longer follow-up from multiple hospitals.

Remote Access Thyroid Surgery: A Review of Literature

Since the first description of endoscopic thyroid lobectomy in 1997, a variety of techniques have been developed to avoid the visible cervical scar conventionally been associated with thyroidectomy. These "remote access" approaches, which typically use either endoscopic or robotic instrumentation, have successfully avoided the anterior neck scar, which has a measurable impact on the patient's quality of life (Graves and Suh Surgery 168(5):845-850, 2020; Sakorafas World J Surg 34(8):1793-1804, 2010). The main advantage of these techniques is better cosmesis compared to conventional transcervical approaches (Graves and Suh Surgery 168(5):845-850, 2020) However, these techniques have failed to gain widespread acceptance in the surgical community because of the technical challenges, scepticism about oncological safety and cost factors. This review presents an overview of the various methods of remote access thyroid surgery (RATS) and also evaluates the selection criteria, oncological efficacy, training requirements and key advantages of this technique.

Quality of life and surgical outcome of ABBA versus EndoCATS endoscopic thyroid surgery: a single center experience

Background

Thyroid surgery is often performed, especially in young female patients. As patient satisfaction become more and more important, different extra-cervical “remote” approaches have evolved to avoid visible scars in the neck for better cosmetic outcome. The most common remote approaches are the transaxillary and retroauricular. Aim of this work is to compare Endoscopic Cephalic Access Thyroid Surgery (EndoCATS) and axillo-bilateral-breast approach (ABBA) to standard open procedures regarding perioperative outcome and in addition to control cohorts regarding quality of life (QoL) and patient satisfaction.

Methods

In a single center, 59 EndoCATS und 52 ABBA procedures were included out of a 2 years period and compared to 225 open procedures using propensity-score matching. For the endoscopic procedures, cosmetic outcome, patient satisfaction and QoL (SF-12 questionnaire) were examined in prospective follow-up. For QoL a German standard cohort and non-surgically patients with thyroid disease were used as controls.

Result

The overall perioperative outcome was similar for all endoscopic compared to open thyroid surgeries. Surgical time was longer for endoscopic procedures. There were no cases of permanent hypoparathyroidism and no significant differences regarding temporary or permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsies between open and ABBA or EndoCATS procedures (χ²; p = 0.893 and 0.840). For ABBA and EndoCATS, 89.6% and 94.2% of patients were satisfied with the surgical procedure. Regarding QoL, there was an overall significant difference in distribution for physical, but not for mental health between groups (p < 0.001 and 0.658). Both endoscopic groups performed slightly worse regarding physical health, but without significant difference between the individual groups in post hoc multiple comparison.

Conclusion

Endoscopic thyroid surgery is safe with comparable perioperative outcome in experienced high-volume centers. Patient satisfaction and cosmetic results are excellent; QoL is impaired in surgical patients, as they perform slightly worse compared to German standard cohort and non-surgical patients.

Multidimensional Analyses of the Learning Curve of Endoscopic Thyroidectomy

BACKGROUND

Endoscopic thyroidectomy has comparable surgical outcomes and superior cosmetic satisfaction to open thyroidectomy. However, steep learning curve is a concern. This study evaluated the learning curve of endoscopic thyroidectomy using various parameters and statistical methods.

METHODS

A total of 90 consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic thyroidectomy using bilateral axillo-breast approach (BABA) between March 2016 and April 2020 were enrolled. Operative time, postoperative drainage amount, and blood loss were assessed by cumulative sum (CUSUM) analysis and moving average to evaluate the learning curve.

RESULTS

Using the CUSUM analysis, the peak point of both operative time and drainage amount occurred at the 30th case. No clear single peak was identified in the CUSUM plot for blood loss. The moving average also showed significant reduction in operative time and drainage amount after, approximately, the first 30 cases. The blood loss decreased after the 25th case. We therefore divided the patients into 2 phases: phase 1 (1-30 cases) and phase 2 (31-90 cases). The operative time, drainage amount, and blood loss decreased significantly in the phase 2 compared with phase 1. Lower pain score in first postoperative day and shorter hospital stay were also observed in the phase 2. Although the reduction in transient hypoparathyroidism did not reach statistical significance, no permanent hypoparathyroidism was noted in the phase 2.

CONCLUSIONS

The learning curve for endoscopic thyroidectomy is approximately 30 cases. Aside from the operative time, drainage amount may also serve as a surrogate for the learning curve evaluation.

