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Gnanalingham S, Bhatti F, Sayeed R. Gender more than ethnicity or disability influences the choice of a career in cardiothoracic surgery by United Kingdom medical students. Surgeon 2024:S1479-666X(24)00060-X. [PMID: 39030101 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cardiothoracic surgery has reported poor equality, diversity, and inclusion amongst its faculty [1-3]. We explored how gender, ethnicity, and disability influence medical students' interest in cardiothoracic surgery as a career choice, as well as overall exposure to cardiothoracic surgery in the undergraduate curriculum. METHODS We distributed a 26-item Google Forms online survey to student members of a medical education group from all 37 UK medical schools via social media. Respondents were asked to rank different 'factors of interest' on a 1-5 Likert scale (1 = not important at all, 5 = very important) and were encouraged to add free-text comments. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS. RESULTS There were 258 respondents, 62% identifying as female and 38% male. Respondents' ethnicities were 45% White, 44% Asian or Asian British, and 11% from other ethnic groups. 11% of respondents confirmed 'long-standing illness or disability'. Men were almost twice as likely to consider a career in cardiothoracic surgery than women (33% vs 19%; p < 0.001). Women were more likely than men to feel that their gender, lack of a similarly gendered mentor, and long working hours were important factors when considering cardiothoracic surgery as a career. Ethnicity of the respondent did not appear to affect how they perceived the challenges of a career in cardiothoracic surgery. Interestingly, 'long-standing illness or disability' did not significantly affect the decision making to consider this specialty as a career. Overall, 73% of respondents reported not having adequate exposure to cardiothoracic surgery at medical school and agreed they would benefit from more time. CONCLUSIONS Female medical students felt their gender, lack of same-sex role models, and perceived long working hours were barriers in considering cardiothoracic surgery as a career. All students felt the need for more exposure to Cardiothoracic Surgery in the undergraduate curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathyan Gnanalingham
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, UCL Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Farah Bhatti
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Swansea Bay University Health Board, United Kingdom
| | - Rana Sayeed
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
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Benck KN, SenthilKumar G, Steely AM, Pereira SJ, DiChiacchio L. Professional Development for Women in Cardiothoracic Surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2024:S0003-4975(24)00470-3. [PMID: 38880270 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2024.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelley N Benck
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Gopika SenthilKumar
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Andrea M Steely
- Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sara J Pereira
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Laura DiChiacchio
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
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Conrad H, Young C, Alvarado C, Rao R, Worrell S. Dissuasion in women surgical trainees pursuing cardiothoracic surgery. Am J Surg 2024; 227:161-164. [PMID: 37865542 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2023.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reasons for persistent gender disparity in cardiothoracic surgery (CTS) are multifaceted. The objective of this paper is to understand if and why women surgical trainees are dissuaded from pursuing CTS. METHODS A survey was sent to self-identified women participating in Women in Thoracic Surgery speed mentoring. Statistical analysis was performed to determine dissuasion rates. Open-ended responses describing examples of dissuasion were characterized and categorized. RESULTS Of all participants, 76 % (163/215) reported dissuasion from a CTS career. Third- and fourth-year medical students experienced the highest rate by training (81 %, 48/59) and those interested in Congenital CTS experienced the highest rate based on subspecialty interest (94 %, 17/18). The most cited dissuasion examples included work/life balance, lifestyle with children, and gender. CONCLUSIONS Most women surveyed had been dissuaded from pursuing a career in CTS. Examples of dissuasion provided are heavily associated with traditional gender roles, supporting the presence of continued gender bias in CTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Conrad
- University of Arizona Department of Surgery, 1625 N Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA.
| | - Clementine Young
- University of Arizona Department of Surgery, 1625 N Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA.
| | - Christine Alvarado
- Case Western University Department of Surgery, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Rashmi Rao
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Stephanie Worrell
- University of Arizona Department of Surgery, 1625 N Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA.
