1
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Oldenburg AL, Ji P, Yu X, Yang L. Compressed intracellular motility via non-uniform temporal sampling in dynamic optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:076002. [PMID: 38966847 PMCID: PMC11223688 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.7.076002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Significance Optical coherence tomography has great utility for capturing dynamic processes, but such applications are particularly data-intensive. Samples such as biological tissues exhibit temporal features at varying time scales, which makes data reduction challenging. Aim We propose a method for capturing short- and long-term correlations of a sample in a compressed way using non-uniform temporal sampling to reduce scan time and memory overhead. Approach The proposed method separates the relative contributions of white noise, fluctuating features, and stationary features. The method is demonstrated on mammary epithelial cell spheroids in three-dimensional culture for capturing intracellular motility without loss of signal integrity. Results Results show that the spatial patterns of motility are preserved and that hypothesis tests of spheroids treated with blebbistatin, a motor protein inhibitor, are unchanged with up to eightfold compression. Conclusions The ability to measure short- and long-term correlations compressively will enable new applications in (3+1)D imaging and high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Oldenburg
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Pan Ji
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Xiao Yu
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Lin Yang
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
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2
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Nolte DD. Coherent light scattering from cellular dynamics in living tissues. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2024; 87:036601. [PMID: 38433567 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
This review examines the biological physics of intracellular transport probed by the coherent optics of dynamic light scattering from optically thick living tissues. Cells and their constituents are in constant motion, composed of a broad range of speeds spanning many orders of magnitude that reflect the wide array of functions and mechanisms that maintain cellular health. From the organelle scale of tens of nanometers and upward in size, the motion inside living tissue is actively driven rather than thermal, propelled by the hydrolysis of bioenergetic molecules and the forces of molecular motors. Active transport can mimic the random walks of thermal Brownian motion, but mean-squared displacements are far from thermal equilibrium and can display anomalous diffusion through Lévy or fractional Brownian walks. Despite the average isotropic three-dimensional environment of cells and tissues, active cellular or intracellular transport of single light-scattering objects is often pseudo-one-dimensional, for instance as organelle displacement persists along cytoskeletal tracks or as membranes displace along the normal to cell surfaces, albeit isotropically oriented in three dimensions. Coherent light scattering is a natural tool to characterize such tissue dynamics because persistent directed transport induces Doppler shifts in the scattered light. The many frequency-shifted partial waves from the complex and dynamic media interfere to produce dynamic speckle that reveals tissue-scale processes through speckle contrast imaging and fluctuation spectroscopy. Low-coherence interferometry, dynamic optical coherence tomography, diffusing-wave spectroscopy, diffuse-correlation spectroscopy, differential dynamic microscopy and digital holography offer coherent detection methods that shed light on intracellular processes. In health-care applications, altered states of cellular health and disease display altered cellular motions that imprint on the statistical fluctuations of the scattered light. For instance, the efficacy of medical therapeutics can be monitored by measuring the changes they induce in the Doppler spectra of livingex vivocancer biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Nolte
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
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3
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Babakhanova G, Agrawal A, Arora D, Horenberg A, Budhathoki JB, Dunkers JP, Chalfoun J, Bajcsy P, Simon CG. Three-dimensional, label-free cell viability measurements in tissue engineering scaffolds using optical coherence tomography. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:1279-1291. [PMID: 36916776 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
In the field of tissue engineering, 3D scaffolds and cells are often combined to yield constructs that are used as therapeutics to repair or restore tissue function in patients. Viable cells are often required to achieve the intended mechanism of action for the therapy, where the live cells may build new tissue or may release factors that induce tissue regeneration. Thus, there is a need to reliably measure cell viability in 3D scaffolds as a quality attribute of a tissue-engineered medical product. Here, we developed a noninvasive, label-free, 3D optical coherence tomography (OCT) method to rapidly (2.5 min) image large sample volumes (1 mm3 ) to assess cell viability and distribution within scaffolds. OCT imaging was assessed using a model scaffold-cell system consisting of a polysaccharide-based hydrogel seeded with human Jurkat cells. Four test