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Ren J, Liu H, Ma Y, Tian W, Li Q, Wu Z, Wang M, Liu X, Zheng X, Han X. Development and validation of a UPLC-MS/MS method for rapid and simultaneous quantification of BPI-460372 and its metabolites BPI-460444 and BPI-460456 in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1247:124300. [PMID: 39265487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
In cancer development and progression, the Hippo signaling pathway functions. The transcriptional enhanced associate domain (TEAD) stands out as a pivotal transcription factor within this pathway, and the suppression of TEAD represents a promising approach for cancer treatment. The primary aim of the study was to establish an analytical method for the concurrent quantification of a novel TEAD target inhibitor, BPI-460372, and its principal metabolites, BPI-460444 and BPI-460456, in human plasma. The chromatographic separation utilized a XSelect™ HSS C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 2.5 µm), while quantification was conducted on a SCIEX API 4000 mass spectrometer. 22 plasma samples were tested via the developed method. The calibration curve for BPI-460372 exhibited linearity from 2 to 2000 ng/mL, while its metabolites BPI-460444 and BPI-460456 had linearity between 1 and 1000 ng/mL (r > 0.99). The precision (RSD) was ≤ 17.1 %, and the accuracy (RE) fell within the range of -17.7 % to 15.0 %, all meeting acceptance criteria. The matrix effect was from 101.0 % to 105.8 %. The extraction recovery of analytes fell within the range of 96.8 % to 104.1 % with an RSD of less than 7.4 %. The developed method was effectively utilized in an advanced solid tumor patient, and the concentration trends of the three analytes in plasma were found to be largely consistent. The established analytical method showed great sensitivity, simplicity, accuracy, and reliability for the rapid and simultaneous analysis of the TEAD target inhibitor BPI-460372, alongside its major metabolites BPI-460444 and BPI-460456 in human plasma. This analytical method provided essential support for future clinical investigations and pharmacokinetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Ren
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK & PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hongzhong Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK & PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yufang Ma
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK & PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK & PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Qinqin Li
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK & PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK & PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Mengzhao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Betta Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK & PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Xiaohong Han
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK & PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
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Hagenbeek TJ, Zbieg JR, Hafner M, Mroue R, Lacap JA, Sodir NM, Noland CL, Afghani S, Kishore A, Bhat KP, Yao X, Schmidt S, Clausen S, Steffek M, Lee W, Beroza P, Martin S, Lin E, Fong R, Di Lello P, Kubala MH, Yang MNY, Lau JT, Chan E, Arrazate A, An L, Levy E, Lorenzo MN, Lee HJ, Pham TH, Modrusan Z, Zang R, Chen YC, Kabza M, Ahmed M, Li J, Chang MT, Maddalo D, Evangelista M, Ye X, Crawford JJ, Dey A. An allosteric pan-TEAD inhibitor blocks oncogenic YAP/TAZ signaling and overcomes KRAS G12C inhibitor resistance. NATURE CANCER 2023; 4:812-828. [PMID: 37277530 PMCID: PMC10293011 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is a key growth control pathway that is conserved across species. The downstream effectors of the Hippo pathway, YAP (Yes-associated protein) and TAZ (transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif), are frequently activated in cancers to drive proliferation and survival. Based on the premise that sustained interactions between YAP/TAZ and TEADs (transcriptional enhanced associate domain) are central to their transcriptional activities, we discovered a potent small-molecule inhibitor (SMI), GNE-7883, that allosterically blocks the interactions between YAP/TAZ and all human TEAD paralogs through binding to the TEAD lipid pocket. GNE-7883 effectively reduces chromatin accessibility specifically at TEAD motifs, suppresses cell proliferation in a variety of cell line models and achieves strong antitumor efficacy in vivo. Furthermore, we uncovered that GNE-7883 effectively overcomes both intrinsic and acquired resistance to KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) G12C inhibitors in diverse preclinical models through the inhibition of YAP/TAZ activation. Taken together, this work demonstrates the activities of TEAD SMIs in YAP/TAZ-dependent cancers and highlights their potential broad applications in precision oncology and therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason R Zbieg
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Marc Hafner
- Department of Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Rana Mroue
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Lacap
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Nicole M Sodir
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Cameron L Noland
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Shervin Afghani
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Ayush Kishore
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Kamakoti P Bhat
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Xiaosai Yao
- Department of Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Stephen Schmidt
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Saundra Clausen
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Micah Steffek
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Wendy Lee
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Paul Beroza
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Scott Martin
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Eva Lin
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Rina Fong
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Paola Di Lello
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Marta H Kubala
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Michelle N-Y Yang
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Lau
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Emily Chan
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Alfonso Arrazate
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Le An
- Department of Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Levy
- Department of Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Maria N Lorenzo
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Ho-June Lee
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Trang H Pham
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Richard Zang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Yi-Chen Chen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Jason Li
- Department of Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Matthew T Chang
- Department of Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | - Danilo Maddalo
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, California, CA, USA
| | | | - Xin Ye
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, California, CA, USA.
| | - James J Crawford
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, California, CA, USA.
| | - Anwesha Dey
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, California, CA, USA.