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Didier AJ, Creeden JF, Pannell SM, Sutton JM. Trends in Racial and Gender Diversity Among Complex General Surgical Oncology Fellowship Trainees. Ann Surg Oncol 2023; 30:6824-6834. [PMID: 37351734 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-023-13743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examines trends in racial and gender diversity of trainees within Complex General Surgical Oncology Fellowships, and compares the racial and gender proportions of trainees across different fields to assess potential barriers to increasing diversity within surgical oncology training programs. METHODS Accredited Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) data were queried to identify surgical trainees between 2013 and 2021. Trainees were identified based on self-reported race and gender and were stratified based on residency type and fellowship program type if applicable. Chi-square tests were used to assess differences between groups and trends. RESULTS A significantly lower proportion of individuals who are underrepresented in medicine (URMs) trained in surgical oncology fellowships (8.9%) compared with both the overall trainee pool (12.8%) and general surgery residency programs (13.1%) [p < 0.05]. There was no significant increase in URM representation in surgical oncology fellowships across the study period. Furthermore, there was a significantly lower proportion of females training in surgical oncology fellowships (38.6%) compared with the overall trainee pool (45.6%) [p < 0.05]. Despite a significant increase in female representation in general surgery residency and other surgical fellowships, there was no significant increase in female representation in surgical oncology fellowships across the study period. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies disparities in gender and racial minority representation within ACGME-accredited Complex General Surgical Oncology Fellowship training programs. While steps have been taken to expand diversity, more needs to be done to combat the systemic barriers that both racial minorities and women face during their training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Didier
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA.
| | - Justin F Creeden
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Stephanie M Pannell
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Sutton
- Division of Oncologic and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Woodyard KC, Lee E, Ferguson R, Dembinski D, Effendi M, Janowak CF, Gobble RM. Surgical Fellowships Demonstrate Variable Improvement in Gender Representation Despite Greater Female Enrollment in General Surgery Residencies. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2023; 80:1104-1112. [PMID: 37336666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite increasing female representation in General Surgery (GS) residency training programs, proportional improvement of female enrollment in surgical fellowships has yet to be quantified. We aimed to assess if female enrollment in surgical fellowships has improved at an equivalent rate in 7 different surgical fellowship options after GS. DESIGN AND SETTING Data were collected from Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) resources which disclosed active resident and fellow characteristics. Gender identification was self-reported by residents to ACGME. Gender data collected for GS programs and surgical fellowships including Surgical Critical Care, Colon, and Rectal Surgery, Pediatric Surgery, Plastic Surgery, Surgical Oncology, Thoracic Surgery, and Vascular Surgery from annual reports. Pearson Chi-squared analysis was conducted between GS residencies and fellowship programs in their corresponding years using Stata15 software. RESULTS In all years examined, fellowships in Vascular, Thoracic, and Plastic Surgery had significantly lower female enrollment in proportion to the number of female GS residents (p = <0.02). In all years examined, Surgical Oncology, Pediatric, Colon and Rectal, and Surgical Critical Care had female enrollment that was, at minimum, proportional to female enrollment in GS residency, indicating equitable gender representation. Surgical Oncology (2016), Pediatric (2020) and Surgical Critical Care (2016) fellowships each had 1 year where female enrollment was significantly higher than General Surgery. CONCLUSIONS The enrollment of female surgeons in Plastic, Vascular, and Thoracic Surgery fellowships has not improved proportionally despite an increase in female GS residents. These results suggest the possibility of persistent factors that deter female enrollment in Vascular, Thoracic and Plastic Surgery fellowships that are not present to the same degree in fields with equitable fellowship female enrollment. Female representation in surgical fellowships is vital to improving gender diversity in all disciplines of surgery, particularly academic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiersten C Woodyard
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Craniofacial and Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ermina Lee
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Riley Ferguson
- Department of Surgery, Section of General Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Douglas Dembinski
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Maleeh Effendi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Christopher F Janowak
- Department of Surgery, Section of General Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ryan M Gobble
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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Khosla M, Vidya R, Kothari A, Gulluoglu BM. New Media Platforms for Teaching and Networking: Emerging Global Opportunities for Breast Surgeons. Breast Care (Basel) 2023; 18:187-192. [PMID: 37529372 PMCID: PMC10389166 DOI: 10.1159/000529521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The framework of breast care is changing rapidly due to the increasing success of systemic therapies for breast cancer, and consequently, surgeons need to adapt themselves to the changing role of surgery in its management. Real-world evidence indicates that breast cancer patient-related outcomes are better if they are managed by specialized physicians and surgeons. On the other hand, the curriculum for the training of breast surgeons is expanding and includes skills that involve newer surgical techniques and nonsurgical technologies. De-escalation of surgery and also the fact that quality of life is becoming one of the priorities in breast cancer management require breast surgeons to be competent in all aspects of multidisciplinary management. Classical teaching including master-apprentice relation-based training is no more sufficient to satisfy the expectations of