systems were used: hydrogel seeded with live cells, hydrogel seeded with heat-shocked or fixed dead cells and hydrogel without any cells. Time series OCT images demonstrated changes in the time-dependent speckle patterns due to refractive index (RI) variations within live cells that were not observed for pure hydrogel samples or hydrogels with dead cells. The changes in speckle patterns were used to generate live-cell contrast by image subtraction. In this way, objects with large changes in RI were binned as live cells. Using this approach, on average, OCT imaging measurements counted 326 ± 52 live cells per 0.288 mm3 for hydrogels that were seeded with 288 live cells (as determined by the acridine orange-propidium iodide cell counting method prior to seeding cells in gels). Considering the substantial uncertainties in fabricating the scaffold-cell constructs, such as the error from pipetting and counting cells, a 13% difference in the live-cell count is reasonable. Additionally, the 3D distribution of live cells was mapped within a hydrogel scaffold to assess the uniformity of their distribution across the volume. Our results demonstrate a real-time, noninvasive method to rapidly assess the spatial distribution of live cells within a 3D scaffold that could be useful for assessing tissue-engineered medical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Babakhanova
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Anant Agrawal
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Deepika Arora
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Allison Horenberg
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Jagat B Budhathoki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joy P Dunkers
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Joe Chalfoun
- Software and Systems Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter Bajcsy
- Software and Systems Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Carl G Simon
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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4
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Hao S, Ren C, Wang F, Park K, Volmert BD, Aguirre A, Zhou C. Dual-modality imaging system for monitoring human heart organoids beating in vitro. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:3929-3932. [PMID: 37527085 DOI: 10.1364/ol.493824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
To reveal the three-dimensional microstructure and calcium dynamics of human heart organoids (hHOs), we developed a dual-modality imaging system combining the advantages of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescence microscopy. OCT provides high-resolution volumetric structural information, while fluorescence imaging indicates the electrophysiology of the hHOs' beating behavior. We verified that concurrent OCT motion mode (M-mode) and calcium imaging retrieved the same beating pattern from the heart organoids. We further applied dynamic contrast OCT (DyC-OCT) analysis to strengthen the verification and localize the beating clusters inside the hHOs. This imaging platform provides a powerful tool for studying and assessing hHOs in vitro, with potential applications in disease modeling and drug screening.
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5
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Azzollini S, Monfort T, Thouvenin O, Grieve K. Dynamic optical coherence tomography for cell analysis [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:3362-3379. [PMID: 37497511 PMCID: PMC10368035 DOI: 10.1364/boe.488929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Label-free live optical imaging of dynamic cellular and subcellular features has been made possible in recent years thanks to the advances made in optical imaging techniques, including dynamic optical coherence tomography (D-OCT) methods. These techniques analyze the temporal fluctuations of an optical signal associated with the active movements of intracellular organelles to obtain an ensemble metric recapitulating the motility and metabolic state of cells. They hence enable visualization of cells within compact, static environments and evaluate their physiology. These emerging microscopies show promise, in particular for the three-dimensional evaluation of live tissue samples such as freshly excised biopsies and 3D cell cultures. In this review, we compare the various techniques used for dynamic OCT. We give an overview of the range of applications currently being explored and discuss the future outlook and opportunities for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Azzollini
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Tual Monfort
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012 Paris, France
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, 28 rue de Charenton, F-75012 Paris, France
| | | | - Kate Grieve
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012 Paris, France
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, 28 rue de Charenton, F-75012 Paris, France
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6