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Xu X, Li H, Xie M, Zhou Z, Wang D, Mao W. LncRNAs and related molecular basis in malignant pleural mesothelioma: challenges and potential. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 186:104012. [PMID: 37116816 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare but invasive cancer, which mainly arises from mesothelial tissues of pleura, peritoneum and pericardium. Despite significant advances in treatments, the prognosis of MPM patients remains poor, and the 5-year survival rate is less than 10%. Therefore, it is urgent to explore novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of MPM. Growing evidence has indicated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) potentially could be promising therapeutic targets for numerous cancers. In this regard, lncRNAs might also potentially therapeutic targets for MPM. Recent advances have been made to investigate the molecular basis of MPM. This review first provides a comprehensive overview of roles of lncRNAs in MPM and then discusses the relationship between molecular basis of MPM and MPM-related lncRNAs to implement them as promising therapeutic targets for MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Xu
- Key Laboratory on Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Cancer, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Key Laboratory on Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Cancer, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Mingying Xie
- Key Laboratory on Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Cancer, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Zichao Zhou
- Key Laboratory on Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Cancer, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Ding Wang
- Key Laboratory on Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Cancer, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weimin Mao
- Key Laboratory on Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Cancer, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital (Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute), Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Molecular insights of Hippo signaling in the chick developing lung. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2023; 1866:194904. [PMID: 36572276 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2022.194904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hippo signaling pathway and its effector YAP have been recognized as an essential growth regulator during embryonic development. Hippo has been studied in different contexts; nevertheless, its role during chick lung branching morphogenesis remains unknown. Therefore, this work aims to determine Hippo role during early pulmonary organogenesis in the avian animal model. The current study describes the spatial distribution of Hippo signaling members in the embryonic chick lung by in situ hybridization. Overall, their expression is comparable to their mammalian counterparts. Moreover, the expression levels of phosphorylated-YAP (pYAP) and total YAP revealed that Hippo signaling is active in the embryonic chick lung. Furthermore, the presence of pYAP in the cytoplasm demonstrated that the Hippo machinery distribution is maintained in this tissue. In vitro studies were performed to assess the role of the Hippo signaling pathway in lung branching. Lung explants treated with a YAP/TEAD complex inhibitor (verteporfin) displayed a significant reduction in lung size and branching and decreased expression of ctgf (Hippo target gene) compared to the control. This approach also revealed that Hippo seems to modulate the expression of key molecular players involved in lung branching morphogenesis (sox2, sox9, axin2, and gli1). Conversely, when treated with dobutamine, an upstream regulator that promotes YAP phosphorylation, explant morphology was not severely affected. Overall, our data indicate that Hippo machinery is present and active in the early stages of avian pulmonary branching and that YAP is likely involved in the regulation of lung growth.
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Paajanen J, Bueno R, De Rienzo A. The Rocky Road from Preclinical Findings to Successful Targeted Therapy in Pleural Mesothelioma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13422. [PMID: 36362209 PMCID: PMC9658134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleural mesothelioma (PM) is a rare and aggressive disease that arises from the mesothelial cells lining the pleural cavity. Approximately 80% of PM patients have a history of asbestos exposure. The long latency period of 20-40 years from the time of asbestos exposure to diagnosis, suggests that multiple somatic genetic alterations are required for the tumorigenesis of PM. The genomic landscape of PM has been characterized by inter- and intratumor heterogeneity associated with the impairment of tumor suppressor genes such as CDKN2A, NF2, and BAP1. Current systemic therapies have shown only limited efficacy, and none is approved for patients with relapsed PM. Advances in understanding of the molecular landscape of PM has facilitated several biomarker-driven clinical trials but so far, no predictive biomarkers for targeted therapies are in clinical use. Recent advances in the PM genetics have provided optimism for successful molecular strategies in the future. Here, we summarize the molecular mechanism underlying PM pathogenesis and review potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raphael Bueno
- The Thoracic Surgery Oncology Laboratory and The International Mesothelioma Program, Division of Thoracic Surgery and the Lung Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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6
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What's Current and What's New in Mesothelioma? Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2022; 34:771-780. [PMID: 36155156 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2022.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma is a rare disease with limited treatment options. In malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), radical trimodality approaches, including surgery, radiotherapy and systemic chemo- and immunotherapy, have been delivered in some countries but remain controversial due to a lack of randomised evidence. Even in the unresectable scenario, surgery and radiotherapy play an important role in managing pleural effusions and pain, which may optimise wellbeing and maintain performance status. From the systemic treatment point of view, the recent incorporation of anti-angiogenics and, more importantly, immunotherapy has changed the standard of care in a space where chemotherapy with platinum and pemetrexed was the only therapeutic intervention with demonstrated benefits in overall survival. Histology is essential in determining an initial treatment plan as non-epithelioid MPMs may have a higher substantial survival improvement with dual immunotherapy compared with chemotherapy, whereas chemotherapy remains an option for epithelioid MPM; however, predictive biomarkers for systemic therapy are not entirely validated to guide the selection, as a subgroup of MPM patients might not benefit from immunotherapy. This overview approaches how the overall management of mesothelioma is evolving to incorporate the recent changes in the standards of care.
