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Liu L, Zhang J, Zhao K, Guo C, Huang C, Li S, Chen Y. Prognostic factors and nomogram for pulmonary resected high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas: a 20-year single institutional real-world experience. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2024; 19:232. [PMID: 38863016 PMCID: PMC11167916 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-024-03240-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas(pHGNEC) encompassing small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) are clinically aggressive tumors with poor prognosis. The role of surgery and prognostic factors guiding management remain unclear. We aimed to analyze prognosis following resection and identify predictive variables. METHODS This retrospective study analyzed 259 patients undergoing pHGNEC resection from 2001-2023. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier curves. Prognostic factors were assessed with Cox regression and visualized using nomogram tools. RESULTS Minimally invasive surgery was associated with better OS (p = 0.001) and DFS (p = 0.001). Higher T stage predicted worse OS (T2 p = 0.044, T4 p = 0.007) and DFS (T2 p = 0.020, T4 p = 0.004). Advanced TNM stage III (OS p = 0.018; DFS p = 0.015) and IV (OS p < 0.001; DFS p < 0.001) also correlated with poorer prognosis. In the SCLC subgroup, elevated preoperative CEA independently predicted worse OS (p = 0.012) and DFS (p = 0.004). T4 disease (OS p < 0.001; DFS p = 0.002) and advanced TNM staging (stage III OS p = 0.043; DFS p = 0.045; stage IV OS p < 0.001, DFS p < 0.001) were associated with worse outcomes. In LCNEC patients, VATS resection improved OS (p = 0.048) and DFS (p = 0.027) despite conversion. Prior malignancy predicted worse OS (p < 0.001). Advanced TNM disease (stage III OS p = 0.047; stage IV OS p = 0.003, DFS p = 0.005) were also negative prognostic factors. The prognostic nomogram incorporating above variables effectively stratified risk. Calibration plots revealed good correlation between predicted and actual survival. CONCLUSIONS We identified minimally invasive surgery, early TNM stage, younger age, and normal preoperative CEA as positive prognostic factors following pHGNEC resection. Our study provides an applicable prognostic nomogram to facilitate personalized pHGNEC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, P. R. China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, P. R. China
| | - Chao Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, P. R. China
| | - Shanqing Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, P. R. China
| | - Yeye Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, P. R. China.
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2
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Kawaguchi T, Yamasaki K, Shigemi S, Dosaka H, Hirosawa R, Nagasawa T, Fujimoto S, Shimajiri S, Yatera K. A combined small cell lung carcinoma patient with only small cell carcinoma components in mediastinal lymph node metastasis and chondrosarcoma-like components in liver metastasis. Respirol Case Rep 2024; 12:e01416. [PMID: 38903949 PMCID: PMC11187537 DOI: 10.1002/rcr2.1416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
A 69-year-old ex-smoker Japanese man presented with a left mediastinal lymph node and left upper lobe tumour. Bronchoscopic biopsy specimens from the enlarged left mediastinal lymph node and left upper lobe tumour revealed small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). He was treated with first-line chemotherapy with carboplatin, etoposide, and atezolizumab for four courses and subsequent atezolizumab maintenance therapy. However, his left upper lobe lung tumour only increased in size, and left upper lobectomy revealed combined SCLC (adenocarcinoma and chondrosarcoma-like features). Four months after lobectomy, liver metastasis of chondrosarcoma-like features (similar to pathological findings of the left upper lobe tumour) were observed. Combined SCLC, including sarcomatous components, is rare and poorly responds to chemotherapy. The metastases of combined SCLC in this patient were of only one type of histological component, making diagnosis and treatment difficult. If treatment for SCLC responds inadequately, considering combined SCLC and actively re-examining histological diagnosis is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Kawaguchi
- Department of Respiratory MedicineUniversity of Occupational and Environmental Health, JapanKitakyushuJapan
| | - Kei Yamasaki
- Department of Respiratory MedicineUniversity of Occupational and Environmental Health, JapanKitakyushuJapan
| | - Saki Shigemi
- Department of Respiratory MedicineUniversity of Occupational and Environmental Health, JapanKitakyushuJapan
| | - Hiroki Dosaka
- Department of Respiratory MedicineUniversity of Occupational and Environmental Health, JapanKitakyushuJapan
| | - Riho Hirosawa
- Department of Respiratory MedicineUniversity of Occupational and Environmental Health, JapanKitakyushuJapan
| | - Taiga Nagasawa
- Department of Respiratory MedicineUniversity of Occupational and Environmental Health, JapanKitakyushuJapan
| | - Satoshi Fujimoto
- Department of Respiratory MedicineUniversity of Occupational and Environmental Health, JapanKitakyushuJapan
| | - Shohei Shimajiri
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Occupational and Environmental Health, JapanKitakyushuJapan
| | - Kazuhiro Yatera
- Department of Respiratory MedicineUniversity of Occupational and Environmental Health, JapanKitakyushuJapan
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3
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Uccella S. Molecular Classification of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Are We Ready for That? Endocr Pathol 2024; 35:91-106. [PMID: 38470548 PMCID: PMC11176254 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-024-09807-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
In the last two decades, the increasing availability of technologies for molecular analyses has allowed an insight in the genomic alterations of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. This knowledge has confirmed, supported, and informed the pathological classification of NEN, clarifying the differences between neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC) and neuroendocrine tumors (NET) and helping to define the G3 NET category. At the same time, the identification genomic alterations, in terms of gene mutation, structural abnormalities, and epigenetic changes differentially involved in the pathogenesis of NEC and NET has identified potential molecular targets for precision therapy. This review critically recapitulates the available molecular features of digestive NEC and NET, highlighting their correlates with pathological aspects and clinical characteristics of these neoplasms and revising their role as predictive biomarkers for targeted therapy. In this context, the feasibility and applicability of a molecular classification of gastrointestinal and pancreatic NEN will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Uccella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.
- Pathology Service IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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4
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Guo H, Li W, Guo Y, Chen N, Cui J. Molecular classification of small cell lung cancer subtypes: Characteristics, prognostic factors, and clinical translation. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024; 137:130-139. [PMID: 37660289 PMCID: PMC10798698 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly malignant tumor with a very poor prognosis; therefore, more effective treatments are urgently needed for patients afflicted with the disease. In recent years, emerging molecular classifications based on key transcription factors of SCLC have provided more information on the tumor pathophysiology, metastasis, immune microenvironment, and acquired therapeutic resistance and reflected the intertumoral heterogeneity of the various SCLC phenotypes. Additionally, advances in genomics and single-cell sequencing analysis have further revealed the high intratumoral heterogeneity and plasticity of the disease. Herein, we review and summarize these recent lines of evidence and discuss the possible pathogenesis of SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jiuwei Cui
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
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5
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Vocino Trucco G, Righi L, Volante M, Papotti M. Updates on lung neuroendocrine neoplasm classification. Histopathology 2024; 84:67-85. [PMID: 37794655 DOI: 10.1111/his.15058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Lung neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of pulmonary neoplasms showing different morphological patterns and clinical and biological characteristics. The World Health Organisation (WHO) classification of lung NENs has been recently updated as part of the broader attempt to uniform the classification of NENs. This much-needed update has come at a time when insights from seminal molecular characterisation studies revolutionised our understanding of the biological and pathological architecture of lung NENs, paving the way for the development of novel diagnostic techniques, prognostic factors and therapeutic approaches. In this challenging and rapidly evolving landscape, the relevance of the 2021 WHO classification has been recently questioned, particularly in terms of its morphology-orientated approach and its prognostic implications. Here, we provide a state-of-the-art review on the contemporary understanding of pulmonary NEN morphology and the potential contribution of artificial intelligence, the advances in NEN molecular profiling with their impact on the classification system and, finally, the key current and upcoming prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luisella Righi
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Volante
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Mauro Papotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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6
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Dayton TL, Alcala N, Moonen L, den Hartigh L, Geurts V, Mangiante L, Lap L, Dost AFM, Beumer J, Levy S, van Leeuwaarde RS, Hackeng WM, Samsom K, Voegele C, Sexton-Oates A, Begthel H, Korving J, Hillen L, Brosens LAA, Lantuejoul S, Jaksani S, Kok NFM, Hartemink KJ, Klomp HM, Borel Rinkes IHM, Dingemans AM, Valk GD, Vriens MR, Buikhuisen W, van den Berg J, Tesselaar M, Derks J, Speel EJ, Foll M, Fernández-Cuesta L, Clevers H. Druggable growth dependencies and tumor evolution analysis in patient-derived organoids of neuroendocrine neoplasms from multiple body sites. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:2083-2099.e9. [PMID: 38086335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) comprise well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). Treatment options for patients with NENs are limited, in part due to lack of accurate models. We establish patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTOs) from pulmonary NETs and derive PDTOs from an understudied subtype of NEC, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC), arising from multiple body sites. PDTOs maintain the gene expression patterns, intra-tumoral heterogeneity, and evolutionary processes of parental tumors. Through hypothesis-driven drug sensitivity analyses, we identify ASCL1 as a potential biomarker for response of LCNEC to treatment with BCL-2 inhibitors. Additionally, we discover a dependency on EGF in pulmonary NET PDTOs. Consistent with these findings, we find that, in an independent cohort, approximately 50% of pulmonary NETs express EGFR. This study identifies an actionable vulnerability for a subset of pulmonary NETs, emphasizing the utility of these PDTO models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talya L Dayton
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Nicolas Alcala
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team (RCG), Genomic Epidemiology Branch (GEM), International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organisation (IARC/WHO), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Laura Moonen
- Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lisanne den Hartigh
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Veerle Geurts
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lise Mangiante
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team (RCG), Genomic Epidemiology Branch (GEM), International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organisation (IARC/WHO), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Lisa Lap
- Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Antonella F M Dost
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joep Beumer
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sonja Levy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rachel S van Leeuwaarde
- Department of Endocrine Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wenzel M Hackeng
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kris Samsom
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Catherine Voegele
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team (RCG), Genomic Epidemiology Branch (GEM), International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organisation (IARC/WHO), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Alexandra Sexton-Oates
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team (RCG), Genomic Epidemiology Branch (GEM), International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organisation (IARC/WHO), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Harry Begthel
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Korving
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa Hillen
- Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk A A Brosens
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sylvie Lantuejoul
- Department of Biopathology, Pathology Research Platform- Synergie Lyon Cancer- CRCL, Centre Léon Bérard Unicancer, 69008 Lyon, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sridevi Jaksani
- Hubrecht Organoid Technology, Utrecht 3584 CM, the Netherlands
| | - Niels F M Kok
- Department of Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Koen J Hartemink
- Department of Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Houke M Klomp
- Department of Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Inne H M Borel Rinkes
- Department of Endocrine Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Dingemans
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW School for Oncology and and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 GD, the Netherlands
| | - Gerlof D Valk
- Department of Endocrine Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Menno R Vriens
- Department of Endocrine Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Wieneke Buikhuisen
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - José van den Berg
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Margot Tesselaar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jules Derks
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW School for Oncology and and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ernst Jan Speel
- Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthieu Foll
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team (RCG), Genomic Epidemiology Branch (GEM), International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organisation (IARC/WHO), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Lynnette Fernández-Cuesta
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team (RCG), Genomic Epidemiology Branch (GEM), International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organisation (IARC/WHO), 69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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7