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Brehove M, Rogers C, Menon R, Minor P, Allington J, Lam A, Vielmetter J, Menon N. Cell monitoring with optical coherence tomography. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:120-124. [PMID: 36274007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS We evaluated a commercially available instrument, OCTiCell (chromologic.com/octicell), for monitoring cell growth in suspended agitated bioreactors based on optical coherence tomography. OCTiCell is an in-line, completely non-invasive instrument that can operate on any suspended-cell bioreactor with a window or transparent wall. In traditional optical coherence tomography, the imaging beam is rastered over the sample to form a three-dimensional image. OCTiCell, instead uses a fixed imaging beam and takes advantage of the motion of the media to move the cells across the interrogating optical beam. RESULTS We found strong correlations between the non-invasive, non-contact, reagent-free OCTiCell measurements of cell concentration and viability and those obtained from the automated cell counter, and the XTT viability assay, which is a colorimetric assay for quantifying metabolic activity. CONCLUSIONS This novel cell monitoring method can adapt to different bioreactor form factors and could reduce the labor cost and contamination risks associated with cell growth monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul Minor
- ChromoLogic LLC, Monrovia, California, USA
| | | | - Annie Lam
- Protein Expression Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Jost Vielmetter
- Protein Expression Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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7
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Bao D, Wang L, Zhou X, Yang S, He K, Xu M. Automated detection and growth tracking of 3D bio-printed organoid clusters using optical coherence tomography with deep convolutional neural networks. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1133090. [PMID: 37122853 PMCID: PMC10130530 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1133090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids are advancing the development of accurate prediction of drug efficacy and toxicity in vitro. These advancements are attributed to the ability of organoids to recapitulate key structural and functional features of organs and parent tumor. Specifically, organoids are self-organized assembly with a multi-scale structure of 30-800 μm, which exacerbates the difficulty of non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) imaging, tracking and classification analysis for organoid clusters by traditional microscopy techniques. Here, we devise a 3D imaging, segmentation and analysis method based on Optical coherence tomography (OCT) technology and deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for printed organoid clusters (Organoid Printing and optical coherence tomography-based analysis, OPO). The results demonstrate that the organoid scale influences the segmentation effect of the neural network. The multi-scale information-guided optimized EGO-Net we designed achieves the best results, especially showing better recognition workout for the biologically significant organoid with diameter ≥50 μm than other neural networks. Moreover, OPO achieves to reconstruct the multiscale structure of organoid clusters within printed microbeads and calibrate the printing errors by segmenting the printed microbeads edges. Overall, the classification, tracking and quantitative analysis based on image reveal that the growth process of organoid undergoes morphological changes such as volume growth, cavity creation and fusion, and quantitative calculation of the volume demonstrates that the growth rate of organoid is associated with the initial scale. The new method we proposed enable the study of growth, structural evolution and heterogeneity for the organoid cluster, which is valuable for drug screening and tumor drug sensitivity detection based on organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Bao
- School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Information and 3D Bioprinting of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ling Wang, ; Mingen Xu,
| | - Xiaofei Zhou
- School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Information and 3D Bioprinting of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Information and 3D Bioprinting of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kangxin He
- Key Laboratory of Medical Information and 3D Bioprinting of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingen Xu
- School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Information and 3D Bioprinting of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ling Wang, ; Mingen Xu,
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8
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Choi H, Zaki FR, Monroy GL, Won J, Boppart SA. Imaging and characterization of transitions in biofilm morphology via anomalous diffusion following environmental perturbation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:1654-1670. [PMID: 35414993 PMCID: PMC8973182 DOI: 10.1364/boe.449131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms form macroscopic structures for the purpose of environmental adaptation. Sudden environmental perturbations induce dynamics that cause bacterial biofilm morphology to transit to another equilibrium state, thought to be related to anomalous diffusion processes. Here, detecting the super-diffusion characteristics would offer a long-sought goal for a rapid detection method of biofilm phenotypes based on their dynamics, such as growth or dispersal. In this paper, phase-sensitive Doppler optical coherence tomography (OCT) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) are combined to demonstrate wide field-of-view and label-free internal dynamic imaging of biofilms. The probability density functions (PDFs) of phase displacement of the backscattered light and the dynamic characteristics of the PDFs are estimated by a simplified mixed Cauchy and Gaussian model. This model can quantify the super-diffusion state and estimate the dynamic characteristics and macroscopic responses in biofilms that may further describe dispersion and growth in biofilm models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggu Choi