the trainees. However, on the other hand, the sources for contemporary postgraduate education are relatively scarce when considering these fast changes in the field. Therefore, there is a continuing quest among breast surgeons for finding ways to maintain their professional development. Summary Classrooms and operating theaters without walls that came with the internet boom brought substantial opportunities for breast surgeons. Platforms such as BreastGlobal, Breastics24 h, Global Breast Hub, Oncoplastic Academy-Brazil, ibreastbook, Virtual Breast Oncoplastic Surgical Simulator, and CluBreast helped surgeons who needed to get contemporary training and interaction for their professional continuous development. Networking sites such as YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter are also among the social media platforms for professional groups to interact. National and global breast surgery societies also provide periodical online meetings and congresses for their members in order to satisfy the ongoing demand for training, interaction, and networking. Therefore, web-based platforms helped many surgeons from different parts of the world who could not afford to travel or did not have time to attend the necessary meetings due to their limited time and resources. Moreover, these online programs may have also encouraged surgeons to pursue specialized training in breast surgery which in turn should be expected to increase the quality of breast care in their countries. Key Messages The platforms have downsides such as practical training and role modeling are limited and the opportunity of receiving real-time feedback on skills requirements lacks and networking would not be productive as expected. Nevertheless, web-based platforms require certain technology and infrastructure which still could not be provided everywhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muskaan Khosla
- Breast Department, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Raghavan Vidya
- Breast Department, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Ashutosh Kothari
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Bahadir M. Gulluoglu
- Department of General Surgery, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Stevens CR, Merk K, Ierulli VK, Mulcahey MK. Analysis of Social Media Posts That Promote Women Surgeons. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2023; 80:682-688. [PMID: 36872167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to analyze the content, interaction, and use of posts related to women surgeons on Instagram and Twitter, with specific analysis of female orthopedic surgeon related content. DESIGN A retrospective search of Instagram and Twitter from March 14, 2022, to June 16, 2022 was conducted using the hashtags, #womeninortho, #womeninorthopedics, #ilooklikeasurgeon, #womensurgeons, and #womeninsurgery. Additional searches were performed on Twitter that consisted of #orthotwitter in combination with #ilooklikeasurgeon, #womensurgeons, and #womeninsurgery. Once identified, posts were analyzed for the hashtag used, number of likes, number of comments, number of retweets (Twitter only), source type, type of post, and medical specialty. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Over the 3-month period, a total of 3248 posts were identified that included 1669 Instagram (50.5%) and 1639 Twitter (49.6%) posts. The majority of overall posts and Instagram posts were made by general (32.3%, 28.9%), plastic (12.7%, 22.1%), and orthopedic surgeons (8.3%, 7.8%). On Twitter, general surgeons tweeted the most (35.6%), followed by orthopaedic surgeons (8.8%). Instagram had a greater mean number of and comments per post than Twitter. For orthopedic hashtags, #womeninortho was used more than #womeninorthopedics (78.0% vs. 22.0%, p < 0.001). On #orthotwitter, #ilooklikeasurgeon was used more than #womeninsurgery and #womensurgeons (75.0% vs. 23.6% vs. 1.4%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that both Instagram and Twitter are regularly used to promote women surgeons. Instagram is the preferred platform of physicians for promoting women surgeons via personal and outcome-based content, while Twitter is used more by students and primarily includes outcome-based posts. Female orthopedic surgeons should continue to use the preferred hashtag, #womeninortho, to maximize the reach of this content. By promoting women surgeons on social media, practicing surgeons can converse, collaborate, and provide mentorship to the next generation of surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly R Stevens
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Katie Merk
- Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Victoria K Ierulli
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Mary K Mulcahey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
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Online Survey Evaluation of Three Years of European Society of Thoracic Surgeons Educational Webinars as Part of The E-learning Platform. World J Surg 2023; 47:534-544. [PMID: 36280616 PMCID: PMC9592132 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-022-06790-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND E-learning has become an important tool in surgical education in the last decade. The European Society of Thoracic Surgeons launched its e-learning platform in 2013 and started its educational webinars series in 2018. The aim of this paper is to discuss the introduction, evolution and impact of the educational webinars within this e-learning platform. METHODS Twenty-four English spoken webinars discussing different subdomains in general thoracic surgery (21 expert talks, 2 pro-con debates and 1 multidisciplinary case discussion) were analyzed. An online questionnaire on timing, quality and technical aspects of the webinars was sent to 3012 registrants. RESULTS The webinars reached 3128 unique registrants from 76 countries worldwide. The mean number of registrants was 355 with 171 live attendees (48%) and 155 replay watchers (36%). Hundred and twenty-six attendees (13.1% of people who registered for at least 4 webinars) completed the questionnaire. Timing and duration of the webinars were rated "very good" to "excellent" in 78%, and the quality of the webinar content and the expertise of the webinar presenters were rated "very good" to "excellent" in 88% and 90%, respectively. The impact on knowledge and clinical practice was scored with a weighted average of 7.27 out of 10 and 6.79 out of 10, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The ESTS educational webinars were effective in delivering up-to-date knowledge to almost half of the countries around the globe. The impact of these events on knowledge and clinical practice were rated high. New e-learning tools should be added to the surgical educational curriculum.