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Ricco G, Seminerio R, Andrini E, Malvi D, Gruppioni E, Altimari A, Zagnoni S, Campana D, Lamberti G. BRAF V600E-mutated large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma responding to targeted therapy: a case report and review of the literature. Anticancer Drugs 2023; 34:1076-1084. [PMID: 36847048 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a rare and aggressive high-grade neuroendocrine tumor, commonly arising in the lung or in the gastrointestinal tract, with a frequent proportion of unknown primary origin (20%). In the metastatic setting, platinum-based or fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapeutic regimens are as considered the first-line treatment, despite the limited duration of response. To date, the prognosis of advanced high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma remains poor, suggesting the need to explore new treatment strategies in this orphan tumor. The evolving molecular landscape of LCNEC, not yet been completely defined, could explain the heterogeneous response to different chemotherapeutic regimens and suggest that treatment strategy could be driven by molecular features. v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) mutations, well described in melanoma, thyroid cancer, colon cancer and lung adenocarcinoma, account for approximately 2% of cases in lung LCNEC. Here, we describe the case of a patient with a BRAF V600E-mutated LCNEC of unknown primary origin who partially responded to BRAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitors after standard treatment. Additionally, BRAF V600E circulating tumor DNA was used to monitor disease response. Thereafter, we reviewed the available literature about the role of targeted therapy in high-grade neuroendocrine neoplasms to provide insight for future research to identify patients with driver oncogenic mutations, who can potentially benefit from target therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Ricco
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence
| | - Renata Seminerio
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence
| | - Elisa Andrini
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence
| | - Deborah Malvi
- Division of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna
| | - Elisa Gruppioni
- Solid Tumor Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Altimari
- Solid Tumor Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Zagnoni
- Solid Tumor Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Campana
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence
| | - Giuseppe Lamberti
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence
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8
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Recuero E, Lázaro S, Lorz C, Enguita AB, Garcia-Escudero R, Santos M. Novel Mouse Cell Lines and In Vivo Models for Human High-Grade Neuroendocrine Lung Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (SCLC), and Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (LCNEC). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15284. [PMID: 37894963 PMCID: PMC10607103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a clear need to expand the toolkit of adequate mouse models and cell lines available for preclinical studies of high-grade neuroendocrine lung carcinoma (small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC)). SCLC and LCNEC are two highly aggressive tumor types with dismal prognoses and few therapeutic options. Currently, there is an extreme paucity of material, particularly in the case of LCNEC. Given the lack of murine cell lines and transplant models of LCNEC, the need is imperative. In this study, we generated and examined new models of LCNEC and SCLC transplantable cell lines derived from our previously developed primary mouse LCNEC and SCLC tumors. RNA-seq analysis demonstrated that our cell lines and syngeneic tumors maintained the transcriptome program from the original transgenic primary tumor and displayed strong similarities to human SCLC or LCNEC. Importantly, the SCLC transplanted cell lines showed the ability to metastasize and mimic this characteristic of the human condition. In summary, we generated mouse cell line tools that allow further basic and translational research as well as preclinical testing of new treatment strategies for SCLC and LCNEC. These tools retain important features of their human counterparts and address the lack of LCNEC disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Recuero
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.); (S.L.); (C.L.); (R.G.-E.)
| | - Sara Lázaro
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.); (S.L.); (C.L.); (R.G.-E.)
| | - Corina Lorz
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.); (S.L.); (C.L.); (R.G.-E.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research Hospital “12 de Octubre” (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Tumor Progression Mechanisms Program, CIBERONC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Enguita
- Pathology Department, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, 28041 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ramón Garcia-Escudero
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.); (S.L.); (C.L.); (R.G.-E.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research Hospital “12 de Octubre” (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Tumor Progression Mechanisms Program, CIBERONC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mirentxu Santos
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.); (S.L.); (C.L.); (R.G.-E.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research Hospital “12 de Octubre” (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Tumor Progression Mechanisms Program, CIBERONC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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9
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Saida Y, Watanabe S, Kikuchi T. Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Current Landscape and Future Prospects. Onco Targets Ther 2023; 16:657-671. [PMID: 37551311 PMCID: PMC10404428 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s272552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is characterized by aggressive disease progression and tendency to metastasize. Although chemotherapy for extensive-stage SCLC (ES-SCLC) has remained unchanged for decades, immune checkpoint inhibitors have become the primary therapy for ES-SCLC. However, the number of patients benefiting from immunotherapy is limited, and the treatment outcomes remain unsatisfactory. In addition, predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy have not yet been identified. Recent reports have shed light on the genomics of SCLC and defined four distinct molecular subtypes based on transcription factor expression. This may increase our understanding of the biology of SCLC and identify novel therapeutic targets and drugs. In this article, we review the current standard management of ES-SCLC and present the most recent reports to further our understanding of molecular classification, predictive biomarkers, and prospective therapies, including immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Saida
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kikuchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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10
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Imai R, Kitamura A. Successful treatment with atezolizumab in a haemodialysis patient with large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Respirol Case Rep 2023; 11:e01193. [PMID: 37484711 PMCID: PMC10356775 DOI: 10.1002/rcr2.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report, a modified regimen based on IMpower 133 (carboplatin + etoposide + atezolizumab) was administered to a patient diagnosed with large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) who was concurrently undergoing haemodialysis. Adverse events led to the discontinuation of carboplatin and etoposide after the first course. Nevertheless, the patient exhibited reduction in pulmonary nodule and adrenal metastasis while receiving atezolizumab, indicating its sustained efficacy for a duration of 7 months. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented case demonstrating successful treatment with atezolizumab in LCNEC patients undergoing haemodialysis. Atezolizumab can be administered safely in patients undergoing dialysis and is a promising therapeutic option for dialysis patients with LCNEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Imai
- Department of Pulmonary MedicineSt. Luke's International HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Atsushi Kitamura
- Department of Pulmonary MedicineSt. Luke's International HospitalTokyoJapan
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11
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Gu Y, Liu D, Gao X, Zhou H, Song P, Qian X. Primary Surgical Management of Laryngeal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: A Single Institution Case Series. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2023:1455613231183882. [PMID: 37522341 DOI: 10.1177/01455613231183882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Laryngeal neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are rare diseases. A single institution retrospective study was done of the outcome of patients with laryngeal NENs who undergo primary surgery as the first treatment modality. Methods: Retrospective analysis of medical records of patients with laryngeal NENs between 2009 and 2018. Cases were classified by applying the 2022 World Health organization Classification of Head and Neck Tumors (5th edition). Results: Six patients were eligible at our tertiary center: 1 large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC), 3 small cell NEC, 1 neuroendocrine tumor grade 1, and 1 neuroendocrine tumor grade 2. All admitted patients received upfront surgeries, including 3 transoral CO2 laser surgeries and 3 total laryngectomies with or without elective neck dissection. Four patients underwent subsequent chemoradiotherapy. Although 3 patients had recurrent disease and distal metastasis, the overall survival was generally improved. Conclusion: According to our institutional experience, upfront surgery in the first-line setting of a multi-modality approach with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy plays a very important role in managing laryngeal NECs, and may confer additional survival benefit in some patients of the large cell carcinoma subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Gu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, China
| | - Dingding Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, China
| | - Han Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, China
| | - Panpan Song
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Qian
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, China
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12
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Ferencz B, Megyesfalvi Z, Csende K, Fillinger J, Poór V, Lantos A, Pipek O, Sólyom-Tisza A, Rényi-Vámos F, Schelch K, Lang C, Schwendenwein A, Boettiger K, László V, Hoetzenecker K, Döme B, Berta J. Comparative expression analysis of immune-related markers in surgically resected lung neuroendocrine neoplasms. Lung Cancer 2023; 181:107263. [PMID: 37270937 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2023.107263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although immunotherapy has led to a paradigm shift in the treatment of lung cancer, the therapeutic approaches for lung neuroendocrine neoplasms (LNENs) are still limited. Our aim was to explore the immunological landscape and the expression of immune checkpoint markers in LNENs. METHODS Surgically removed tumor samples of 26 atypical carcinoid (AC), 30 large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) and 29 small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients were included. The immune phenotype of each tumor type was assessed by using a panel of 15 immune-related markers. As these markers are potentially expressed by immune cells and/or tumor cells, they might serve as putative targets for immunotherapy. Expression patterns were measured by immunohistochemistry and correlated with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis. RESULTS Unsupervised hierarchical clustering revealed distinct immunologic profiles across tumor types. Specifically, AC tumors were characterized by high tumor cell CD40 expression and low levels of immune infiltrates whereas SCLC samples had a high CD47 and Inducible T Cell Costimulator (ICOS) expression in tumor cells and immune cells, respectively. High CD70 and CD137 expression by tumor cells as well as elevated expression of CD27, Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 (LAG3), and CD40 by immune cells were characteristic for LCNEC samples. Overall, SCLC and LCNEC tumors had a more immunogenic phenotype than AC samples. High tumor cell CD47 and CD40 expressions were associated with impaired and improved survival outcomes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS By providing insights into the widely divergent immunologic profiles of LNENs, our results might serve as a basis for the development of novel immunotherapy-related approaches in these devastating malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Ferencz
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary; National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Megyesfalvi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary; National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Kristóf Csende
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Fillinger
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Valentin Poór
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Lantos
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Pipek
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Ferenc Rényi-Vámos
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary; National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Karin Schelch
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Lang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Schwendenwein
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristiina Boettiger
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Viktória László
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konrad Hoetzenecker
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Balázs Döme
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary; National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Judit Berta
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
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13
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Balbisi M, Sugár S, Schlosser G, Szeitz B, Fillinger J, Moldvay J, Drahos L, Szász AM, Tóth G, Turiák L. Inter- and intratumoral proteomics and glycosaminoglycan characterization of ALK rearranged lung adenocarcinoma tissues: a pilot study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6268. [PMID: 37069213 PMCID: PMC10110559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33435-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer with limited therapeutic options, therefore a detailed understanding of the underlying molecular changes is of utmost importance. In this pilot study, we investigated the proteomic and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) profile of ALK rearranged lung tumor tissue regions based on the morphological classification, mucin and stromal content. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering revealed that both the proteomic and GAG-omic profiles are highly dependent on mucin content and to a lesser extent on morphology. We found that differentially expressed proteins between morphologically different tumor types are primarily involved in the regulation of protein synthesis, whereas those between adjacent normal and different tumor regions take part in several other biological processes (e.g. extracellular matrix organization, oxidation-reduction processes, protein folding) as well. The total amount and the sulfation profile of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate showed small differences based on morphology and larger differences based on mucin content of the tumor, while an increase was observed in both the total amount and the average rate of sulfation in tumors compared to adjacent normal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Balbisi
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2., Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26., Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Simon Sugár
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2., Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26., Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Gitta Schlosser
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Beáta Szeitz
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26., Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - János Fillinger
- Department of Pathology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Korányi Frigyes út 1., Budapest, 1121, Hungary
| | - Judit Moldvay
- 1st Department of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Korányi Frigyes út 1., Budapest, 1121, Hungary
| | - László Drahos
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2., Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - A Marcell Szász
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26., Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Gábor Tóth
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2., Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Lilla Turiák
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2., Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26., Budapest, 1085, Hungary.