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Farzana R. Zaki
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Guillermo L. Monroy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jungeun Won
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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9
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Xu Z, Zhu H, Wang H. Segmentation of the urothelium in optical coherence tomography images with dynamic contrast. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210012RR. [PMID: 34390233 PMCID: PMC8363479 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.8.086002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Speckle variation induced by intracellular motion (IM) in the urothelium was observed in optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. IM can be used as a dynamic contrast to segment the urothelium by comparing two sequential OCT images. This method opens the possibility of specifically tracking the distribution of urothelial cancerous cells for identifying the microinvasion of bladder tumors. APPROACH OCT images were acquired ex vivo with fresh porcine bladder tissue. IM was analyzed by tracking speckle variation using autocorrelation function, then quantified with constrained regularization method for inverting data (CONTIN method) to identify the decorrelation time (DT) of the speckle variations. Variance analysis was also conducted to show IM amplitude and distribution in the urothelium. The segmentation of the urothelium was demonstrated with OCT images with a visible urothelial layer and OCT images with an invisible urothelial layer. RESULTS Significant speckle variation induced by IM was observed in the urothelium. However, the distribution of the IM is heterogeneous. The DTs are mostly concentrated between 1 and 30 ms. With the IM as a dynamic contrast, the urothelium can be accurately and exclusively segmented, even the urothelial layer is invisible in normal OCT images. CONCLUSIONS IM can be used as a dynamic contrast to exclusively track urothelial cell distribution. This contrast may provide a new mechanism for OCT to image the invasion depth and pattern of urothelial cancerous cells for accurately substaging of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Xu
- Miami University, Department of Chemical, Paper, and Biomedical Engineering, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Hui Zhu
- Urology Section Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Department of Urology, Ohio, United States
| | - Hui Wang
- Miami University, Department of Chemical, Paper, and Biomedical Engineering, Oxford, Ohio, United States
- Address all correspondence to Hui Wang,
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10
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Gil DA, Deming DA, Skala MC. Volumetric growth tracking of patient-derived cancer organoids using optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:3789-3805. [PMID: 34457380 PMCID: PMC8367263 DOI: 10.1364/boe.428197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Patient-derived cancer organoids (PCOs) are in vitro organotypic models that reflect in vivo drug response, thus PCOs are an accessible model for cancer drug screening in a clinically relevant timeframe. However, current methods to assess the response of PCOs are limited. Here, a custom swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) system was used to rapidly evaluate volumetric growth and drug response in PCOs. This system was optimized for an inverted imaging geometry to enable high-throughput imaging of PCOs. An automated image analysis framework was developed to perform 3D single-organoid tracking of PCOs across multiple time points over 48 hours. Metabolic inhibitors and cancer therapies decreased PCOs volumetric growth rate compared to control PCOs. Single-organoid tracking improved sensitivity to drug treatment compared to a pooled analysis of changes in organoid volume. OCT provided a more accurate assessment of organoid volume compared to a volume estimation method based on 2D projections. Single-organoid tracking with OCT also identified heterogeneity in drug response between solid and hollow PCOs. This work demonstrates that OCT and 3D single-organoid tracking are attractive tools to monitor volumetric growth and drug response in PCOs, providing rapid, non-destructive methods to quantify heterogeneity in PCOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Gil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53704, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53704, USA
| | - Dustin A. Deming
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53704, USA
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53704, USA
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53704, USA
| | - Melissa C. Skala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53704, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53704, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53704, USA
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11
