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Bas TG, Duarte V. Biosimilars in the Era of Artificial Intelligence-International Regulations and the Use in Oncological Treatments. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:925. [PMID: 39065775 PMCID: PMC11279612 DOI: 10.3390/ph17070925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This research is based on three fundamental aspects of successful biosimilar development in the challenging biopharmaceutical market. First, biosimilar regulations in eight selected countries: Japan, South Korea, the United States, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, and South Africa, represent the four continents. The regulatory aspects of the countries studied are analyzed, highlighting the challenges facing biosimilars, including their complex approval processes and the need for standardized regulatory guidelines. There is an inconsistency depending on whether the biosimilar is used in a developed or developing country. In the countries observed, biosimilars are considered excellent alternatives to patent-protected biological products for the treatment of chronic diseases. In the second aspect addressed, various analytical AI modeling methods (such as machine learning tools, reinforcement learning, supervised, unsupervised, and deep learning tools) were analyzed to observe patterns that lead to the prevalence of biosimilars used in cancer to model the behaviors of the most prominent active compounds with spectroscopy. Finally, an analysis of the use of active compounds of biosimilars used in cancer and approved by the FDA and EMA was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Gabriel Bas
- Escuela de Ciencias Empresariales, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile;
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Broer LN, Knapen DG, de Groot DJA, Mol PG, Kosterink JG, de Vries EG, Lub-de Hooge MN. Monoclonal antibody biosimilars for cancer treatment. iScience 2024; 27:110115. [PMID: 38974466 PMCID: PMC11225859 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are important cancer medicines. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) approved 48 and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 56 anticancer monoclonal antibody-based therapies. Their high prices burden healthcare systems and hamper global drug access. Biosimilars could retain costs and expand the availability of monoclonal antibodies. In Europe, five rituximab biosimilars, six trastuzumab biosimilars, and eight bevacizumab biosimilars are available as anti-cancer drugs. To gain insight into the biosimilar landscape for cancer treatment, we performed a literature search and analysis. In this review, we summarize cancer monoclonal antibodies' properties crucial for the desired pharmacology and point out sources of variability. The analytical assessment of all EMA-approved bevacizumab biosimilars is highlighted to illustrate this variability. The global landscape of investigational and approved biosimilars is mapped, and the challenges for access to cancer biosimilars are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda N. Broer
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Daan G. Knapen
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Derk-Jan A. de Groot
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter G.M. Mol
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jos G.W. Kosterink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Pharmaco-, Therapy-, Epidemiology- and Economy, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G.E. de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn N. Lub-de Hooge
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Sheridan M, Massich M, Ashourian N. Biosimilars: From Production to Patient. JOURNAL OF INFUSION NURSING 2024; 47:19-29. [PMID: 38211611 PMCID: PMC10786443 DOI: 10.1097/nan.0000000000000528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Biologic drugs are large, complex molecules produced through biotechnology. A biosimilar is a biologic product that is highly similar to an already approved biologic (reference product), with no clinically meaningful differences in purity, safety, or efficacy; as such, a biosimilar does not need to undergo the same level of study in a clinical trial program as the original reference product. Due to the potential impact of biosimilars on patient access and health care systems, the US Food and Drug Administration introduced an abbreviated pathway for approving biosimilars (351[k]) in 2009. There is strong evidence that switching from a reference product to a biosimilar does not reduce treatment effectiveness or increase the risk of adverse events. Biosimilars may reduce costs and increase patient access to biologic therapies. Biosimilar use in the United States has increased, as have the associated biosimilar cost savings, which are expected to reach $104 billion between 2020 and 2024. Yet, a need remains for increased knowledge among health care professionals and patients. Prescriber confidence is key to patient acceptance of biosimilars and minimizing the incidence of the nocebo effect. Infusion nurses are well positioned to help educate patients and to improve clinical outcomes across a range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sheridan
- Fresenius Kabi USA, LLC, Lake Zurich, Illinois
