CT cinematic rendering for pelvic primary tumor photorealistic visualization

Clinical implementation of cinematic rendering

Cinematic rendering is a recently developed photorealistic display technique for standard volumetric data sets. It has broad-reaching applications in cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, abdominopelvic, and thoracic imaging. It has been used for surgical planning and has emerging use in educational settings. We review the logistics of performing this post-processing step and its integration into existing workflow.

Application of Machine Learning for Differentiating Bone Malignancy on Imaging: A Systematic Review

An accurate diagnosis of bone tumours on imaging is crucial for appropriate and successful treatment. The advent of Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning methods to characterize and assess bone tumours on various imaging modalities may assist in the diagnostic workflow. The purpose of this review article is to summarise the most recent evidence for AI techniques using imaging for differentiating benign from malignant lesions, the characterization of various malignant bone lesions, and their potential clinical application. A systematic search through electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and clinicaltrials.gov) was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 34 articles were retrieved from the databases and the key findings were compiled and summarised. A total of 34 articles reported the use of AI techniques to distinguish between benign vs. malignant bone lesions, of which 12 (35.3%) focused on radiographs, 12 (35.3%) on MRI, 5 (14.7%) on CT and 5 (14.7%) on PET/CT. The overall reported accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of AI in distinguishing between benign vs. malignant bone lesions ranges from 0.44–0.99, 0.63–1.00, and 0.73–0.96, respectively, with AUCs of 0.73–0.96. In conclusion, the use of AI to discriminate bone lesions on imaging has achieved a relatively good performance in various imaging modalities, with high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for distinguishing between benign vs. malignant lesions in several cohort studies. However, further research is necessary to test the clinical performance of these algorithms before they can be facilitated and integrated into routine clinical practice.

3D CT cinematic rendering of pediatric thoracic vascular anomalies

Thoracic vascular anomalies in the pediatric population are a heterogeneous group of diseases, with varied clinical presentations and imaging findings. High-resolution computed tomography is widely available and has become a standard part of the workup of these patients, often with three dimensional images. Cinematic rendering is a novel 3D visualization technique that utilizes a new, complex global lighting model to create photorealistic images with enhanced anatomic detail. The purpose of this pictorial review is to highlight the advantages of cinematic rendering compared to standard 2D computed tomography and traditional volume-rendered 3D images in the evaluation of thoracic vascular anomalies. Although cinematic rendering remains a new visualization technique under continued study, the improved anatomic detail and photorealistic quality of these images may be advantageous for surgical planning in cases of complex vascular abnormalities. Cinematic rendering may also help improve communication among clinicians, trainees, and patients and their families.

Clinical application of cinematic rendering in maxillofacial fractures

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical application of cinematically rendered reconstructions of maxillofacial fractures. Ten surgeons and eight radiologists were shown three-dimensional images of 25 different patient cases, generated using both the volume rendering (VR) technique and the cinematic rendering (CR) technique. They were asked to mark the site of the fracture on the three-dimensional images and record the time this activity took. The effectiveness of the reconstructions to communicate with patients was assessed through the opinions of the surgeons and radiologists, as well as 25 patients. Subjective evaluations of the clinical value of the images were performed by the 18 surgeons and radiologists using a 10-item questionnaire. The percentages of correctly identified fractures of the nasal bone (P = 0.034), fracture dislocation (P < 0.001), and free bone fragments (P < 0.001) were significantly higher for CR images when compared to VR images, and identification took an average of 20.81 seconds for CR and 27.48 seconds for VR (P < 0.001). CR images were found to be more beneficial for communication with patients and scored higher for the display of fracture dislocation and free bone fragments than VR images (P < 0.05). CR images were found to have high clinical value in the visualization of maxillofacial fractures.

Cinematic rendering of paediatric musculoskeletal pathologies: initial experiences with CT

Cinematic rendering (CR) is a novel post-processing technique similar to volume rendering (VR), which allows for a more photorealistic imaging reconstruction by using a complex light modelling algorithm, incorporating information from multiple light paths and predicted photon scattering patterns. Several recent publications relating to adult imaging have argued that CR gives a better "realism" and "expressiveness" experience over VR techniques. CR has also been shown to improve visualisation of musculoskeletal and vascular anatomy compared with conventional CT viewing, and may help non-radiologists to understand complex patient anatomy. In this review, we provide an overview of how CR could be used in paediatric musculoskeletal imaging, particularly in complex diagnoses, surgical planning, and patient consent processes. We present a direct comparison of VR and CR reconstructions across a range of congenital and acquired musculoskeletal pathologies, highlighting potential advantages and areas for further research.

Cone-beam computed tomography cinematic rendering: clinical, teaching and research applications

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is an essential imaging method that increases the accuracy of diagnoses, planning and follow-up of endodontic complex cases. Image postprocessing and subsequent visualization relies on software for three-dimensional navigation, and application of indexation tools to provide clinically useful information according to a set of volumetric data. Image postprocessing has a crucial impact on diagnostic quality and various techniques have been employed on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data sets. These include: multiplanar reformations (MPR), maximum intensity projection (MIP) and volume rendering (VR). A recent advance in 3D data visualization is the new cinematic rendering reconstruction method, a technique that generates photorealistic 3D images from conventional CT and MRI data. This review discusses the importance of CBCT cinematic rendering for clinical decision-making, teaching, and research in Endodontics, and a presents series of cases that illustrate the diagnostic value of 3D cinematic rendering in clinical care.

Cinematic rendering for three-dimensional reconstructions of the chest wall: a new reality

Computed tomography with multiple detectors and the advancement of processors improved rendered images and three-dimensional reconstructions in clinical practice. Traditional axial slices form non-intuitive images because they are seen in only one plane. The three-dimensional reconstructions can show structures details and diseases with complex anatomy in different perspectives. Cinematic rendering is a newly three-dimensional reconstruction technique, already approved for clinical use, which can produce realistic images from traditional computed tomography data. The algorithm used is based on light trajectory methods and the global lighting model, which simulate thousands of images from all possible directions. Thus, the technique shapes the physical propagation of light and generates a realistic three-dimensional image with depth, shadows and more anatomic details. It is a multidimensional rendering acquired through complex lighting effects. The aim of this article was to show the advance of three-dimensional technology with the cinematic rendering in images exams of the thoracic wall.