Endoscopic cephalic access thyroid surgery (EndoCATS) using the retroauricular approach - a single centre retrospective data analysis

BACKGROUND

Due to improvements in endoscopic as well as robotic technology, and a request for better cosmetic results, there was a significant increase in thyroid surgery using these methods during the past decade.

METHODS

The aim of our study is to evaluate the perioperative short- and long-term outcome as well as the learning curve of EndoCATS and the Quality of Life (QoL).

RESULTS

A total of 150 patients with 152 hemithyroidectomies who underwent endoscopic thyroid surgery by EndoCATS between 2010 and 2016 were enrolled in this study. The mean specimen volume was 15.04 g ± 7.89 g. The mean operation time was 132.79 ± 50.52 min. There is a significant reduction of the operation time after the 53th case. (p < 0.05) There was no acute rebleeding or permanent hypoparathyroidism. Permanent RLN palsy occurred in 3 nerves at risk (NAR) 1.97%. There were no cases of pneumothorax, postoperative infections or skin flap ischemia. 94.11% of the patients describe their state of general health as good as or better than before the surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

EndoCATS is a safe and effective, but a demanding single port access procedure; therefore, extensive training is required. An advantage is the near ideal visualization of the RLN and the parathyroid glands as well as the ability to recover even large specimens without difficulties.

Surgical approaches to thyroid

Thyroidectomy is the most frequent procedure in endocrine surgery. The conventional approach through a collar incision, as described by Kocher in XIX^th century, has become the "gold standard". It is continuously evolving in spite of, many years ago, it showed to be safe and efficient with quality standards difficult to beat. Endoscopic and robotic surgery have developed "new approaches" to thyroid in order to improve the cosmetic results, looking even for invisible scars. We have done a thoughtful review of most of them trying to understand their benefits and drawbacks. Currently none of these "new approaches" have been shown to be better than conventional open thyroidectomy beyond offering a better cosmetic result. Besides, only a small percentage of patients can benefit of them. However, most of these approaches will remain if they treat the diseased thyroid and also improve the quality of life of our patients.

Impact of bedside assistant on outcomes of robotic thyroid surgery: A STROBE-compliant retrospective case-control study

The importance of bedside assistants has been well established in various robotic procedures. However, the effect of assistants on the surgical outcomes of thyroid surgery remains unclear. We investigated the effects of a dedicated robot assistant (DRA) in robotic thyroidectomy. We also evaluated the learning curve of the DRA.Between January 2016 and December 2019, 191 patients underwent robotic total thyroidectomy, all of which were performed by a single surgeon. The DRA participated in 93 cases, while non-dedicated assistants (NRAs) helped with 98 cases. Demographic data, pathologic data, operative times, and postoperative complications were recorded and analyzed.Robotic thyroidectomy was successful in all 191 patients, and none required conversion to the conventional open procedure. Mean operative time was shorter in the DRA group than in the NRA group (183.2 ± 33.6 minutes vs 203.1 ± 37.9 minutes; P < .001). There were no significant differences in terms of sex distribution, age, preoperative serum thyroid stimulating hormone level, or pathologic characteristics between the groups. Cumulative summation analysis showed that it took 36 cases for the DRA to significantly reduce operative time. Mean operative time decreased significantly in the subgroup including the 37th to the 93rd DRA cases compared with the subgroup including only the first 36 DRA cases (199.7 ± 37.3 minutes vs 172.8 ± 26.4 minutes; P < .001). NRA group showed no definite decrease of operation time, which indicated that the NRAs did not significantly deviate from the mean performance.Increased experience of the bedside assistant reduced operative times in the robotic thyroidectomy. Assistant training should be considered as a component of robotic surgery training programs.