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14
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Arora A, Zaemes J, Ozdemirli M, Kim C. Response to selpercatinib in a patient with RET fusion-positive pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: A case report. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1134151. [PMID: 36998440 PMCID: PMC10046803 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1134151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a rare subtype of non-small-cell lung cancer associated with a poor prognosis. LCNEC is genetically heterogeneous, and studies have revealed distinct molecular subtypes of LCNEC, which may have therapeutic implications. Herein, we present a case of a patient with stage IV LCNEC harboring a KIF5B-RET fusion whose disease responded to the selective RET inhibitor selpercatinib both extra- and intra-cranially, highlighting the importance of comprehensive molecular testing in LCNEC for selection of optimal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakriti Arora
- Department of Medicine, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jacob Zaemes
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Metin Ozdemirli
- Department of Pathology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Chul Kim
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
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15
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Guo J, Mu D, Yu W, Sun L, Zhang J, Ren X, Han Y. [Study on the Biological Function of Abemecilib in Inhibiting the Proliferation, Invasion and
Migration of Small Cell Lung Cancer with High c-Myc Expression]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2023; 26:105-112. [PMID: 36872049 PMCID: PMC10033240 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2023.106.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) with high c-Myc expression is prone to relapse and metastasis, leading to extremely low survival rate. Cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitor Abemaciclib plays a key role in the treatment of tumors, but the effects and mechanisms on SCLC remain unclear. This study was to analyze the effect and molecular mechanism of Abemaciclib in inhibiting proliferation, migration and invasion of SCLC with high c-Myc expression, with a view to expanding a new direction for reducing the recurrence and metastasis. METHODS Proteins interacting with CDK4/6 were predicted using the STRING database. The expressions of CDK4/6 and c-Myc in 31 cases of SCLC cancer tissues and paired adjacent normal tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The effects of Abemaciclib on the proliferation, invasion and migration of SCLC were detected by CCK-8, colony formation assay, Transwell and migration assay. Western blot was used to detect the expressions of CDK4/6 and related transcription factors. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the effects of Abemaciclib on the cell cycle and checkpoint of SCLC. RESULTS The expression of CDK4/6 was associated with c-Myc by STRING protein interaction network. c-Myc can directly modalize achaete-scute complex homolog 1 (ASCL1), neuronal differentiation 1 (NEUROD1) and Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1). Moreover, CDK4 and c-Myc regulate the expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Immunohistochemistry showed that the expressions of CDK4/6 and c-Myc in cancer tissues were higher than those in adjacent tissues(P<0.0001). CCK-8, colony formation assay, Transwell and migration assay verified that Abemaciclib could effectively inhibit the proliferation, invasion and migration of SBC-2 and H446OE(P<0.0001). Western blot analysis further showed that Abemaciclib not only inhibited CDK4 (P<0.05) and CDK6 (P<0.05), but also affected c-Myc (P<0.05), ASCL1 (P<0.05), NEUROD1 (P<0.05) and YAP1 (P<0.05), which are related to SCLC invasion and metastasis. Flow cytometry showed that Abemaciclib not only inhibited the cell cycle progression of SCLC cells (P<0.0001), but also significantly increased PD-L1 expression on SBC-2 (P<0.01) and H446OE (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Abemaciclib significantly inhibits the proliferation, invasion, migration and cell cycle progression of SCLC by inhibiting the expressions of CDK4/6, c-Myc, ASCL1, YAP1 and NEUROD1. Abemaciclib can also increase the expression of PD-L1 in SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Guo
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Di Mu
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Wenwen Yu
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Leina Sun
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xiubao Ren
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin 300060, China
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin 300060, China
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin 300060, China
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16
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Chen YQ, Gao LL, Kong LC, Guan XH, Yang H, Li YF, Lv ZY, Zhang XC, Liang HY, Chen HJ, Wu YL, Huang J, Yang JJ. The predictive value of YAP-1 and POU2F3 for the efficacy of immuno-chemotherapy in extensive-stage SCLC patients. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2023; 35:100684. [PMID: 36716535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2023.100684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recently, several clinical trials of immunotherapy for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) have shown limited benefits because of unselected patients. Thus, we aimed to explore whether YES-associated protein 1 (YAP-1) and POU domain class 2 transcription factor 3 (POU2F3) could identify SCLC patients with durable benefits from immunotherapy as potential biomarkers. METHODS We performed IHC of YAP-1 and POU2F3, and RNA-seq on tissues of ES- SCLC patients. An open-source plugin based on IHC-profiler was conducted to calculate the expression levels of YAP-1 and POU2F3. RESULTS Patients with ES-SCLC were retrospectively investigated in the Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital from January 2018 to July 2021, and 21 patients whoever received atezolizumab plus etoposide/carboplatin (ECT) regimen also had tissue samples reachable. The median IHC-score of YAP-1 in responders (CR/PR patients) was significantly lower than in nonresponders (SD/PD patients) at 13.97 (95% CI: 8.97-16.30) versus 23.72 (95% CI: 8.13-75.40). The IHC-score of YAP-1 and PFS showed a negative correlation by Spearman (r=-0.496). However, POU2F3 did not show a correlation with efficacy. Besides, patients with YAP-1 high expression had IL6, MYCN, and MYCT1 upregulated, while analysis of immune cell infiltration only showed that M0 macrophages were significantly higher. CONCLUSIONS The expression of YAP-1 negatively correlated with the efficacy of ECT in ES-SCLC patients while POU2F3 did not reveal the predictive value. However, prospective investigations with a large sample size are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Chen
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 518071, China; Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ling-Ling Gao
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China; The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Ling-Cong Kong
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 518071, China; Medical big data center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xu-Hui Guan
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 518071, China; Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Medical big data center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yu-Fa Li
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhi-Yi Lv
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xu-Chao Zhang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hui-Ying Liang
- Medical big data center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hua-Jun Chen
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yi-Long Wu
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Jin-Ji Yang
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 518071, China; Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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17
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Xiong Z, Wang Y. Potential Targets and Mechanisms of Dalbergia odorifera on Treating Lung Adenocarcinoma Explored by Network Pharmacology. INT J PHARMACOL 2023. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2023.52.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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18
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Syposs C, Agostini-Vulaj D. Metastatic large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung masquerading as a primary gallbladder carcinoma: A case report. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2023; 11:2050313X231166773. [PMID: 37063435 PMCID: PMC10102936 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x231166773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder neuroendocrine carcinoma is rare, representing ~4% of all primary malignant gallbladder neoplasms. We report the case of a 75-year-old female who presented for radiologic restaging for lung adenocarcinoma diagnosed elsewhere, demonstrating a hypermetabolic gallbladder mass. With concern for a gallbladder primary, radical cholecystectomy followed. Gross showed a 2-cm polypoid fundic mass; microscopically, tumor cells were arranged in sheets, with organoid features and necrosis, variable cytoplasm, vesicular-granular chromatin, prominent nucleoli, frequent mitoses, and apoptotic figures. Immunohistochemically, synaptophysin, chromogranin, CK7, and TTF-1 were positive; Ki67 was 80%. The combined findings were diagnostic of large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Further investigation including outside slide review with additional stains revealed the lung primary to be classified large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, thus the gallbladder tumor representing metastasis. Within 4 months, the patient expired with widespread metastases. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of metastatic lung large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma to gallbladder in the English literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Agostini-Vulaj
- Diana Agostini-Vulaj, Department of
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601
Elmwood Avenue, Box 626, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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19
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Prieto TG, Baldavira CM, Machado-Rugolo J, Olivieri EHR, da Silva ECA, Ab’ Saber AM, Takagaki TY, Capelozzi VL. Proposing Specific Neuronal Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Genes as an Ancillary Tool for Differential Diagnosis among Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122309. [PMID: 36553576 PMCID: PMC9777553 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms (PNENs) are currently classified into four major histotypes, including typical carcinoid (TC), atypical carcinoid (AC), large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC), and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). This classification was designed to be applied to surgical specimens mostly anchored in morphological parameters, resulting in considerable overlapping among PNENs, which may result in important challenges for clinicians' decisions in the case of small biopsies. Since PNENs originate from the neuroectodermic cells, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) gene expression shows promise as biomarkers involved in the genotypic transformation of neuroectodermic cells, including mutation burden with the involvement of chromatin remodeling genes, apoptosis, and mitosis rate, leading to modification in final cellular phenotype. In this situation, additional markers also applicable to biopsy specimens, which correlate PNENs subtypes with systemic treatment response, are much needed, and current potential candidates are neurogenic EMT genes. This study investigated EMT genes expression and its association with PNENs histotypes in tumor tissues from 24 patients with PNENs. PCR Array System for 84 EMT-related genes selected 15 differentially expressed genes among the PNENs, allowing to discriminate TC from AC, LCNEC from AC, and SCLC from AC. Functional enrichment analysis of the EMT genes differentially expressed among PNENs subtypes showed that they are involved in cellular proliferation, extracellular matrix degradation, regulation of cell apoptosis, oncogenesis, and tumor cell invasion. Interestingly, four EMT genes (MAP1B, SNAI2, MMP2, WNT5A) are also involved in neurological diseases, in brain metastasis, and interact with platinum-based chemotherapy and tyrosine-kinase inhibitors. Collectively, these findings emerge as an important ancillary tool to improve the strategies of histologic diagnosis in PNENs and unveil the four EMT genes that can play an important role in driving chemical response in PNENs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabatha Gutierrez Prieto