- Maria Sheridan, PharmD, BCNSP, is a pharmacist with inpatient and outpatient clinical experience caring for parenteral nutrition patients with conditions including cancer, autoimmune diseases, intestinal failure, and gastrointestinal and abdominal surgery complications. She spent most of her clinical practice at the Mayo Clinic Florida on a multidisciplinary team prior to transitioning to industry, where she continues to contribute to patient care through her passion for scientific education. Dr Sheridan has presented at local, state, and national professional meetings on biosimilars, pharmacy, and nutrition support topics. She previously led the oncology biosimilars Medical Science Liaison (MSL) team in Medical Affairs at Fresenius Kabi USA, focused on health care practitioner biosimilars education
- Matthew Massich, PhD, is a senior manager of US Biosimilars Medical Affairs at Fresenius Kabi USA. He is responsible for developing and executing the medical affairs strategic plan, educational initiatives, and medical communications to support the launch of biosimilar products. Dr Massich has nearly 10 years of biosimilars experience, working with multiple pharmaceutical companies to bring biologic and biosimilar products to market. He earned his PhD in Biological Sciences at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, and completed postdoctoral training at Argonne National Laboratory's Center for Nanoscale Materials
- Nazanin Ashourian, PhD, was the former head of US Biosimilars Medical Affairs at Fresenius Kabi USA. She led the Medical Affairs team in the identification of data and knowledge gaps, development and execution of medical strategies, data generation, and communication of scientific/clinical information that support health care providers in clinical decision-making and patient care. Dr Ashourian received her PhD in biochemistry and molecular genetics from the Johns Hopkins University and has over 15 years of experience in scientific/clinical research, drug development, and medical strategy and communications
| | - Matthew Massich
- Corresponding Author: Matthew Massich, PhD, Fresenius Kabi USA LLC, 3 Corporate Dr, Lake Zurich, IL 60047 ()
| | - Nazanin Ashourian
- Fresenius Kabi USA, LLC, Lake Zurich, Illinois
- Maria Sheridan, PharmD, BCNSP, is a pharmacist with inpatient and outpatient clinical experience caring for parenteral nutrition patients with conditions including cancer, autoimmune diseases, intestinal failure, and gastrointestinal and abdominal surgery complications. She spent most of her clinical practice at the Mayo Clinic Florida on a multidisciplinary team prior to transitioning to industry, where she continues to contribute to patient care through her passion for scientific education. Dr Sheridan has presented at local, state, and national professional meetings on biosimilars, pharmacy, and nutrition support topics. She previously led the oncology biosimilars Medical Science Liaison (MSL) team in Medical Affairs at Fresenius Kabi USA, focused on health care practitioner biosimilars education
- Matthew Massich, PhD, is a senior manager of US Biosimilars Medical Affairs at Fresenius Kabi USA. He is responsible for developing and executing the medical affairs strategic plan, educational initiatives, and medical communications to support the launch of biosimilar products. Dr Massich has nearly 10 years of biosimilars experience, working with multiple pharmaceutical companies to bring biologic and biosimilar products to market. He earned his PhD in Biological Sciences at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, and completed postdoctoral training at Argonne National Laboratory's Center for Nanoscale Materials
- Nazanin Ashourian, PhD, was the former head of US Biosimilars Medical Affairs at Fresenius Kabi USA. She led the Medical Affairs team in the identification of data and knowledge gaps, development and execution of medical strategies, data generation, and communication of scientific/clinical information that support health care providers in clinical decision-making and patient care. Dr Ashourian received her PhD in biochemistry and molecular genetics from the Johns Hopkins University and has over 15 years of experience in scientific/clinical research, drug development, and medical strategy and communications
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Vogg B, Poetzl J, El Galta R, Fuhr R, Schwebig A, Sekhar S. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the proposed biosimilar denosumab GP2411 and reference denosumab in healthy males. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2024; 24:91-100. [PMID: 38269652 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2024.2308645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This Phase I study compared the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) similarity of GP2411 proposed denosumab biosimilar to reference denosumab (a monoclonal antibody for specific pro-resorptive conditions). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Healthy males (28-65 years, 50-90 kg) were randomized to a single sub-therapeutic subcutaneous injection of 35 mg GP2411, EU-Xgeva® or US-Xgeva®, and followed for 39 weeks. The primary endpoints were AUCinf, AUClast, and Cmax. RESULTS Four hundred ninety-two participants completed treatment. The 90% confidence intervals (CIs) (AUCinf, AUClast, and Cmax) and 95% CI of the geometric mean ratios of AUEC of % change from baseline in serum CTX were fully contained within the prespecified equivalence margins (0.80, 1.25), demonstrating similarity. The occurrence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) with GP2411, EU-Xgeva® and US-Xgeva® was similar (72.9%, 76.0%, and 71.0% of participants, respectively). Most were Grade 1 or 2, <30% were treatment-related, and there was only one TEAE-related study discontinuation. Rates of positive anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) were similar (57.8%, 64.9%, and 69.1% of participants respectively), but immunogenicity was only borderline detectable and of very low magnitude. Ninety-nine percent of positive ADAs were transient. CONCLUSION GP2411 demonstrated similarity with EU-Xgeva® and US-Xgeva® in PK, PD, safety, and immunogenicity in this population. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION EudraCT 2019-001651-39.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Vogg
