Helicobacter pylori-induced protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C as a prognostic biomarker for gastric cancer

Identification of Immune Infiltrating Cell-Related Biomarkers in Early Gastric Cancer Progression

OBJECTIVES

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, and early detection is crucial for improving patient survival rates. We aimed to identify immune infiltrating cell-related biomarkers in early gastric cancer (EGC) progression.

METHODS

The GSE55696 and GSE130823 datasets with low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGIN), high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGIN), and EGC samples were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database to perform an observational study. Immune infiltration analysis was performed by single sample gene set enrichment analysis and Estimation of STromal and Immune cells in MAlignant Tumor tissues using Expression data. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis was used to explore the co-expression modules and genes, and further enrichment analysis was performed on these genes. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of these genes was constructed to identify biomarkers associated with EGC progression. Screened hub genes were validated by the rank sum test and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

Immune scores were significantly elevated in EGC samples compared to LGIN and HGIN samples. The green-yellow module exhibited the strongest correlation with both immune score and disease progression. The 87 genes within this module were associated with the chemokine signaling pathways, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathways, leukocyte transendothelial migration, and Ras signaling pathways. Through PPI network analysis, the hub genes identified were protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-type C (PTPRC), pleckstrin, CD53, CD48, lymphocyte cytosolic protein 1 (LCP1), hematopoietic cell-specific Lyn substrate 1, IKAROS Family Zinc Finger 1, Bruton tyrosine kinase, and Vav guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1. Notably, CD48, LCP1, and PTPRC showed high expression levels in EGC samples, with the remaining hub genes demonstrating a similar expression trend.

CONCLUSION

This study identified 9 immune cell-related biomarkers that may be actively involved in the progression of EGC and serve as potential targets for GC diagnosis and treatment.

Exploration of genes and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in female lung adenocarcinoma microenvironment that predicted prognosis

The tumor microenvironment has an important impact on tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, anti-tumor immune tolerance, and prognosis. The present study aimed to explore female lung adenocarcinoma microenvironment-associated tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and genes that predict prognosis in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Gene expression profiles of female patients with lung adenocarcinoma were downloaded from TCGA. Base on the CIBERSORT algorithm, we determined the fractions of TILs. By applying the ESTIMATE algorithm, immune scores and stromal scores were derived. According to the immune and stromal scores, we categorized the female patients with lung adenocarcinoma into high and low score groups. We also identified the fractions of TILs and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were significantly related with prognosis. The proportion of M1 macrophages was significantly negatively related to overall survival in female patients with lung adenocarcinoma. There were 269 upregulated genes and 35 downregulated genes both in immune scores and stromal scores. PTPRC (protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C) and GIMAP6 (GTPase, IMAP family member 6) were not only hub genes, but also were significantly related to overall survival in the Kaplan-Meier Plotter online and TCGA databases. In summary, our study provided new insight into the tumor microenvironment-related cellular and molecular mechanisms of women with lung adenocarcinoma. The results will be useful for future clinical studies.