Evaluation of Surgical Skills during Robotic Surgery by Deep Learning-Based Multiple Surgical Instrument Tracking in Training and Actual Operations

As the number of robotic surgery procedures has increased, so has the importance of evaluating surgical skills in these techniques. It is difficult, however, to automatically and quantitatively evaluate surgical skills during robotic surgery, as these skills are primarily associated with the movement of surgical instruments. This study proposes a deep learning-based surgical instrument tracking algorithm to evaluate surgeons’ skills in performing procedures by robotic surgery. This method overcame two main drawbacks: occlusion and maintenance of the identity of the surgical instruments. In addition, surgical skill prediction models were developed using motion metrics calculated from the motion of the instruments. The tracking method was applied to 54 video segments and evaluated by root mean squared error (RMSE), area under the curve (AUC), and Pearson correlation analysis. The RMSE was 3.52 mm, the AUC of 1 mm, 2 mm, and 5 mm were 0.7, 0.78, and 0.86, respectively, and Pearson’s correlation coefficients were 0.9 on the x-axis and 0.87 on the y-axis. The surgical skill prediction models showed an accuracy of 83% with Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skill (OSATS) and Global Evaluative Assessment of Robotic Surgery (GEARS). The proposed method was able to track instruments during robotic surgery, suggesting that the current method of surgical skill assessment by surgeons can be replaced by the proposed automatic and quantitative evaluation method.

Comparison of the vessel sealer Extend® with harmonic ACE® in robotic bilateral axillary-breast approach thyroid surgery

Background

Harmonic ACE^® (Harmonic) Curved Shears are frequently used for vessel sealing in patients undergoing robotic thyroidectomy. Unlike other robotic devices with articulation, the Harmonic device can only move in a straight-forward direction without articulation. The recently introduced Vessel Sealer Extend^® (VSE) provides bipolar sealing and cutting with articulation movement. This study compared the VSE and Harmonic devices in robotic bilateral axillary-breast approach (BABA) thyroid surgery.

Methods

From December 2018 to March 2019, 35 consecutive patients underwent robotic BABA thyroidectomy, 20 using the VSE and 15 using the Harmonic device. Patient characteristics, pathologic results, and clinical outcomes, including complications, were evaluated.

Results

The characteristics of patients in the two groups were similar. Surgical time from robot docking to completion of lobectomy was longer in the VSE than in the Harmonic group (45.00±9.52 vs. 39.72±12.76 min; P=0.170). The number of camera cleanings during lobectomy was significantly lower in the VSE group (0.55±0.51 vs. 1.93±1.71; P=0.002). Intraoperative blood loss (53.00±43.29 vs. 28.67±41.03 mL; P=0.102), hospital stay after surgery (3.55±0.95 vs. 3.67±0.90 days; P=0.715), and pain scores on the first (2.85±0.37 vs. 2.93±0.26; P=0.458) and second (2.55±0.51 vs. 2.60±0.51; P=0.775) postoperative days were similar in the VSE and Harmonic groups. No patient experienced vocal cord palsy or postoperative bleeding.

Conclusions

VSE can be safely applied to robotic BABA thyroid surgery.

Proper handling of the pyramidal lobe in minimal access thyroid procedures

The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the lower part of the anterior surface of the neck between the fifth cervical and the first thoracic vertebra. Usually, it consists of two lateral, almost symmetrical lobes, the connective isthmus and the pyramidal lobe. The pyramidal lobe is a conical or cylindrical projection of the gland's parenchyma that extends superiorly to the thyroid cartilage or the hyoid bone. Most often, it originates from the isthmus and it is located to the left of the middle line. It can be absent in up to 50% of the cases. From the time of Theodor Kocher who performed the first classic thyroidectomies, we are now entering the era of minimal access thyroid surgery where new techniques are devised in order to provide a better cosmetic result. The presence of the pyramidal lobe is a classic example of an anatomic variation of the thyroid gland that plays an important role in the completeness of a total thyroidectomy, especially when the procedure is carried out for an autoimmune or malignant disease. The pyramidal lobe can also increase the complexity of minimal access procedures that are nowadays applied for the removal of the thyroid gland. The purpose of this article is to outline the importance of the pyramidal lobe in minimal access thyroid surgery.

Robotic thyroidectomy via bilateral axillo-breast approach: Experience and learning curve through initial 220 cases

OBJECTIVE

This study is aim to summarize the experience of robotic thyroidectomy via bilateral axillo-breast approach of our center and also to find out the learning curve of this technique.

METHODS

In total 220 initial patients who have undergone robotic thyroidectomy via bilateral axillo-breast approach from May 2015 to September 2017 were involved in this study. The data of operation time, clinical characteristics, surgical outcomes and oncological outcomes were collected. The moving average method is use to explore the learning curve.