- Clinical Development Biopharmaceuticals, Hexal AG, Holzkirchen, Germany
| | - Johann Poetzl
- Clinical Development Biopharmaceuticals, Hexal AG, Holzkirchen, Germany
| | - Rachid El Galta
- Clinical Development Biopharmaceuticals, Hexal AG, Holzkirchen, Germany
| | - Rainard Fuhr
- Principal Investigator Early Phase Clinical Unit, Parexel International GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arnd Schwebig
- Clinical Development Biopharmaceuticals, Hexal AG, Holzkirchen, Germany
| | - Susmit Sekhar
- Clinical Development Biopharmaceuticals, Hexal AG, Holzkirchen, Germany
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Chow V, Mytych DT, Das S, Franklin J. Pharmacokinetic Similarity of ABP 654, an Ustekinumab Biosimilar Candidate: Results from a Randomized, Double-blind Study in Healthy Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2023; 12:863-873. [PMID: 37415567 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
ABP 654 is a proposed biosimilar to ustekinumab reference product (RP) which works through antagonism of interleukin-12 and interleukin-23. Ustekinumab RP is used for the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions, including some forms of plaque psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis. A randomized, double-blinded, single-dose, 3-arm, parallel-group study was conducted to assess the pharmacokinetic (PK) similarity of ABP 654 with ustekinumab RP sourced from the United States (US) and the European Union (EU); the PK similarity of ustekinumab US versus ustekinumab EU; and the comparative safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of all 3 products. A total of 238 healthy subjects were randomized 1:1:1 and stratified by gender and ethnicity (Japanese versus non-Japanese) to receive a single 90 mg subcutaneous injection of ABP 654 or ustekinumab US or ustekinumab EU. PK similarity was established based on 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for the primary endpoints of area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 extrapolated to infinity (AUCinf ) and maximum observed serum concentration (Cmax ) being contained within the prespecified margin of 0.8-1.25. No clinically meaningful differences in immunogenicity were found among the 3 products. Adverse events were similar between treatment groups and consistent with the safety profile of ustekinumab RP. Results indicate that ABP 654, ustekinumab US and ustekinumab EU share similar PK and safety profiles.
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Hatfield G, Tepliakova L, Tran J, Lu H, Gilbert M, Tam RY. Bivalent non-human gal-α1-3-gal glycan epitopes in the Fc region of a monoclonal antibody model can be recognized by anti-Gal-α1-3-Gal IgE antibodies. MAbs 2023; 15:2239405. [PMID: 37497986 PMCID: PMC10376915 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2239405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) production using non-human cells can introduce non-human glycan epitopes including terminal galactosyl-α1-3-galactose (α1-3-Gal) moieties. Cetuximab is a commercial mAb associated with causing anaphylaxis in some patients due to the binding of endogenous anti-α1-3-Gal IgE to the Fab (containing bi-α1-3-galactosylated glycans) but not to the Fc region (containing mono-α1-3-galactosylated glycans). Despite being low in abundance in typical commercial mAbs, the inherent sensitivity of cell culture conditions on glycosylation profiles, and the development of novel glycoengineering strategies, novel antibody-based modalities, and biosimilars by various manufacturers with varying procedures, necessitates a better understanding of the structural requirements for anti-α1-3-Gal IgE binding to the Fc region. Herein, we synthesized mAb glycoforms with varying degrees and regioisomers of α1-3-galactosylation and tested their binding to two commercial anti-α1-3-Gal human IgE antibodies derived from a human patient with allergies to red meat (comprising α1-3-Gal epitopes), as well as to the FcγRIIIA receptor. Our results demonstrate that unexpectedly, anti-α1-3-Gal human IgE antibodies can bind to Fc glycans, with bi-α1-3-galactosylation being the most important factor, highlighting that their presence in the Fc region may be considered as a potential critical quality attribute, particularly when using novel platforms in mAb-based biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grayson Hatfield
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lioudmila Tepliakova
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Tran
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Huixin Lu
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michel Gilbert
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roger Y. Tam
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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