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Khayati K, Bhatt V, Lan T, Alogaili F, wang W, Lopez E, Hu ZS, Gokhale S, Cassidy L, Narita M, Xie P, White E, Guo JY. Transient Systemic Autophagy Inhibition Is Selectively and Irreversibly Deleterious to Lung Cancer. Cancer Res 2022; 82:4429-4443. [PMID: 36156071 PMCID: PMC9722642 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process that maintains cellular homeostasis. Autophagy supports lung tumorigenesis and is a potential therapeutic target in lung cancer. A better understanding of the importance of tumor cell-autonomous versus systemic autophagy in lung cancer could facilitate clinical translation of autophagy inhibition. Here, we exploited inducible expression of Atg5 shRNA to temporally control Atg5 levels and to generate reversible tumor-specific and systemic autophagy loss mouse models of KrasG12D/+;p53-/- (KP) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Transient suppression of systemic but not tumor Atg5 expression significantly reduced established KP lung tumor growth without damaging normal tissues. In vivo13C isotope tracing and metabolic flux analyses demonstrated that systemic Atg5 knockdown specifically led to reduced glucose and lactate uptake. As a result, carbon flux from glucose and lactate to major metabolic pathways, including the tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, and serine biosynthesis, was significantly reduced in KP NSCLC following systemic autophagy loss. Furthermore, systemic Atg5 knockdown increased tumor T-cell infiltration, leading to T-cell-mediated tumor killing. Importantly, intermittent transient systemic Atg5 knockdown, which resembles what would occur during autophagy inhibition for cancer therapy, significantly prolonged lifespan of KP lung tumor-bearing mice, resulting in recovery of normal tissues but not tumors. Thus, systemic autophagy supports the growth of established lung tumors by promoting immune evasion and sustaining cancer cell metabolism for energy production and biosynthesis, and the inability of tumors to recover from loss of autophagy provides further proof of concept that inhibition of autophagy is a valid approach to cancer therapy. SIGNIFICANCE Transient loss of systemic autophagy causes irreversible damage to tumors by suppressing cancer cell metabolism and promoting antitumor immunity, supporting autophagy inhibition as a rational strategy for treating lung cancer. See related commentary by Gan, p. 4322.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoosheh Khayati
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Vrushank Bhatt
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Taijin Lan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Fawzi Alogaili
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Wenping wang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Enrique Lopez
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Zhixian Sherrie Hu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Samantha Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Liam Cassidy
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Masashi Narita
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Ping Xie
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Eileen White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Ludwig Princeton Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - Jessie Yanxiang Guo
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Kalinke L, Janes SM. Two phenotypes that predict prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma. Eur Respir J 2022; 60:60/1/2200569. [PMID: 35798373 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00569-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Kalinke
- UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sam M Janes
- UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
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3
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Giordano F, Vaira V, Cortinovis D, Bonomo S, Goedmakers J, Brena F, Cialdella A, Ianzano L, Forno I, Cerrito MG, Giovannoni R, Ferri GL, Tasciotti E, Vicent S, Damarco F, Bosari S, Lavitrano M, Grassilli E. p65BTK is a novel potential actionable target in KRAS-mutated/EGFR-wild type lung adenocarcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:260. [PMID: 31200752 PMCID: PMC6570906 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is still the main cause of cancer death worldwide despite the availability of targeted therapies and immune-checkpoint inhibitors combined with chemotherapy. Cancer cell heterogeneity and primary or acquired resistance mechanisms cause the elusive behaviour of this cancer and new biomarkers and active drugs are urgently needed to overcome these limitations. p65BTK, a novel isoform of the Bruton Tyrosine Kinase may represent a new actionable target in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS p65BTK expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 382 NSCLC patients with complete clinico-pathological records including smoking habit, ALK and EGFR status, and in metastatic lymph nodes of 30 NSCLC patients. NSCLC cell lines mutated for p53 and/or a component of the RAS/MAPK pathway and primary lung cancer-derived cells from Kras/Trp53 null mice were used as a preclinical model. The effects of p65BTK inhibition by BTK Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) (Ibrutinib, AVL-292, RN486) and first-generation EGFR-TKIs (Gefitinib, Erlotinib) on cell viability were evaluated by MTT. The effects of BTK-TKIs on cell growth and clonogenicity were assessed by crystal violet and colony assays, respectively. Cell toxicity assays were performed to study the effect of the combination of non-toxic concentrations of BTK-TKIs with EGFR-TKIs and standard-of-care (SOC) chemotherapy (Cisplatin, Gemcitabine, Pemetrexed). RESULTS p65BTK was significantly over-expressed in EGFR-wild type (wt) adenocarcinomas (AdC) from non-smoker patients and its expression was also preserved at the metastatic site. p65BTK was also over-expressed in cell lines mutated for KRAS or for a component of the RAS/MAPK pathway and in tumors from Kras/Trp53 null mice. BTK-TKIs were more effective than EGFR-TKIs in decreasing cancer cell viability and significantly impaired cell proliferation and clonogenicity. Moreover, non-toxic doses of BTK-TKIs re-sensitized drug-resistant NSCLC cell lines to both target- and SOC therapy, independently from EGFR/KRAS status. CONCLUSIONS p65BTK results as an emerging actionable target in non-smoking EGFR-wt AdC, also at advanced stages of disease. Notably, these patients are not eligible for EGFR-TKIs-based therapy due to a lack of EGFR mutation. The combination of BTK-TKIs with EGFR-TKIs is cytotoxic for EGFR-wt/KRAS-mutant/p53-null tumors and BTK-TKIs re-sensitizes drug-resistant NSCLC to SOC chemotherapy. Therefore, our data suggest that adding BTK-TKIs to SOC chemotherapy and EGFR-targeted therapy may open new avenues for clinical trials in currently untreatable NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Giordano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Valentina Vaira
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Sara Bonomo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Joyce Goedmakers
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Federica Brena
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cialdella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Leonarda Ianzano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Irene Forno
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Giovannoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Present address: Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Ferri