- Laboratory of Genomics and Histomorphometry, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School (USP), São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Machado Baldavira
- Laboratory of Genomics and Histomorphometry, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School (USP), São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Machado-Rugolo
- Laboratory of Genomics and Histomorphometry, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School (USP), São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
- Health Technology Assessment Center (NATS), Clinical Hospital (HCFMB), Medical School of São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alexandre Muxfeldt Ab’ Saber
- Laboratory of Genomics and Histomorphometry, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School (USP), São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
- Fundação Oncocentro do Estado de São Paulo (FOSP), São Paulo 05409-012, SP, Brazil
| | - Teresa Yae Takagaki
- Division of Pneumology, Instituto do Coração (Incor), Medical School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Vera Luiza Capelozzi
- Laboratory of Genomics and Histomorphometry, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School (USP), São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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20
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Wang X, Hu S, Su F, Lin J, Duan J, Tan H, Tan H. The efficacy of oxaliplatin, surufatinib, and camrelizumab on neuroendocrine carcinoma: a case report and literature review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:1254. [PMID: 36544653 PMCID: PMC9761152 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-4789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Extra-pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas (EP-NECs) are rare, accounting for ~1/100,000 of NECs, aggressive neoplasms and poor prognosis. Sometimes, a non-neuroendocrine component is also accompanying these EP-NECs. Curative surgery is suggested for early stage patients while system chemotherapy and locoregional radiotherapy are considered for advanced inoperable disease. Nonetheless, there was lack of standard second-line treatment strategy. Herein, we report a case of NEC involving a large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) and adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder treated with a surufatinib-containing regimen in the second-line treatment setting and establish the efficacy of this regimen in the treatment of EP-NECs. Case Description A 58-year-old male presented with symptoms such as distension in the upper right abdomen and a palpable mass. The abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan showed a giant soft tissue mass in the left lobe of the liver, and liver biopsy suggested LCNEC with a non-neuroendocrine (NNE) component. Based on the available literature, a first-line therapy of oxaliplatin + gemcitabine + camrelizumab + apatinib was started initially; however, there was rapid tumor progression. Thus, a second line of treatment was started, where apatinib was replaced with surufatinib, which was given along with oxaliplatin and camrelizumab and continued for seven complete cycles. The patient was re-examined with MRI, which showed a significant decrease in tumor size. And a partial response was achieved. Main adverse events included hand and foot numbness, hypertension, proteinuria, hematuria, and hyperthyroidism. The patient underwent surgery after the second line of treatment and the post-operative pathology report revealed the presence of LCNEC and adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder. Two months later, re-examination result showed no tumor recurrence. Conclusions As yet, the criteria strategy for unresectable EP-NECs to improve survival outcomes is scarce. EP-NECs are badly in need of effective second-line therapy to carry out survival benefits after resistance to first-line regimen. The case report demonstrated that a surufatinib-containing regimen including oxaliplatin and camrelizumab could be an effective treatment strategy for the second-line treatment of EP-NECs. Furthermore, this strategy is well tolerated and treatment-related toxicity are manageable. More clinical trials are warranted to further confirm the efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhua Wang
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China;,Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shaobo Hu
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China;,Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Su
- Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianghui Duan
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haidong Tan
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huangying Tan
- Department of Integrative Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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21
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Xia L, Wang L, Zhou Z, Han S. Treatment outcome and prognostic analysis of advanced large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16562. [PMID: 36195623 PMCID: PMC9532410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18421-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimal systemic treatment of advanced large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is still controversial. We intend to explore advanced LCNEC through SEER database, construct nomogram model of advanced LCNEC, and understand the effect of different treatment regimens on LCNEC. We collected 909 patients, divided them into a training set validation set, constructed nomograms using Cox proportional hazards regression models, and evaluated nomogram discrimination and calibration by C-index and calibration curves. Kaplan–Meier will also be used to compare OS in different groups of patients and to explore the impact of different treatment regimens on advanced LCNEC. On the nomogram plotted, the nomogram predicted AUC values over time were always greater than 0.7, the C-index was 0.681 (95% CI 0.656–0.706) and 0.663 (95% CI 0.628–0.698) in the training and validation sets, respectively, and patients were divided into two groups according to risk, and a significant difference in OS was observed between the high-risk and low-risk groups in the training and validation cohorts. Different treatment analyses showed that chemotherapy is still the best treatment for advanced LCNEC. This nomogram provides a convenient and reliable tool for individual assessment and clinical decision-making of patients with advanced LCNEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xia
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, 214000, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhong da Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lile Wang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhong da Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zihan Zhou
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhong da Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shuhua Han
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China. .,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhong da Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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22
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Zhang C, Wang H. Accurate treatment of small cell lung cancer: Current progress, new challenges and expectations. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188798. [PMID: 36096336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a deadly disease with poor prognosis. Fast growing speed, inclination to metastasis, enrichment in cancer stem cells altogether constitute its aggressive nature. In stark contrast to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that strides vigorously on the road to precision oncology, SCLC has been on the embryonic path to achieve effective personalized treatments. The survival of patients with SCLC have not been improved greatly, which could be possibly due to our inadequate understanding of genetic alterations of SCLC. Recently, encouraging effects have been observed in patients with SCLC undergoing immunotherapy. However, exciting results have only been observed in a small fraction of patients with SCLC, warranting biomarkers predictive of responses as well as novel therapeutic strategies. In addition, SCLC has previously been viewed to be homogeneous. However, perspectives have been changed thanks to the advances in sequencing techniques and platforms, which unfolds the complex heterogeneity of SCLC both genetically and non-genetically, rendering the treatment of SCLC a further step forward into the precision era. To outline the road of SCLC towards precision oncology, we summarize the progresses and achievements made in precision treatment in SCLC in genomic, transcriptomic, epigenetic, proteomic and metabolic dimensions. Moreover, we conclude relevant therapeutic vulnerabilities in SCLC. Clinically tested drugs and clinical trials have also been demonstrated. Ultimately, we look into the opportunities and challenges ahead to advance the individualized treatment in pursuit of improved survival for patients with SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyue Zhang
- Department of Integrated Therapy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.
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23
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Zhang J, Deng J, Feng X, Tan Y, Li X, Liu Y, Li M, Qi H, Tang L, Meng Q, Yan H, Qi L. Hierarchical identification of a transcriptional panel for the histological diagnosis of lung neuroendocrine tumors. Front Genet 2022; 13:944167. [PMID: 36105102 PMCID: PMC9465419 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.944167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lung cancer is a complex disease composed of neuroendocrine (NE) and non-NE tumors. Accurate diagnosis of lung cancer is essential in guiding therapeutic management. Several transcriptional signatures have been reported to distinguish between adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) belonging to non-NE tumors. This study aims to identify a transcriptional panel that could distinguish the histological subtypes of NE tumors to complement the morphology-based classification of an individual.Methods: A public dataset with NE subtypes, including 21 small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), 56 large-cell NE carcinomas (LCNECs), and 24 carcinoids (CARCIs), and non-NE subtypes, including 85 ADC and 61 SCC, was used as a training set. In the training set, consensus clustering was first used to filter out the samples whose expression patterns disagreed with their histological subtypes. Then, a rank-based method was proposed to develop a panel of transcriptional signatures for determining the NE subtype for an individual, based on the within-sample relative gene expression orderings of gene pairs. Twenty-three public datasets with a total of 3,454 samples, which were derived from fresh-frozen, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded, biopsies, and single cells, were used for validation. Clinical feasibility was tested in 10 SCLC biopsy specimens collected from cancer hospitals via bronchoscopy.Results: The NEsubtype-panel was composed of three signatures that could distinguish NE from non-NE, CARCI from non-CARCI, and SCLC from LCNEC step by step and ultimately determine the histological subtype for each NE sample. The three signatures achieved high average concordance rates with 97.31%, 98.11%, and 90.63%, respectively, in the 23 public validation datasets. It is worth noting that the 10 clinic-derived SCLC samples diagnosed via immunohistochemical staining were also accurately predicted by the NEsubtype-panel. Furthermore, the subtype-specific gene expression patterns and survival analyses provided evidence for the rationality of the reclassification by the NEsubtype-panel.Conclusion: The rank-based NEsubtype-panel could accurately distinguish lung NE from non-NE tumors and determine NE subtypes even in clinically challenging samples (such as biopsy). The panel together with our previously reported signature (KRT5-AGR2) for SCC and ADC would be an auxiliary test for the histological diagnosis of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juxuan Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaxing Deng