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Kranak MP, Andzik NR, Falligant JM. Evaluating Sources of Continuing Education and Professional Development Used by Behavior Analysts. Behav Anal Pract 2022; 16:1-11. [PMID: 36573078 PMCID: PMC9769470 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-022-00769-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Board certified behavior analysts (BCBAs) are required to accrue continuing education units (CEUs) every 2 years, and to regularly engage in professional development. Identifying sources of CEUs and professional development activities, what factors BCBAs consider when choosing them, and their preferences and opinions could help inform the provision of CEU and professional development activities. However, little is known about those collective sources nor the preferences of behavior analysts in obtaining them. We surveyed individuals certified as BCBAs or board certified assistant behavior analysts through the Behavior Analyst Certification Board mass e-mail service to identify trends in CEU accruement and professional development and factors driving individuals to certain sources over others. Respondents indicated they value and believe peer-reviewed articles, in-person conferences, and well-known speakers over less verifiable sources such as social media platforms (e.g., Facebook groups or podcasts). Implications for improving the accessibility of high-quality sources of CEUs and professional development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Kranak
- Oakland University, Rochester, MI USA
- Oakland University Center for Autism, Rochester, MI USA
| | | | - John Michael Falligant
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD USA
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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Increased social media utilization and content creation by cardiothoracic surgery programs during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. JTCVS OPEN 2022; 12:315-328. [PMID: 36277138 PMCID: PMC9579049 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjon.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has changed the landscape of professional activities, emphasizing virtual meetings and social media (SoMe) presence. Whether cardiothoracic programs increased their SoMe presence is unknown. We examined SoMe use and content creation by cardiothoracic surgery programs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We searched the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education to identify all cardiothoracic surgery residency programs (n = 122), including independent (n = 74), integrated (n = 33), and congenital (n = 15) training programs at 78 US cardiothoracic surgery teaching institutions. We then manually searched Google, Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, and Twitter to identify the associated residency and departmental accounts. The timeline for our search was between 10/2021 and 4/2022. March 2020 was used as the starting point for the COVID-19 pandemic. We also contacted the account managers to identify account content creators. The data are descriptively reported and analyzed. Results Of 137 SoMe accounts from 78 US cardiothoracic surgery teaching institutions, 72 of 137 (52.6%) were on Twitter, 34 of 137 (24.8%) on Facebook, and 31 of 137 (22.6%) on Instagram. Most accounts were departmental accounts (105/137 = 76.6%) versus 32 of 137 (23.4%) training program accounts. Most training program-specific SoMe accounts across all platforms were created after the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas departmental accounts were pre-existing (P < .001). The most pronounced SoMe growth was on Instagram at the training program level, with 91.7% of Instagram accounts created after the pandemic. Trainees are the content creators for 94.4% of residency accounts and 33.3% of departmental accounts. Facebook's presence was stagnant. Congenital training programs did not have a specific SoMe presence. Conclusions SoMe presence by cardiothoracic surgery training programs and departments has increased during the pandemic. Twitter is the most common platform, with a recent increased trend on Instagram. Trainees largely create content. SoMe education and training pathways may be needed for involved trainees to maximize their benefits.