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Jeong K, Lopera MJ, Turek JJ, Nolte DD. Common-path interferometer for digital holographic Doppler spectroscopy of living biological tissues. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210018LR. [PMID: 33783149 PMCID: PMC8005914 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.3.030501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Common-path interferometers have the advantage of producing ultrastable interferometric fringes compared with conventional interferometers, such as Michelson or Mach-Zehnder that are sensitive to environmental instabilities. Isolating interferometric measurements from mechanical disturbances is important in biodynamic imaging because Doppler spectroscopy of intracellular dynamics requires extreme stability for phase-sensitive interferometric detection to capture fluctuation frequencies down to 10 mHz. AIM The aim of this study was to demonstrate that Doppler spectra produced from a common-path interferometer using a grating and a spatial filter (SF) are comparable to, and more stable than, spectra from conventional biodynamic imaging. APPROACH A common-path interferometer using a holographic diffraction grating and an SF was employed with a low-coherence source. Simulations evaluated the spatial resolution. DLD-1 (human colon adenocarcinoma) spheroids were used as living target tissue samples. Power spectra under external vibrations and drug-response spectrograms were compared between common-path and Fourier-domain holographic systems. RESULTS The common-path holography configuration shows enhanced interferometric stability against mechanical vibrations through common-mode rejection while maintaining sensitivity to Doppler frequency fluctuations caused by intracellular motions. CONCLUSIONS A common-path interferometer using a grating and an SF can provide enhanced interferometric stability in tissue-dynamics spectroscopy for drug screening assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Jeong
- Korea Military Academy, Department of Physics, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - John J. Turek
- Purdue University, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, West Lafayette, United States
| | - David D. Nolte
- Purdue University, Department of Physics, West Lafayette, United States
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12
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Gil DA, Deming D, Skala MC. Patient-derived cancer organoid tracking with wide-field one-photon redox imaging to assess treatment response. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-200400R. [PMID: 33754540 PMCID: PMC7983069 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.3.036005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Accessible tools are needed for rapid, non-destructive imaging of patient-derived cancer organoid (PCO) treatment response to accelerate drug discovery and streamline treatment planning for individual patients. AIM To segment and track individual PCOs with wide-field one-photon redox imaging to extract morphological and metabolic variables of treatment response. APPROACH Redox imaging of the endogenous fluorophores, nicotinamide dinucleotide (NADH), nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), was used to monitor the metabolic state and morphology of PCOs. Redox imaging was performed on a wide-field one-photon epifluorescence microscope to evaluate drug response in two colorectal PCO lines. An automated image analysis framework was developed to track PCOs across multiple time points over 48 h. Variables quantified for each PCO captured metabolic and morphological response to drug treatment, including the optical redox ratio (ORR) and organoid area. RESULTS The ORR (NAD(P)H/(FAD + NAD(P)H)) was independent of PCO morphology pretreatment. Drugs that induced cell death decreased the ORR and growth rate compared to control. Multivariate analysis of redox and morphology variables identified distinct PCO subpopulations. Single-organoid tracking improved sensitivity to drug treatment compared to pooled organoid analysis. CONCLUSIONS Wide-field one-photon redox imaging can monitor metabolic and morphological changes on a single organoid-level, providing an accessible, non-destructive tool to screen drugs in patient-matched samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Gil
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Dustin Deming
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- University of Wisconsin, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- University of Wisconsin, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Melissa C. Skala
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- Address all correspondence to Melissa C. Skala,
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13
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Kang SM, Lee JH, Huh YS, Takayama S. Alginate Microencapsulation for Three-Dimensional In Vitro Cell Culture. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 7:2864-2879. [PMID: 34275299 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Advances in microscale 3D cell culture systems have helped to elucidate cellular physiology, understand mechanisms of stem cell differentiation, produce pathophysiological models, and reveal important cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. An important consideration for such studies is the choice of material for encapsulating cells and associated extracellular matrix (ECM). This Review focuses on the use of alginate hydrogels, which are versatile owing to their simple gelation process following an ionic cross-linking mechanism in situ, with no need for procedures that can be potentially toxic to cells, such as heating, the use of solvents, and UV exposure. This Review aims to give some perspectives, particularly to researchers who typically work more with poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), on the use of alginate as an alternative material to construct microphysiological cell culture systems. More specifically, this Review describes how physicochemical characteristics of alginate hydrogels can be tuned with regards to their biocompatibility, porosity, mechanical strength, ligand presentation, and biodegradability. A number of cell culture applications are also described, and these are subcategorized according to whether the alginate material is used to homogeneously embed cells, to micropattern multiple cellular microenvironments, or to provide an outer shell that creates a space in the core for cells and other ECM components. The Review ends with perspectives on future challenges and opportunities for 3D cell culture applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min Kang