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yilong Tan
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yixin Liu
- Basic Medicine College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mengyue Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Haitao Qi
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lefan Tang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qingwei Meng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Haidan Yan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Bioinformatics, School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Haidan Yan, ; Lishuang Qi,
| | - Lishuang Qi
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Haidan Yan, ; Lishuang Qi,
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24
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Keogh A, Finn S, Radonic T. Emerging Biomarkers and the Changing Landscape of Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153772. [PMID: 35954436 PMCID: PMC9367597 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive cancer representing 15% of all lung cancers. Unlike other types of lung cancer, treatments for SCLC have changed very little in the past 20 years and therefore, the survival rate remains low. This is due, in part, to the lack of understanding of the biological basis of this disease and the previous idea that all SCLCs are the same. Multiple recent studies have identified that SCLCs have varying biological activity and can be divided into four different groups. The advantage of this is that each of these four groups responds differently to new treatments, which hopefully will dramatically improve survival. Additionally, the aim of these new treatments is to specifically target these biological differences in SCLC so normal/non cancer cells are unaffected, leading to decreased side effects and a better quality of life. There is still a lot unknown about SCLC, but these new findings offer a glimmer of hope for patients in the future. Abstract Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a high-grade neuroendocrine malignancy with an aggressive behavior and dismal prognosis. 5-year overall survival remains a disappointing 7%. Genomically, SCLCs are homogeneous compared to non-small cell lung cancers and are characterized almost always by functional inactivation of RB1 and TP53 with no actionable mutations. Additionally, SCLCs histologically appear uniform. Thus, SCLCs are currently managed as a single disease with platinum-based chemotherapy remaining the cornerstone of treatment. Recent studies have identified expression of dominant transcriptional signatures which may permit classification of SCLCs into four biologically distinct subtypes, namely, SCLC-A, SCLC-N, SCLC-P, and SCLC-I. These groups are readily detectable by immunohistochemistry and also have potential predictive utility for emerging therapies, including PARPi, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and DLL3 targeted therapies. In contrast with their histology, studies have identified that SCLCs display both inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Identification of subpopulations of cells with high expression of PLCG2 has been linked with risk of metastasis. SCLCs also display subtype switching under therapy pressure which may contribute furthermore to metastatic ability and chemoresistance. In this review, we summarize the recent developments in the understanding of the biology of SCLCs, and discuss the potential diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment opportunities the four proposed subtypes may present for the future. We also discuss the emerging evidence of tumor heterogeneity and plasticity in SCLCs which have been implicated in metastasis and acquired therapeutic resistance seen in these aggressive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Keogh
- Department of Histopathology, St. James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland;
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 HD53 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence:
| | - Stephen Finn
- Department of Histopathology, St. James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland;
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 HD53 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Teodora Radonic
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VUMC, University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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25
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Akhoundova D, Haberecker M, Fritsch R, Höller S, Kiessling MK, Rechsteiner M, Rüschoff JH, Curioni-Fontecedro A. Targeting ALK in Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Lung. Front Oncol 2022; 12:911294. [PMID: 35756632 PMCID: PMC9214311 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.911294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements are known oncogenic drivers in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Few case reports described the occurrence of such rearrangements in large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNECs) of the lung without information on clinical responses to ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in these cases. Currently, neuroendocrine tumors of the lungs are not screened for ALK rearrangements. Methods To illustrate the clinical impact of molecular characterization in LCNECs, we report the disease course in three patients with ALK-rearranged metastatic LCNEC from our clinical routine, as well as their treatment response to ALK TKIs (index cases). To gain insight into the prevalence of ALK rearrangements in neuroendocrine tumors of the lung, we analyzed a retrospective cohort of 436 tumor biopsies including LCNEC (n = 61), small cell lung cancer (SCLC) (n = 206), typical (n = 91) and atypical (n = 69) carcinoids, and mixed histology (n = 9) for the presence of ALK rearrangements using a sequential diagnostic algorithm. ALK immunohistochemistry (IHC) was evaluable in 362 cases; fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was evaluable in 28 out of the 35 IHC-positive cases, followed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) that was available in 12 cases. Results Within the retrospective cohort, ALK IHC was positive in 35 out of 362 (9.7%) evaluable samples. FISH was positive in 3 out of the 28 (10.7%) evaluable cases: 2 with atypical carcinoids and 1 with LCNEC. Additionally, the 3 index cases showed positive ALK IHC, which was confirmed by NGS. Within the retrospective cohort, NGS confirmed the presence of an ALK genomic rearrangement in one FISH-positive atypical carcinoid where material was sufficient for sequencing. Two out of three patients with metastatic ALK-rearranged LCNEC received up-front treatment with the ALK TKI alectinib and showed rapid tumor response at all metastatic sites, including multiple brain metastases. Conclusions ALK rearrangements represent rare but targetable oncogenic driver alterations in LCNEC. Contrarily to NSCLC, the detection of ALK rearrangements in neuroendocrine tumors of the lung is challenging, since ALK IHC can lead to false-positive results and therefore needs confirmation by FISH or NGS. Up-front comprehensive molecular profiling with NGS should be performed in metastatic LCNEC in order not to miss actionable genomic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Akhoundova
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martina Haberecker
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Fritsch
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Höller
- Institute of Pathology, Stadtspital Zurich Triemli, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael K Kiessling
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, See Spital Horgen, Horgen, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rechsteiner
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan H Rüschoff
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Zhang S, Xiao Y, Chen L, Li Z, Zong Y, Zhu K, Meng R. Endostar plus pembrolizumab combined with a platinum-based dual chemotherapy regime for advanced pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma as a first-line treatment: A case report. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:577-585. [PMID: 35800072 PMCID: PMC9202532 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a rare and highly aggressive cancer with a very poor prognosis. The proper treatment decision and possible prognosis outcome for advanced LCNEC is always an enormous challenge due to its scarcity. Here, we presented a 59-year-old male patient with advanced LCNEC with a non-neuroendocrine immunophenotype who received endostar plus pembrolizumab combined with a platinum-based dual chemotherapy regime as a first-line treatment. At present, the patient’s condition is well controlled by medication only and has a progression-free survival of more than 2 years. Adverse effects recorded for this patient during treatment courses include nausea, vomiting, II–III quality bone marrow toxicity, and PD-1 blockage-related hypothyroidism. This case report discussed the feasibility of immunotherapy, anti-angiogenesis agents, and chemotherapy as a first-line therapy in advanced LCNEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 1277 Jiefang Avenue , Wuhan , 430022 , People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 1277 Jiefang Avenue , Wuhan , 430022 , People’s Republic of China
| | - Leichong Chen
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 1277 Jiefang Avenue , Wuhan , 430022 , People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 1277 Jiefang Avenue , Wuhan , 430022 , People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zong
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 1277 Jiefang Avenue , Wuhan , 430022 , People’s Republic of China
| | - Kuikui Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 1277 Jiefang Avenue , Wuhan , 430022 , People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Meng
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 1277 Jiefang Avenue , Wuhan , 430022 , People’s Republic of China
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27
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Çimen F, Düzgün S, Atikcan S. Combined SCLC clinical and pathological aspects. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2022; 93. [PMID: 35678533 DOI: 10.4081/monaldi.2022.2226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined small cell lung carcinoma (C-SCLC) is rare and accounts for 1-3% of all lung cancer cases. Although its incidence has increased recently, there are limited studies on it. The records of patients admitted to our hospital between January 2015 and December 2019 and diagnosed with histologically proven combined small cell were scanned retrospectively and reviewed. 31 patients were analyzed. The average follow-up time was 10 months. The radiotherapy (RT) rate, surgery rate, and large cell malignancy rate were significantly lower in the ex group than in the living group (p=0.024, p=0.023, p=0.015). The rates of extensive disease, metastasis, and thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1) were significantly higher in the old group than in the living group (p=0.000, p=0.000, p=0.029, respectively). In the univariate model, sequential RT, fatigue, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), stage, metastasis, contralateral lung metastasis, chemotherapy were observed to be significantly effective in predicting survival time (p=0.000, p=0.050, p=0.011, p=0.004, p=0.004, p=0.045, p=0.009). In the multivariate model, independent (p=0.015, p=0.022, p=0.049) efficacy of RT, stage, and chemotherapy in predicting survival was observed. C-SCLC is a specific mixed carcinoma and reports evaluating this type are still scarce. The stage of the disease, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are extremely important in predicting survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Çimen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Atatürk Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Ankara.
| | - Sevim Düzgün
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Atatürk Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Ankara, Ataturk.
| | - Sükran Atikcan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Atatürk Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Ankara, Ataturk.