RESULTS

All patients had undergone robotic thyroidectomy successfully without conversion to other surgical approaches. The mean age of the enrolled subjects was 34.4 ± 7.8 years old, while the sex ratio (male/female) was 38/182. There were 50 benign tumor cases and 170 malignant tumor cases. The mean total operation time was 105.3 ± 37.6 min. Lymph node metastasis was observed in 61 (35.9%) patients. The mean retrieved lymph node count was 5.1 ± 3.8 while the mean metastatic lymph node count was 0.7 ± 1.5. The operation time decreased significantly after about 30-35 cases and formed the plateau. After 80 cases, the operation time significantly decreased again.

CONCLUSION

For skilled endocrine surgeons, robotic thyroidectomy has proved to be safe and feasible, which could be applied extensively in patients strictly selected in high-volume centers, with a relatively short learning curve of about 30-35 cases. While the surgeons getting more experienced, this technique would be more efficient.

Unilateral Axilla-Bilateral Areola Approach for Thyroidectomy by da Vinci Robot: 500 Cases Treated by the Same Surgeon

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of da Vinci robot-assisted thyroidectomy via an unilateral axilla-bilateral areola (UABA) approach.

Methods: The clinical data of 500 patients undergoing robotic thyroidectomy via an UABA approach from July 2014 to April 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. All 500 patients were operated on by the same surgeon and divided into two groups by the time sequence. The efficacy and complications were compared between the two groups.

Results: Robotic thyroidectomy via an UABA approach was performed successfully in 500 cases, including 196 cases of benign thyroid diseases with a lesion diameter of 3.1 ± 1.3 cm (0.4 - 8.2 cm) and 304 cases of thyroid cancer with a tumor diameter of 1.2 ± 0.7 cm (0.4 - 4.4 cm). Surgical procedures included unilateral lobectomy and total thyroidectomy with or without central lymph node dissection. Among the 500 patients, 9 (1.8%) had transient recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, 1 (0.2%) had permanent unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, 12 (2.4%) had subcutaneous hemorrhage of the trajectory area, and 6 (1.2%) had subcutaneous infection of the trajectory area after surgery. Among 239 thyroid cancer patients undergoing total thyroidectomy, 45 (18.8%) had transient hypoparathyroidism and 5 (2.1%) had permanent hypoparathyroidism. The incidence of permanent hypoparathyroidism was 1.9% (4/212) among the patients undergoing total thyroidectomy plus unilateral central lymph node dissection, and 3.7% (1/27) among the patients undergoing total thyroidectomy plus bilateral central lymph node dissection. During the follow-up of median 17 months, all patients were satisfied with postoperative appearance of the neck and no structural recurrence or metastases occurred. There was no significant difference in efficacy between the two groups (P > 0.05), while the complication rate in phase 2 was significantly lower than that in phase 1 (P < 0.05) as the surgeon became more proficient in the UABA approach.

Conclusion: Robotic thyroidectomy via an UABA approach is simple, safe, and minimally invasive, suitable for radical resection of large benign tumors and early thyroid cancer and central lymph node dissection.

Quantitative Assessment of the Learning Curve for Robotic Thyroid Surgery

With the increased utilization of robot thyroidectomy in recent years, surgical proficiency is the paramount consideration. However, there is no single perfect or ideal method for measuring surgical proficiency. In this study, we evaluated the learning curve of robotic thyroidectomy using various parameters. A total of 172 robotic total thyroidectomies were performed by a single surgeon between March 2014 and February 2018. Cumulative summation analysis revealed that it took 50 cases for the surgeon to significantly improve the operation time. Mean operation time was significantly shorter in the group that included the 51st to the 172nd case, than in the group that included only the first 50 cases (132.8 ± 27.7 min vs. 166.9 ± 29.5 min; p < 0.001). On the other hand, the surgeon was competent after the 75th case when postoperative transient hypoparathyroidism was used as the outcome measure. The incidence of hypoparathyroidism gradually decreased from 52.0%, for the first 75 cases, to 40.2% after the 76th case. These results indicated that the criteria used to assess proficiency greatly influenced the interpretation of the learning curve. Incorporation of the operation time, complications, and oncologic outcomes should be considered in learning curve assessment.

Scarless neck thyroidectomy using bilateral axillo-breast approach: Initial impressions after introduction in a specialized unit and a review of the literature

INTRODUCTION

The extracervical approach for thyroidectomy remains widely unknown in our country. Its main aim is to avoid a cervical scar while maintaining the same safety profile of conventional thyroidectomy. The objective is to communicate our experience after the first 15 cases using the endoscopic bilateral axillo-breast approach (BABA) and to review critical points described in literature.