- Department of Biomedical Science, NEF-Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ennio Tasciotti
- Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Houston Methodist Orthopedic and Sports Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Silve Vicent
- Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesco Damarco
- Division of Thoracic Surgery and Lung Tranplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale maggiore Policlinico Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvano Bosari
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Grassilli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
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Di Rosso ME, Sterle HA, Cremaschi GA, Genaro AM. Beneficial Effect of Fluoxetine and Sertraline on Chronic Stress-Induced Tumor Growth and Cell Dissemination in a Mouse Model of Lymphoma: Crucial Role of Antitumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1341. [PMID: 29971064 PMCID: PMC6018164 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical data and experimental studies have suggested a relationship between psychosocial factors and cancer prognosis. Both, stress effects on the immune system and on tumor biology were analyzed independently. However, there are few studies regarding the stress influence on the interplay between the immune system and tumor biology. Moreover, antidepressants have been used in patients with cancer to alleviate mood disorders. Nevertheless, there is contradictory evidence about their action on cancer prognosis. In this context, we investigated the effect of chronic stress on tumor progression taking into account both its influence on the immune system and on tumor biology. Furthermore, we analyzed the action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, fluoxetine and sertraline, in these effects. For this purpose, C57BL/6J mice submitted or not to a chronic stress model and treated or not with fluoxetine or sertraline were subcutaneously inoculated with EL4 cells to develop solid tumors. Our results indicated that chronic stress leads to an increase in both tumor growth and tumor cell dissemination. The analysis of cell cycle regulatory proteins showed that stress induced an increase in the mRNA levels of cyclins A2, D1, and D3 and a decrease in mRNA levels of cell cycle inhibitors p15, p16, p21, p27, stimulating cell cycle progression. Moreover, an augment of mRNA levels of metalloproteases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), a decrease of inhibitors of metalloproteases mRNA levels (TIMP 1, 2, and 3), and an increase in migration ability were found in tumors from stressed animals. In addition, a significant decrease of antitumor immune response in animals under stress was found. Adoptive lymphoid cell transfer experiments indicated that the reduced immune response in stressed animals influenced both the tumor growth and the metastatic capacity of tumor cells. Finally, we found an important beneficious effect of fluoxetine or sertraline treatment on cancer progression. Our results emphasize the crucial role of the immune system in tumor progression under stress situations. Although a direct effect of stress and drug treatment on tumor biology could not be ruled out, the beneficial effect of fluoxetine and sertraline appears to be mainly due to a restoration of antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Emilia Di Rosso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Helena Andrea Sterle
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela Alicia Cremaschi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana María Genaro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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5
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Chung YL, Wu ML. Spatiotemporal homogeneity and distinctness of the T-cell receptor β-chain repertoires in Epstein-Barr virus-associated primary and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:610-620. [PMID: 29468660 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoepithelioma. The aim of this study was to characterize the homogeneity and distinctness of the T-cell repertoires within and between primary and metastatic NPCs. We used ultra-deep sequencing of the hypervariably rearranged antigen-binding CDR3 regions of T-cell receptor beta (TCRbeta ) to comprehensively profile the T-cell repertoires in NPC patients receiving definitive chemoradiotherapy with long-term follow-up. We observed not only various spatially heterogeneous patient-specific TCRbeta clone compositions that changed with time but also several commonly enriched TCRbeta subclones that were constantly shared between primary NPCs in the head and neck regions, locally recurrent tumors after treatment and later-developed distant metastatic tumors in the liver, lung and bone. Comparison of the overlap frequency of the T-cell clonality between TCRbeta repertoires enabled us to calculate the pairwise genetic distance between primary NPCs of different patients and different sites of metastatic or recurrent NPCs. The constructed NPC phylogeny clearly differentiated the low-risk patients without relapse from the high-risk patients with distant metastasis after chemoradiotherapy. In contrast to the rather low frequency of nonsilent somatic mutations in NPC cells, the degrees of similarity and divergence of NPC-infiltrating lymphocyte TCRbeta repertoires among different patients showed prognostication. Moreover, the persistent presence of commonly NPC-shared in-frame TCRbeta CDR3 gene sequences spatiotemporally identified in the NPC-infiltrating lymphocytes within varied EBV-positive NPCs and their metastases suggest the existence of frequently shared epitopes of neoantigens virally or nonvirally displayed on cancer cells, thereby providing opportunities for the development of precisely tumor-targeted immunotherapy for distant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Lin Chung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Koo Foundation Sun-Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Koo Foundation Sun-Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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6
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Feldman R, Kim ES. Prognostic and predictive biomarkers post curative intent therapy. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:374. [PMID: 29057234 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.07.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale screening trials have demonstrated that early diagnosis of lung cancer results in a significant reduction in lung cancer mortality. Despite improvements in detecting more lung cancers at early stages, the 5-year survival rates of lung cancers diagnosed before widespread disease is only 30-50%. High rates of recurrence, despite early diagnosis, suggest the need to improve treatment strategies based on the likelihood of recurrence in patient subsets, as well as explore the role of predictive markers for therapy selection in the adjuvant setting. In the era of personalized medicine, there have been a wide array of molecular alterations and signatures studied for their potential prognostic and predictive utility, however most have failed to translate into clinical tools. This review will discuss progress made in clinical management of lung cancer, and recent progress in the development of patient selection tools for the refinement of early stage lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Feldman
- Department of Solid Tumor Oncology, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Edward S Kim
- Department of Solid Tumor Oncology and Investigational Therapeutics, Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC, USA
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