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Minami HR, Li X, Ong SK, Allen S, Ansari P, Balters M, Han D, Hess D, Jackson P, Kimbrough M, Porter M, Schroll R, Shames B, Shelton J, Soult M, Sussman JJ, Williams M, Yoo P, Smeds MR. Frequency and Characteristics of Social Media Use among General Surgery Trainees. J Surg Res 2022; 277:342-351. [PMID: 35561650 PMCID: PMC9677327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With increased social isolation due to COVID-19, social media has been increasingly adopted for communication, education, and entertainment. We sought to understand the frequency and characteristics of social media usage among general surgery trainees. MATERIALS AND METHODS General surgery trainees in 15 American training programs were invited to participate in an anonymous electronic survey. The survey included questions about demographics, frequency of social media usage, and perceptions of risks and benefits of social media. Univariate analysis was performed to identify differences between high users of social media (4-7 h per week on at least one platform) and low users (0-3 h or less on all platforms). RESULTS One hundred fifty-seven of 591 (26.6%) trainees completed the survey. Most respondents were PGY3 or lower (75%) and high users of social media (74.5%). Among high users, the most popular platforms were Instagram (85.7%), YouTube (85.1%), and Facebook (83.6%). YouTube and Twitter were popular for surgical education (77.3% and 68.2%, respectively). The most reported benefits of social media were improving patient education and professional networking (85.0%), where high users agreed more strongly about these benefits (P = 0.002). The most reported risks were seeing other residents (42%) or attendings (17%) with unprofessional behavior. High users disagreed more strongly about risks, including observing attendings with unprofessional behavior (P = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS Most respondents were high users of social media, particularly Instagram, YouTube, and Facebook. High users incorporated social media into their surgical education while perceiving more benefits and fewer risks of social media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hataka R Minami
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri.
| | - Xujia Li
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Samantha K Ong
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Steven Allen
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Daniel Han
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - Patrick Jackson
- Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Mary Kimbrough
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | | | - Rebecca Schroll
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Brian Shames
- University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut
| | | | | | | | - Michael Williams
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Peter Yoo
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Matthew R Smeds
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
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Paul M, Dweck M, Chadha N. Ophthalmology Education Leadership Attitudes Towards Mentorship of Female Medical Students. Am J Ophthalmol 2022; 243:149-157. [PMID: 35932822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2022.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Numerous studies have emphasized the influence of gender-specific mentors in medical students' career decisions, but this has not been explored fully in ophthalmology. Therefore, this study evaluated ophthalmology educators' attitudes towards female mentorship, to better understand how this may relate to medical students' career development and training. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS A 22-question survey was sent to AUPO Chairs, Program Directors, and Medical Student Educators. The number of female students applying to ophthalmology residency was compared with the number of female ophthalmology faculty using AUPO and AAMC workforce data. Student's t-tests and chi square were used for analyses, all at a threshold significance level of p<0.05. RESULTS 75 members responded, including 30 of 72 MSEs (41.7%), 34 of 114 PDs (29.8%), and 17 of 135 Chairs (12.6%). Of respondents, 55.4% identified as female and 44.6% as male. Male and female members had 47.9% and 47.6% female mentees, respectively, (p=0.45). However, 21.2% of male and 56.1% of female members agreed that a mentee of the same gender was important, (p<0.01). Furthermore, 13 of 40 female members (32.5%) reported having a significant female mentor themselves vs. 1 of 29 male members (3%), (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Male and female AUPO members reported no difference in female mentees but females were more likely to feel gender-specific mentorship was important, suggesting room for further development of this resource. Expansion of female mentorship in ophthalmology can promote equity in training and help address the lack of female representation in leadership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Paul
- Department of Medical Education, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1255, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Monica Dweck
- Department of Medical Education, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1255, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/New York Eye & Ear, Eye and Vision Research Institute, 17 E 102(nd) Street, 8(th) Floor West, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nisha Chadha
- Department of Medical Education, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1255, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/New York Eye & Ear, Eye and Vision Research Institute, 17 E 102(nd) Street, 8(th) Floor West, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Investigation of the Gender Distribution of National Institutes of Health Grants Across Six Surgical Specialties From 2015 to 2020: Toward Promoting Equity in Academic Surgery. J Surg Res 2022; 276:272-282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Early Barriers to Career Progression of Women in Surgery and Solutions to Improve Them: A Systematic Scoping Review. Ann Surg 2022; 276:246-255. [PMID: 35797642 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000005510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to summarize the evidence concerning the barriers that exist to the career progression of women in surgery and to provide potential solutions to overcome these obstacles. BACKGROUND Visible and invisible impediments can hinder female doctors' pursuit of a surgical career, from choosing a surgical specialty to training opportunities and all the way through career progression. METHODS Database search of original studies about barriers for female surgeons during choice of surgical career, residency, and career progression. A query including possible solutions such as mentorship and network was included. RESULTS Of 4618 total articles; 4497 were excluded as duplicates, having incorrect study focus, or not being original studies; leaving 120 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Of the articles included, 22 (18%) focused on factors affecting the pursuit of a surgical career, such as surgical work hours and limited time for outside interests, 55 (46%) analyzed the main barriers that exist during surgical residency and fellowship training, such as discrimination and sexual harassment, 27 (23%) focused on barriers to career advancement, heavy workloads, ineffective mentorship, unclear expectations for advancement, inequality in pay or work-home conflicts. Among studies reporting on possible solutions, 8 (6.5%) articles reported on the role of effective mentorship to support career advancement and to provide moral support and 8 (6.5%) on the emerging role of social media for networking. Our analysis showed how different impediments hinder surgical career progression for women, with notable consequences on burnout and attrition. CONCLUSIONS Identification and recognition of obstacles to career progression is the first step to addressing the gender gap in surgery. Active strategies should be improved to promote a culture of diversity and to create equal opportunity for women in surgery, while implementing structured mentoring programs and investing on an adequate communication on social media to engage the future generations.