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28
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Wang L, Lei X, Wang X. Efficacy and Safety of PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor Chemotherapy Combined with Lung Cancer Fang No. 1 in Relapsed and Refractory SCLC: A Retrospective Observational Study. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2848220. [PMID: 35586668 PMCID: PMC9110176 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2848220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Relapsed and refractory small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for about 15% of all lung cancers. The prognosis of patients is poor. The 5-year survival rate is almost 0. The average survival time of patients who refuse to receive treatment is only 2-4 months. For patients with extensive-stage SCLC, the current first-line treatment regimens are mainly platinum-containing double-drug chemotherapy. Poside combined with cisplatin/carboplatin and irinotecan combined with cisplatin/carboplatin are commonly used clinical regimens for the treatment of patients with extensive-stage SCLC. Although SCLC is very sensitive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, most patients will develop recurrence and metastasis after initial treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to study clinically effective therapeutic drugs for relapsed and refractory SCLC. Objective To investigate the relationship between programmed death receptor-1 (programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1)) and programmed death receptor-ligand 1 (programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)) inhibitors and Lung Cancer No. 1 efficacy and safety of Lung Cancer Fang No. 1 in the treatment of relapsed and refractory SCLC. Methods 80 patients with refractory SCLC were selected and randomly divided into control group and treatment group with 40 cases in each group. Among them, the control group received PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor chemotherapy, and the treatment group received PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor chemotherapy combined with Lung Cancer Fang No. 1 treatment. The differences in immune and tumor marker levels, clinical efficacy, and prognostic complications between the two groups before and after treatment were observed and compared. Results Before treatment, there was no significant difference in clinical improvement between the two groups. After treatment, the clinical symptom scores and body weight changes in the treatment group were significantly improved. The clinical symptom scores in the treatment group were lower than those in the control group, but the body weight changes were higher than those in the control group. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Before treatment, there was no significant difference in the levels of tumor markers between the two groups. After treatment, the levels of CYFRA21-1, CA125, and VGEF in the treatment group were significantly lower than those in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the immune level between the two groups before treatment (P > 0.05), while the differences in CD4+, CD3+, and CD4+/CD8+ after treatment were significant, and the treatment group was higher than the control group, with statistical significance (P < 0.05). After treatment, the clinical efficacy of the two groups was significantly improved. The DCR90.00% of the treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group, 67.50%, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The analysis of complications after treatment showed that fatigue, anorexia, hypertension, hand-foot syndrome, diarrhea, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and urinary protein in the treatment group were significantly lower than those in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor chemotherapy combined with Lung Cancer Fang No. 1 has a good and safe effect on SCLC patients. It has a good curative effect in improving the clinical symptoms of patients. It can stabilize the tumor, inhibit the development of lung cancer, improve the body's cellular immune function, adjust the level and expression of tumor markers, improve the body's material metabolism, and restore the balance of yin and yang in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wang
- Department of Respiratory Endology, People's Hospital of Dongxihu District, Wuhan, Hubei 430040, China
| | - Xiaoxia Lei
- Second Ward, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Wuhan Asia General Hospital, China
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Liang J, Guan X, Bao G, Yao Y, Zhong X. Molecular subtyping of small cell lung cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:450-462. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Andrini E, Marchese PV, De Biase D, Mosconi C, Siepe G, Panzuto F, Ardizzoni A, Campana D, Lamberti G. Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Lung: Current Understanding and Challenges. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11051461. [PMID: 35268551 PMCID: PMC8911276 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung (LCNEC) is a rare and highly aggressive type of lung cancer, with a complex biology that shares similarities with both small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The prognosis of LCNEC is poor, with a median overall survival of 8-12 months. The diagnosis of LCNEC requires the identification of neuroendocrine morphology and the expression of at least one of the neuroendocrine markers (chromogranin A, synaptophysin or CD56). In the last few years, the introduction of next-generation sequencing allowed the identification of molecular subtypes of LCNEC, with prognostic and potential therapeutic implications: one subtype is similar to SCLC (SCLC-like), while the other is similar to NSCLC (NSCLC-like). Because of LCNEC rarity, most evidence comes from small retrospective studies and treatment strategies that are extrapolated from those adopted in patients with SCLC and NSCLC. Nevertheless, limited but promising data about targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with LCNEC are emerging. LCNEC clinical management is still controversial and standardized treatment strategies are currently lacking. The aim of this manuscript is to review clinical and molecular data about LCNEC to better understand the optimal management and the potential prognostic and therapeutic implications of molecular subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Andrini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (E.A.); (P.V.M.); (A.A.); (G.L.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Valeria Marchese
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (E.A.); (P.V.M.); (A.A.); (G.L.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Dario De Biase
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Molecular Diagnostic Unit, University of Bologna, Viale Ercolani 4/2, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Cristina Mosconi
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Giambattista Siepe
- Radiation Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Francesco Panzuto
- Digestive Disease Unit, ENETS Center of Excellence of Rome, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ardizzoni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (E.A.); (P.V.M.); (A.A.); (G.L.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Campana
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (E.A.); (P.V.M.); (A.A.); (G.L.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giuseppe Lamberti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (E.A.); (P.V.M.); (A.A.); (G.L.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Chen J, Hu Y, Zhang J, Wang Q, Wu X, Huang W, Wang Q, Cai G, Wang H, Ou T, Feng W, Liu P, Liu Y, Wang J, Huang J, Wang J. Therapeutic targeting RORγ with natural product N-hydroxyapiosporamide for small cell lung cancer by reprogramming neuroendocrine fate. Pharmacol Res 2022; 178:106160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Ding XL, Su YG, Yu L, Bai ZL, Bai XH, Chen XZ, Yang X, Zhao R, He JX, Wang YY. Clinical characteristics and patient outcomes of molecular subtypes of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:54. [PMID: 35220975 PMCID: PMC8883717 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Recent studies have shown that according to the expression levels of achaete-scute homolog 1 (ASCL1), neurogenic differentiation factor 1 (NEUROD1), and POU class 2 homeobox 3 (POU2F3), small cell lung cancer (SCLC) can be divided into four subtypes: SCLC-A (ASCL1-dominant), SCLC-N (NEUROD1-dominant), SCLC-P (POU2F3-dominant), and SCLC-I (triple negative or SCLC-inflamed). However, there are limited data on the clinical characteristics and prognosis of molecular subtypes of SCLC.
Methods
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect the expression levels of ASCL1, NEUROD1, and POU2F3 in 53 patient samples of resectable SCLC. The subtype was defined by the differential expression of the transcription factors for ASCL1, NEUROD1, and POU2F3 or the low expression of all three factors with an inflamed gene signature (SCLC-A, SCLC-N, SCLC-P, and SCLC-I, respectively). The clinicopathological characteristics, immunological features (programmed death ligand 1 [PD-L1] expression and CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocyte [TIL] density), and patient outcomes of the four subtypes of SCLC were analyzed.
Results
Positive ASCL1, NEUROD1, and POU2F3 staining was detected in 43 (79.2%), 27 (51.0%), and 17 (32.1%) SCLC specimens by IHC. According to the results of IHC analysis, SCLC was divided into four subtypes: SCLC-A (39.6%), SCLC-N (28.3%), SCLC-P (17.0%), and SCLC-I (15.1%). The 5-year overall survival (OS) rates of these four subtypes were 61.9%, 69.3%, 41.7%, and 85.7%, respectively (P=0.251). There were significant differences in smoking status among different subtypes of SCLC (P= 0.031). However, we did not confirm the correlation between subtypes of SCLC and other clinicopathological factors or immune profiles. Cox multivariate analysis showed that N stage (P=0.025), CD8+ TILs (P=0.024), Ki-67 level (P=0.040), and SCLC-P (P=0.023) were independent prognostic factors for resectable SCLC.
Conclusions
Our IHC-based study validated the proposed classification of SCLC using the expression patterns of key transcriptional regulatory factors. We found that SCLC-P was associated with smokers and was one of the poor prognostic factors of limited-stage SCLC. In addition, no correlation was found between PD-L1 expression or CD8+ TIL density and SCLC subtypes.
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Lin F, Li R. MiR-1226, mediated by ASCL1, suppresses the progression of non-small cell lung cancer by targeting FGF2. Bull Cancer 2022; 109:424-435. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Rekhtman N. Lung neuroendocrine neoplasms: recent progress and persistent challenges. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:36-50. [PMID: 34663914 PMCID: PMC8695375 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-021-00943-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes key recent developments relevant to the pathologic diagnosis of lung neuroendocrine neoplasms, including carcinoids, small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC). Covered are recent insights into the biological subtypes within each main tumor type, progress in pathological diagnosis and immunohistochemical markers, and persistent challenging areas. Highlighted topics include highly proliferative carcinoids and their distinction from small cell and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), the evolving role of Ki67, the update on the differential diagnosis of NEC to include thoracic SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated tumors, the recent data on SCLC transcriptional subtypes with the emergence of POU2F3 as a novel marker for the diagnosis of SCLC with low/negative expression of standard neuroendocrine markers, and the update on the diagnosis of LCNEC, particularly in biopsies. There has been remarkable recent progress in the understanding of the genetic and expression-based profiles within each type of lung neuroendocrine neoplasm, and it is hoped that these insights will enable the development of novel diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers to aid in the pathologic assessment of these tumors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Rekhtman
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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35
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Inoue H, Matsushima J, Kobayashi S, Sairenchi T, Hirata H, Chida M, Ota S, Ban S, Matsumura Y. Expression of nSATB2 in Neuroendocrine Carcinomas of the Lung: Frequent Immunopositivity of Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma with a Diagnostic Pitfall. Int J Surg Pathol 2021; 30:151-159. [PMID: 34913369 DOI: 10.1177/10668969211065757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) are both classified as lung neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). It has recently been reported that the special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (STAB2), known as a colorectal cancer marker, is also expressed in NECs occurring in various organs including the lung. However, few studies have examined any differences of SATB2 immunopositivity between SCLC and LCNEC. We investigated SATB2 expression in 45 SCLC and 14 LCNEC cases using immunohistochemistry as well as the expression of caudal-type homeobox 2 (CDX2) and keratin (KRT) 20. The LCNEC cases were more frequently positive for SATB2 (ten out of 14, 71%) than the SCLC ones (seventeen out of 45, 38%) with a statistically significance (P = 0.035). Furthermore, two LCNEC cases were positive for CDX2 while no positive findings were observed for any SCLC cases, the difference of which, however, was not statistically significant (P = 0.053). KRT20 was negative in all LCNEC and SCLC cases. These results require our attention when we use SATB2 and CDX2 as colorectal cancer markers because their expression in pulmonary NECs can lead to a misdiagnosis that the tumor is of metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma, especially when the patient has a past history of colorectal cancer. Analyzing the relationship between the demographic/clinical variables and the SATB2 expression in the SCLC cases, just high Brinkman index (≥ 600) was significantly related to the positivity of SATB2 (P = 0.017), which is interesting considering the strong relationship between SCLC and smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Inoue
- 26263Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Jun Matsushima
- 26263Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Satoru Kobayashi
- 26263Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | | | - Hirokuni Hirata
- 26263Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Ota
- 37009Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ban
- 26263Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Yuji Matsumura
- 26263Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
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Xiong K, Sun W, He Y, Fan L. Advances in molecular mechanisms of interaction between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and lung cancer: a narrative review. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10:4012-4026. [PMID: 34858788 PMCID: PMC8577982 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-21-465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective We systematically review the molecular mechanism of the interaction between lung cancer (LC) and tuberculosis (TB), and put forward the existing problems in order to provide suggestions for early intervention and future research direction. Background TB and LC are two global public health problems affecting human health. LC is the main cause of cancer-related death worldwide and TB is one of the leading causes of death among infectious diseases, especially in resource-poor areas. Previous studies have suggested that a history of TB may be associated with an increased risk of LC. With the improvement of LC treatment, the occurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis in the course of LC treatment is also frequently reported recently. Methods The molecular immunological mechanisms of interaction between LC and TB, and related epidemiological literature are reviewed. The research progress and problems to be solved are summarized. Conclusions Chronic inflammation, immune abnormalities, scar formation, gene mutations and drug effects caused by TB may be associated with the occurrence of LC induced by abnormalities in various molecular pathways. LC and decreased immunity during treatment may also increase the risk of latent TB activation or new TB infection through immune pathways. Data on dual burden areas of TB and LC are still lacking, and more clinical studies are needed to elucidate the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlong Xiong
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease (Tuberculosis), Department of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Tuberculosis, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwen Sun
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease (Tuberculosis), Department of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Tuberculosis, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yayi He
- Department of Tuberculosis, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Fan
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease (Tuberculosis), Department of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Tuberculosis, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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The 2021 WHO Classification of Lung Tumors: Impact of advances since 2015. J Thorac Oncol 2021; 17:362-387. [PMID: 34808341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 149.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The 2021 World Health Organisation (WHO) Classification of Thoracic Tumours was published earlier this year, with classification of lung tumors being one of the chapters. The principles remain those of using morphology first, supported by immunohistochemistry and then molecular techniques. In 2015, there was particular emphasis on using immunohistochemistry to make classification more accurate. In 2021, there is greater emphasis throughout the book on advances in molecular pathology across all tumor types. Major features within this edition are 1) broader emphasis on genetic testing than in the 2015 WHO Classification, 2) a chapter entirely dedicated to the classification of small diagnostic samples, 3) continued recommendation to document percentages of histological patterns in invasive non-mucinous adenocarcinomas, with utilization of these features to apply a formal grading system, as well as using only invasive size for T-factor size determination in part lepidic non-mucinous lung adenocarcinomas as recommended by the 8th Edition TNM Classification, 4) recognition of spread through airspaces (STAS) as a histological feature with prognostic significance, 5) moving lymphoepithelial carcinoma to squamous cell carcinomas, 6) update on evolving concepts in lung neuroendocrine neoplasm classification, 7) recognition of bronchiolar adenoma/ciliated muconodular papillary tumor (BA/CMPT) as a new entity within the adenoma subgroup, 8) recognition of thoracic SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated tumor, and 9) inclusion of essential and desirable diagnostic criteria for each tumor.