METHODS

Between June 2017 and June 2018, 15 endoscopic thyroidectomies were performed using the BABA extracervical approach, locating incisions in axillary folds and areolar borders. Indications were benign goiter and suspicious nodule (Bethesda 3 and 4).

RESULTS

All 15 cases (12 patients) were treated using the extracervical endoscopic technique. We performed 5 total thyroidectomies, 7 hemithyroidectomies and 3 completion thyroidectomies. Mean surgical time for total thyroidectomy was 285minutes and 210minutes for hemithyroidectomy. The average hospital stay was 1.67days. With a mean follow-up of 7.73months, rates of transient and definitive hypoparathyroidism were 37% and 0%, and transient recurrent nerve palsy occurred in one case. Anterior chest paraesthesia rate was 80%, which were mild and resolved within the first month. The degree of cosmetic satisfaction is very high.

CONCLUSION

Our experience with endoscopic bilateral axillo-breast approach thyroidectomy is short but satisfactory. It is a reproducible procedure that requires extensive experience in endocrine and endoscopic surgery. Extracervical approaches are an alternative for selected patients who are especially concerned about cervical scarring and are not intended to displace conventional thyroidectomy, which is the current gold standard. Our Scientific Society should explore these approaches to establish coherent indications and limitations.

Differentiated thyroid cancer theranostics: radioiodine and beyond

The term theranostics is the combination of a diagnostic tool that helps to define the right therapeutic tool for specific disease. It signifies the "we know which sites require treatment (diagnostic scan) and confirm that those sites have been treated (post-therapy scan)" demonstrating the achievable tumor dose concept. This term was first used by John Funkhouser at the beginning of the 90s, at the same time the concept of personalized medicine appeared. In nuclear medicine, theranostics is easy to apply and understand because of an easy switch from diagnosis to therapy with the same vector. It helps in maximizing tumor dose and sparing normal tissue with high specific and rapid uptake in metastasis. The oldest application of this concept is radioactive iodine I-131 (RAI). The first treatment based on the theranostic concept was performed on thyroid cancer patients with RAI in 1946. From then on management of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) has evolved on the multimodality concept. We now use the term "our" patient instead of "my" patient to signify this. However, the initial surgical management followed by RAI as per the theranostics has remained the mainstay in achieving a cure in most of DTC patients. The normal thyroid cells metabolise iodine, the principle of which is utilized in imaging of the thyroid gland with isotopes of iodine. RAI treatment of DTC is based on the principle of sodium iodide symporter (NIS) expressing thyroid cells with DTC cells having the ability of trapping circulating RAI successfully helping in treatment of residual and metastatic disease. NIS is usually negative in poorly differentiated cells and is inversely proportional to Glucose transporter receptor Type 1 expression. Both positive and negative NIS are the key components of the theranostic approach in treatment of DTC. Presence or absence of NIS is documented by either whole body iodine scintigraphy (WBS) or 2-deoxy-2(¹⁸F) fludeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET-CT). Currently, single photon emission CT and CT (SPECT-CT) has significantly improved the precision and sensitivity of whole body iodine scintigraphy with its capability of accurate localization of disease foci whether iodine avid or non-avid. This has helped in a more personalized approach in treatment. This review will give an overview of the role of NIS in the theranostic approach to management with RAI, its current status and also the molecular approach to treatment in RAI refractory disease.

Robotic and Endoscopic Thyroid Surgery: Evolution and Advances

To minimize surgical morbidity and neck scarring, minimally invasive thyroidectomy and robotic/endoscopic thyroidectomy via cervical, axillary, anterior chest, breast, postauricular or transoral approaches have been developed over the past 20 years. In this article, we review the evolution of robotic and endoscopic thyroid surgery and recent advances. Among remote access approaches, the gasless transaxillary approach, bilateral axillo-breast approach, postauricular facelift approach, and transoral vestibular approach are in common use today. Each procedure has its own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, we need to understand these advantages and limitations, and to select the appropriate method for each patient. The most significant advantage of remote access thyroidectomy is its excellent cosmesis. The complication rate is similar in patients undergoing a remote access approach and those undergoing conventional surgery if the former is performed by experienced surgeons. Operative time is significantly longer in remote access thyroidectomy. In conclusion, remote access thyroidectomy is feasible and its outcomes are comparable to those of conventional transcervical thyroidectomy in highly selected patients.