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, 30332, United States of America.,The Parker H Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, United States of America.,NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, 30332, United States of America.,The Parker H Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, United States of America
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, 30332, United States of America.,The Parker H Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, United States of America
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14
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McIntosh JC, Yang L, Wang T, Zhou H, Lockett MR, Oldenburg AL. Tracking the invasion of breast cancer cells in paper-based 3D cultures by OCT motility analysis. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:3181-3194. [PMID: 32637249 PMCID: PMC7316000 DOI: 10.1364/boe.382911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
3D paper-based cultures (PBCs) are easy-to-use and provide a biologically representative microenvironment. By stacking a sheet of cell-laden paper below sheets containing cell-free hydrogel, we form an assay capable of segmenting cells by the distance they invaded from the original cell-seeded layer. These invasion assays are limited to end-point analyses with fluorescence-based readouts due to the highly scattering nature of the paper scaffolds. Here we demonstrate that optical coherence tomography (OCT) can distinguish living cells from the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) or paper fibers based upon their intracellular motility amplitude (M). M is computed from fluctuation statistics of the sample, rejects shot noise, and is invariant to OCT signal attenuation. Using OCT motility analysis, we tracked the invasion of breast cancer cells over a 3-day period in 4-layer PBCs (160-300 µm thick) in situ. The cell population distributions determined with OCT are highly correlated with those obtained by fluorescence imaging, with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.903. The ability of OCT motility analysis to visualize live cells and quantify cell distributions in PBC assays in situ and longitudinally provides a novel means for understanding how chemical gradients within the tumor microenvironment affect cellular invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C. McIntosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Co-first authors contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Co-first authors contributed equally and are listed alphabetically
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Haibo Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Matthew R. Lockett
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Amy L. Oldenburg
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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15
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Leung HM, Wang ML, Osman H, Abouei E, MacAulay C, Follen M, Gardecki JA, Tearney GJ. Imaging intracellular motion with dynamic micro-optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:2768-2778. [PMID: 32499959 PMCID: PMC7249806 DOI: 10.1364/boe.390782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a new technology that uses 1-µm-resolution optical coherence tomography (µOCT) to obtain cross-sectional images of intracellular dynamics with dramatically enhanced image contrast. This so-called dynamic µOCT (d-µOCT) is accomplished by acquiring a time series of µOCT images and conducting power frequency analysis of the temporal fluctuations that arise from intracellular motion on a pixel-per-pixel basis. Here, we demonstrate d-µOCT imaging of freshly excised human esophageal and cervical biopsy samples. Depth-resolved d-µOCT images of intact tissue show that intracellular dynamics provides a new contrast mechanism for µOCT that highlights subcellular morphology and activity in epithelial surface maturation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Min Leung
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michelle L. Wang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Hany Osman
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elham Abouei
- University of British Columbia, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z1, Canada
- British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Department of Integrative Oncology, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Calum MacAulay
- British Columbia Cancer Research Center, Department of Integrative Oncology, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Michele Follen
- NYC Health + Hospitals/Kings County, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Services for Kings County Hospital, 451 Clarkson Avenue, C-Building, Suite 4104, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Joseph A. Gardecki
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Heath Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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