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Righi L, Volante M, Papotti M. Small-Cell Carcinoma of the Lung: What We Learned about It? Acta Cytol 2021; 66:257-268. [PMID: 34784591 DOI: 10.1159/000519688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is a high-grade aggressive disease that belongs to the neuroendocrine (NE) group of lung tumors that also includes typical carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, and large-cell NE carcinoma. SCLC has specific histological diagnostic criteria that are sometimes troublesome to be assessed in cytological samples that indeed represent the most frequent source of diagnostic material due to the typical advanced presentation at the onset of SCLC. However, cytological preparations could be in some instances more reliable than histology due to the better preservation of nuclear details. Cytological criteria for diagnosis of SCLC include high cellularity, small cell size, scant cytoplasm, coarsely granulated chromatin with "salt-and-pepper" appearance, inconspicuous or absent nucleoli, Azzopardi crush effect, and necrotic debris in the background. Despite being distinctive, these features could be incomplete to differentiate SCLC with other small-cell neoplasia. Therefore, immunocytochemical determination of diagnostic biomarkers is crucial to achieve a confident diagnosis. Furthermore, recent findings on molecular and transcriptomic studies of SCLC revealed the potential rise of new predictive and prognostic biomarkers that, whenever validated by immunocytochemistry, may potentially assist to tailor the best therapy, including immune checkpoint inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisella Righi
- Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Torino at San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano (Torino), Italy
| | - Marco Volante
- Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Torino at San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano (Torino), Italy
| | - Mauro Papotti
- Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Torino at City of Health and Science, Torino, Italy,
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Rosen Y. Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Carcinomas in Situ: Do They Exist? Histopathology 2021; 80:627-634. [PMID: 34758145 DOI: 10.1111/his.14596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although precursor lesions of pulmonary squamous carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and carcinoid tumor are well known and accepted entities, precursor lesions of pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas, i.e., small cell lung carcinoma and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, have never been identified. A small body of literature documenting intraepithelial involvement in cases of pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas begs the question of whether the intraepithelial lesion represents de novo intraepithelial neoplasia or invasion by underlying tumour. METHODS AND MATERIALS The literature on cases of invasive neuroendocrine carcinomas with an intraepithelial component exhibiting a neuroendocrine immunophenotype was thoroughly and critically reviewed. RESULTS The authors of the publications of cases of coexisting invasive and intraepithelial neuroendocrine carcinoma generally favour invasion as the explanation for the intraepithelial component. However, in practice, it is difficult or impossible to determine the direction of migration of tumor cells when there is both an invasive and intraepithelial component. Pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas in situ have been produced in genetically engineered mouse models. CONCLUSIONS Based on the illustrations in the literature of human cases and the production of pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas in situ in genetically engineered mice, it seems likely that these tumours also exist in humans. However, their existence and acceptance require definitive proof. Studies should be undertaken to identify bronchial and other lung biopsies with in situ carcinoma exhibiting a neuroendocrine immunophenotype and a subsequent negative resection specimen and no follow-up evidence of invasive carcinoma. Documenting such cases would provide definitive proof for the existence pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas in situ in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yale Rosen
- SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Department of Pathology, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
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Vrontis K, Economidou SC, Fotopoulos G. Platinum Doublet plus Atezolizumab as First-line Treatment in Metastatic Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: A Single Institution Experience. Cancer Invest 2021; 40:124-131. [PMID: 34601985 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2021.1988962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Lung (L-LCNEC) is a rare type of neuroendocrine lung cancer that is increasingly diagnosed. However, the optimal management regarding the advanced stage is unclear. The purpose of this article is to present and compare our experience when L-LCNEC is treated as Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Overall, eight cases of L-LCNEC were included. We retrospectively reviewed medical files and reports by accessing the Institution's Data of patients diagnosed with L-LCNEC from April 2019 until December 2020 and evaluated their response to the combination of Platinum - Etoposide - Atezolizumab as first-line chemotherapy. RESULTS The overall observed response rate (ORR) of 75%. The median PFS was 6.85 months. The median response duration was 5.5 months. CONCLUSIONS Comparing our findings with other retrospective and prospective studies, it seems that the systematic treatment of choice and management in L-LCNEC of the lung should be that of a small cell carcinoma of the lung.
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Pathak R, Villaflor VM. Histologic Transformation in EGFR-Mutant Lung Adenocarcinomas: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4641. [PMID: 34572868 PMCID: PMC8470834 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
With the advent of potent EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), the treatment landscape of EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinomas has changed drastically in recent years. However, the development of resistance to EGFR TKIs remains a critical barrier to improving survival in these patients. Histologic transformations to small cell lung carcinoma, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and the sarcomatoid phenotype have been increasingly recognized as important mechanisms of resistance. In this article, we summarize the known biological bases for such phenotypic switches in regard to EGFR TKIs and describe novel pathways that might be harnessed to develop effective novel therapies for patients with EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria M. Villaflor
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
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Frizziero M, Durand A, Taboada RG, Zaninotto E, Luchini C, Chakrabarty B, Hervieu V, Claro LCL, Zhou C, Cingarlini S, Milella M, Walter T, Riechelmann RS, Lamarca A, Hubner RA, Mansoor W, Valle JW, McNamara MG. Is the Morphological Subtype of Extra-Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Clinically Relevant? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4152. [PMID: 34439308 PMCID: PMC8392018 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extra-pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas (EP-NECs) are lethal cancers with limited treatment options. Identification of contributing factors to the observed heterogeneity of clinical outcomes within the EP-NEC family is warranted, to enable identification of effective treatments. A multicentre retrospective study investigated potential differences in "real-world" treatment/survival outcomes between small-cell (SC) versus (vs.) non-SC EP-NECs. One-hundred and seventy patients were included: 77 (45.3%) had SC EP-NECs and 93 (54.7%) had non-SC EP-NECs. Compared to the SC subgroup, the non-SC subgroup had the following features: (1) a lower mean Ki-67 index (69.3% vs. 78.7%; p = 0.002); (2) a lower proportion of cases with a Ki-67 index of ≥55% (73.9% vs. 88.7%; p = 0.025); (3) reduced sensitivity to first-line platinum/etoposide (objective response rate: 31.6% vs. 55.1%, p = 0.015; and disease control rate; 59.7% vs. 79.6%, p = 0.027); (4) worse progression-free survival (PFS) (adjusted-HR = 1.615, p = 0.016) and overall survival (OS) (adjusted-HR = 1.640, p = 0.015) in the advanced setting. Within the advanced EP-NEC cohort, subgroups according to morphological subtype and Ki-67 index (<55% vs. ≥55%) had significantly different PFS (adjusted-p = 0.021) and OS (adjusted-p = 0.051), with the non-SC subgroup with a Ki-67 index of <55% and non-SC subgroup with a Ki-67 index of ≥55% showing the best and worst outcomes, respectively. To conclude, the morphological subtype of EP-NEC provides complementary information to the Ki-67 index and may aid identification of patients who could benefit from alternative first-line treatment strategies to platinum/etoposide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Frizziero
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (M.F.); (A.L.); (R.A.H.); (J.W.V.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK;
| | - Alice Durand
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medical Oncology, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France; (A.D.); (T.W.)
| | - Rodrigo G. Taboada
- Department of Clinical Oncology, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-010, Brazil; (R.G.T.); (R.S.R.)
| | - Elisa Zaninotto
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.Z.); (S.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Claudio Luchini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Bipasha Chakrabarty
- Department of Pathology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK;
| | - Valérie Hervieu
- Department of Pathology, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France;
| | - Laura C. L. Claro
- Department of Pathology, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-010, Brazil;
| | - Cong Zhou
- Cancer Biomarker Centre, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK;
| | - Sara Cingarlini
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.Z.); (S.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Michele Milella
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.Z.); (S.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Thomas Walter
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medical Oncology, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France; (A.D.); (T.W.)
| | - Rachel S. Riechelmann
- Department of Clinical Oncology, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-010, Brazil; (R.G.T.); (R.S.R.)