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15
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Papageorge MV, Antonoff MB. Gender disparities in surgery: The path forward. J Vasc Surg 2022; 75:2099. [PMID: 35598937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2021.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mara B Antonoff
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Titanji BK, Abdul-Mutakabbir JC, Christophers B, Flores L, Marcelin JR, Swartz TH. Social Media: Flattening Hierarchies for Women and Black, Indigenous, People Of Color (BIPOC) to Enter the Room Where It Happens. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 74:S222-S228. [PMID: 35568478 PMCID: PMC9107375 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Social media platforms are widely used to connect people across multiple settings, including country of origin, profession, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, seniority, and training. Groups that have been marginalized or historically excluded from decision-making encounters may lack formal mentors/sponsors because of a lack of representation of women and Black, Indigenous, People Of Color (BIPOC) in senior leadership positions. This can serve as a barrier to professional advancement at all stages of career development. Identifying and connecting with these potential mentors/sponsors outside of one's institutional space can be challenging. For this reason, leveraging social media to develop these professional relationships through flattened hierarchies can allow for professional networking beyond traditional mechanisms. Here we aim to describe how individuals can connect through social media to advance their careers and scientific and clinical expertise, advocate for communities, and provide high-quality communication to the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boghuma K Titanji
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jacinda C Abdul-Mutakabbir
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Briana Christophers
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, New York, USA
| | - Laura Flores
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Allied Health Professions, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jasmine R Marcelin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USAand
| | - Talia H Swartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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17
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Green RL, Kling SM, Dunham P, Erkmen CP, Kuo LE. Gender Diversity in Surgery: A Review. CURRENT SURGERY REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40137-022-00314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Whitson BA. Mentorship, Sponsorship and the Emerging Role of Social Media. Ann Thorac Surg 2021; 114:598-599. [PMID: 34688618 PMCID: PMC9550590 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Whitson
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Su, N-825 Doan Hall, 410 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210.
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Xu S, Do-Nguyen CC, Karamlou T. Digital Mentorship in Cardiothoracic Surgery in the COVID-19 Era. Ann Thorac Surg 2021; 114:598. [PMID: 34297991 PMCID: PMC8290076 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Xu
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 9501 Euclid Ave Cleveland, OH 44106.
| | | | - Tara Karamlou
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic
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20
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Odell DD, Edwards M, Fuller S, Loor G, Antonoff MB. The Art and Science of Mentorship in Cardiothoracic Surgery: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Ann Thorac Surg 2020; 113:1093-1100. [PMID: 32857995 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As academic cardiothoracic surgeons focus on producing a new generation of successful surgeon leaders, mentorship has emerged as one of the most important variables influencing professional and personal success and satisfaction. We explore the literature to determine the benefits, qualities and features of the mentor relationship. METHODS A comprehensive review was performed in February for 2020 of Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the SCOPUS Database using 'mentor' as a primary search term. The titles and abstracts of these publications were then reviewed by 2 of the authors to identify relevant sources addressing topics related to mentorship in cardiothoracic surgery and identify 4 specific areas of focus (1) the value of mentorship, (2) the skills needed to be an effective mentor, (3) effective approaches for identifying and receiving mentorship, and (4) the unique considerations associated with mentorship for traditionally underrepresented populations in surgery. RESULTS Of 16,469 articles reviewed, 167 relevant manuscripts were identified and 62 were included. CONCLUSIONS There is undeniable value in mentorship when navigating a career in cardiothoracic surgery. By sharing the most significant features and skills of both ideal mentors and mentees, we hope to provide a framework to improve the quality of mentorship from both sides.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Odell
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Melanie Edwards
- Department of Surgery, St. Joseph's Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stephanie Fuller
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gabriel Loor
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Mara B Antonoff
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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