| | - Angela Lamarca
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (M.F.); (A.L.); (R.A.H.); (J.W.V.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK;
| | - Richard A. Hubner
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (M.F.); (A.L.); (R.A.H.); (J.W.V.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK;
| | - Wasat Mansoor
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK;
| | - Juan W. Valle
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (M.F.); (A.L.); (R.A.H.); (J.W.V.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK;
| | - Mairéad G. McNamara
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (M.F.); (A.L.); (R.A.H.); (J.W.V.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK;
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Rajput PS, Khan SR, Singh P, Chawla PA. Treatment of Small Cell Lung Cancer with Lurbinectedin: A Review. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:812-820. [PMID: 34229593 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210706150057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lurbinectedin was approved on June 15, 2020 by Food and Drug Administration with a brand name ZEPZELCA as the first systematic approved therapy for patients having Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC). OBJECTIVES In this review, an attempt is made to summarize different aspects of Lurbinectedin, including the pathophysiology, chemistry, chemical synthesis, mechanism of action, adverse reactions, including pharmacokinetics of lurbinectedin. Special attention is given to various reported clinical trials of lurbinectedin. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the relevant databases like ScienceDirect, PubMed, ResearchGate and Google Scholar to identify studies. Further upon a thorough study of these reports, significant findings/data were collected and compiled under suitable headings. Important findings related to clinical trials have been tabulated. CONCLUSION Lurbinectedin is known to act by inhibiting the active transcription of encoding genes, thereby bringing about the suppression of tumour related macrophages with an impact on tumour atmosphere. Lurbinectedin has emerged as a potential drug candidate for the treatment of small cell lung cancer (SCLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Singh Rajput
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Moga-142 001, Punjab, India
| | - Sharib Raza Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Moga-142 001, Punjab, India
| | - Preeti Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Moga-142 001, Punjab, India
| | - Pooja A Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Moga-142 001, Punjab, India
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44
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Jungels C, Deleporte A. State of the art and future directions in the systemic treatment of neuroendocrine neoplasms. Curr Opin Oncol 2021; 33:378-385. [PMID: 33973550 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are rare and heterogeneous malignancies whose natural evolution may be defined according to various prognostic factors, including localization of the primitive tumour, hormone secretory status, histological grade, tumour burden, tumour growth rate, expression of somatostatin receptors and fluorodeoxyglucose-avidity. The treatment of these tumours in an advanced setting is based on relatively little robust data. RECENT FINDINGS A recent pathological classification introduced a new category of high-grade but well differentiated neuroendocrine tumours (NET G3), with markedly different behaviour from neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). Yet, the optimal treatment of those tumours is still uncertain. Advances are needed in molecular subtyping of NENs to understand better their heterogeneity and inform personalized therapies. SUMMARY The current review summarizes the current knowledge, indicates some exciting future directions and outlines the most interesting ongoing clinical trials likely to impact current practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Jungels
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Derks JL, Rijnsburger N, Hermans BCM, Moonen L, Hillen LM, von der Thüsen JH, den Bakker MA, van Suylen RJ, Speel EJM, Dingemans AMC. Clinical-Pathologic Challenges in the Classification of Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Neoplasms and Targets on the Horizon for Future Clinical Practice. J Thorac Oncol 2021; 16:1632-1646. [PMID: 34139363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2021.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosing a pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN) may be difficult, challenging clinical decision making. In this review, the following key clinical and pathologic issues and informative molecular markers are being discussed: (1) What is the preferred outcome parameter for curatively resected low-grade NENs (carcinoid), for example, overall survival or recurrence-free interval? (2) Does the WHO classification combined with a Ki-67 proliferation index and molecular markers, such as OTP and CD44, offer improved prognostication in low-grade NENs? (3) What is the value of a typical versus atypical carcinoid diagnosis on a biopsy specimen in local and metastatic disease? Diagnosis is difficult in biopsy specimens and recent observations of an increased mitotic rate in metastatic carcinoid from typical to atypical and high-grade NEN can further complicate diagnosis. (4) What is the (ir)relevance of morphologically separating large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) SCLC and the value of molecular markers (RB1 gene and pRb protein or transcription factors NEUROD1, ASCL1, POU2F3, or YAP1 [NAPY]) to predict systemic treatment outcome? (5) Are additional diagnostic criteria required to accurately separate LCNEC from NSCLC in biopsy specimens? Neuroendocrine morphology can be absent owing to limited sample size leading to missed LCNEC diagnoses. Evaluation of genomic studies on LCNEC and marker studies have identified that a combination of napsin A and neuroendocrine markers could be helpful. Hence, to improve clinical practice, we should consider to adjust our NEN classification incorporating prognostic and predictive markers applicable on biopsy specimens to inform a treatment outcome-driven classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules L Derks
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicole Rijnsburger
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bregtje C M Hermans
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Moonen
- Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa M Hillen
- Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H von der Thüsen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Robert J van Suylen
- Pathology-DNA, Location Jeroen Bosch Hospital, s' Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst-Jan M Speel
- Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie C Dingemans
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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46
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Atieh T, Huang CH. Treatment of Advanced-Stage Large Cell Neuroendocrine Cancer (LCNEC) of the Lung: A Tale of Two Diseases. Front Oncol 2021; 11:667468. [PMID: 34178652 PMCID: PMC8226095 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.667468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
LCNEC of the lung comprises a small proportion of pulmonary malignancies. Traditionally, they have been classified based on histologic and immunohistochemistry characteristics with features of small cell and non-small cell lung cancer. The treatment outcome of advanced-stage LCNEC of the lung is poor with response rates ranging from 34 to 46% with platinum doublets, median progression-free survival (mPFS) ranging between 4.4 and 5.8 m, and median overall survival (mOS) ranging from 8 to 12.6 m. The optimal treatment strategy for LCNEC is debated given limited data and different outcomes based on chemotherapy type reported in the available literature. Recently, genomic profiling with Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) has been able to sub-classify LCNEC as SCLC-like or NSCLC-like. Treatment based on this sub-classification has improved outcomes by using SCLC and NSCLC regimens based on their genomic profile in retrospective analysis. Future studies in LCNEC of the lung should incorporate this new molecular sub-classification as stratification and possibly include SCLC-like LCNEC into SCLC studies and NSCLC-like into NSCLC studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahani Atieh
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Chao H Huang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.,Subpecialty Medicine, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
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47
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Umakanthan S, Bukelo MM. Concise genetic profile of lung carcinoma. Postgrad Med J 2021; 99:postgradmedj-2021-139860. [PMID: 34083369 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2021-139860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The WHO classification of lung cancer (2015) is based on immunohistochemistry and molecular evaluation. This also includes microscopic analysis of morphological patterns that aids in the pathological diagnosis and classification of lung cancers. Lung cancers are the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Recent advancements in identifying the etiopathogenesis are majorly driven by gene mutation studies. This has been explained by The Cancer Genome Atlas, next-generation sequencer and TRAcking non-small cell lung cancer evolution through therapy [Rx]. This article reviews the genetic profile of adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and pulmonary carcinoids. This includes the prolific genetic alterations and novel molecular changes seen in these tumours. In addition, target- specific drugs that have shown promising effects in clinical use and trials are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Umakanthan
- Paraclinical Sciences, The University of the West Indies at Saint Augustine Faculty of Medical Sciences, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Maryann M Bukelo
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, North Central Regional Health Authority, Mount Hope, Trinidad and Tobago.,Department of Anatomical Patholgy, Laboratory Services, Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, North Central Regional Health Authority, Mount Hope, Trinidad and Tobago
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48
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Montebello A, Zahra Bianco E, Babic D, Delicata NP, Azzopardi N. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma arising from the anterior mediastinum. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:14/5/e240453. [PMID: 34035017 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-240453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior mediastinal large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNECs) are extremely rare, extremely aggressive malignancies that carry a dismal prognosis. We discuss a woman aged 60 years who presented with a 2-month history of recurrent severe constant epigastric pain. Abdominal examination revealed massive hepatomegaly and a CT scan of the liver confirmed coarse liver lesions. Histology from a liver biopsy was consistent with a large cell (non-small cell) neuroendocrine carcinoma. A CT scan of the chest showed a large anterior mediastinal mass unrelated to the lung, suggesting that the anterior mediastinum was the primary origin of the tumour. The patient was planned to receive platinum/etoposide chemotherapy for a metastatic mediastinal large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Unfortunately, her health deteriorated, and she was unfit to undergo any further treatment. She was treated palliatively and died 2 months after the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Darko Babic
- Histopathology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
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Metovic J, Bianchi F, Rossi G, Barella M, Sonzogni A, Harari S, Papotti M, Pelosi G. Recent advances and current controversies in lung neuroendocrine neoplasms ✰. Semin Diagn Pathol 2021; 38:90-97. [PMID: 33810912 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the lung, neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), namely typical and atypical carcinoids, and neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), grouping small cell carcinoma (SCLC) and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC), make up for distinct tumor entities according to epidemiological, genetic, pathologic and clinical data. The proper classification is essential in clinical practice for diagnosis, prognosis and therapy purposes. Through an extensive literature survey, three perspectives on lung NENs have been revised: i) criteria and terminology on biopsy or cytology samples of primaries or metastases; ii) carcinoids with elevated mitotic counts and/or Ki-67 proliferation rates; iii) relevance of molecular landscape to identify new tumor entities and therapeutic targets. Furthermore, a dispute about lung NEN development has been raised according to emerging molecular models. We herein provide a pathology update on practical topics in the setting of lung NENs according to the current classification (recent advances). We have also reappraised the development of these tumors by modeling risk factors and natural history of disease (recent controversies). Combining recent advances and controversies may help clarify our biological understanding of lung NENs and give practical information for the clinical decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Metovic
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bianchi
- Cancer Biomarker Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Giulio Rossi
- Operative Unit of Pathologic Anatomy, Azienda USL Romagna, Hospital Santa Maria delle Croci, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Marco Barella
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelica Sonzogni
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Harari
- Department of Medical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Division of Pneumology, San Giuseppe Hospital, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Papotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pelosi
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Inter-Hospital Pathology Division, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy.
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50
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Khan P, Siddiqui JA, Lakshmanan I, Ganti AK, Salgia R, Jain M, Batra SK, Nasser MW. RNA-based therapies: A cog in the wheel of lung cancer defense. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:54. [PMID: 33740988 PMCID: PMC7977189 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is a heterogeneous disease consisting mainly of two subtypes, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite recent advances in therapies, the overall 5-year survival rate of LC remains less than 20%. The efficacy of current therapeutic approaches is compromised by inherent or acquired drug-resistance and severe off-target effects. Therefore, the identification and development of innovative and effective therapeutic approaches are critically desired for LC. The development of RNA-mediated gene inhibition technologies was a turning point in the field of RNA biology. The critical regulatory role of different RNAs in multiple cancer pathways makes them a rich source of targets and innovative tools for developing anticancer therapies. The identification of antisense sequences, short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs), anti-miRs, and mRNA-based platforms holds great promise in preclinical and early clinical evaluation against LC. In the last decade, RNA-based therapies have substantially expanded and tested in clinical trials for multiple malignancies, including LC. This article describes the current understanding of various aspects of RNA-based therapeutics, including modern platforms, modifications, and combinations with chemo-/immunotherapies that have translational potential for LC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvez Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Jawed Akhtar Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Imayavaramban Lakshmanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Apar Kishor Ganti
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
- Division of Oncology-Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, VA-Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA
- Division of Oncology-Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Surinder Kumar Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Mohd Wasim Nasser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA.
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA.
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