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Nastase A, Mandal A, Lu SK, Anbunathan H, Morris-Rosendahl D, Zhang YZ, Sun XM, Gennatas S, Rintoul RC, Edwards M, Bowman A, Chernova T, Benepal T, Lim E, Taylor AN, Nicholson AG, Popat S, Willis AE, MacFarlane M, Lathrop M, Bowcock AM, Moffatt MF, Cookson WOCM. Integrated genomics point to immune vulnerabilities in pleural mesothelioma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19138. [PMID: 34580349 PMCID: PMC8476593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98414-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleural mesothelioma is an aggressive malignancy with limited effective therapies. In order to identify therapeutic targets, we integrated SNP genotyping, sequencing and transcriptomics from tumours and low-passage patient-derived cells. Previously unrecognised deletions of SUFU locus (10q24.32), observed in 21% of 118 tumours, resulted in disordered expression of transcripts from Hedgehog pathways and the T-cell synapse including VISTA. Co-deletion of Interferon Type I genes and CDKN2A was present in half of tumours and was a predictor of poor survival. We also found previously unrecognised deletions in RB1 in 26% of cases and show sub-micromolar responses to downstream PLK1, CHEK1 and Aurora Kinase inhibitors in primary mesothelioma cells. Defects in Hippo pathways that included RASSF7 amplification and NF2 or LATS1/2 mutations were present in 50% of tumours and were accompanied by micromolar responses to the YAP1 inhibitor Verteporfin. Our results suggest new therapeutic avenues in mesothelioma and indicate targets and biomarkers for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Nastase
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW36LY, UK
| | - Amit Mandal
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW36LY, UK
| | - Shir Kiong Lu
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW36LY, UK
| | - Hima Anbunathan
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW36LY, UK
| | - Deborah Morris-Rosendahl
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW36LY, UK
- Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Yu Zhi Zhang
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW36LY, UK
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Xiao-Ming Sun
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Spyridon Gennatas
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW36LY, UK
| | - Robert C Rintoul
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew Edwards
- Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alex Bowman
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tatyana Chernova
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim Benepal
- Department of Oncology, St George's Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Eric Lim
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anthony Newman Taylor
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW36LY, UK
| | - Andrew G Nicholson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW36LY, UK
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sanjay Popat
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Anne E Willis
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marion MacFarlane
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Lathrop
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill Genome Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anne M Bowcock
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW36LY, UK
| | - Miriam F Moffatt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW36LY, UK.
| | - William O C M Cookson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW36LY, UK.
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8
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Tang TT, Konradi AW, Feng Y, Peng X, Ma M, Li J, Yu FX, Guan KL, Post L. Small Molecule Inhibitors of TEAD Auto-palmitoylation Selectively Inhibit Proliferation and Tumor Growth of NF2-deficient Mesothelioma. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:986-998. [PMID: 33850002 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) gene that limit or abrogate expression of functional Merlin are common in malignant mesothelioma. Merlin activates the Hippo pathway to suppress nuclear translocation of YAP and TAZ, the major effectors of the pathway that associate with the TEAD transcription factors in the nucleus and promote expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and survival. In this article, we describe the discovery of compounds that selectively inhibit YAP/TAZ-TEAD promoted gene transcription, block TEAD auto-palmitoylation, and disrupt interaction between YAP/TAZ and TEAD. Optimization led to potent analogs with excellent oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics that selectively inhibit NF2-deficient mesothelioma cell proliferation in vitro and growth of subcutaneous tumor xenografts in vivo These highly potent and selective TEAD inhibitors provide a way to target the Hippo-YAP pathway, which thus far has been undruggable and is dysregulated frequently in malignant mesothelioma and in other YAP-driven cancers and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy T Tang
- Vivace Therapeutics, Inc., San Mateo, California.
| | | | - Ying Feng
- Vivace Therapeutics, Inc., San Mateo, California
| | - Xiao Peng
- Vivace Therapeutics, Inc., San Mateo, California
| | - Mingyue Ma
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Li
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fa-Xing Yu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Leonard Post
- Vivace Therapeutics, Inc., San Mateo, California
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9
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Kaneda A, Seike T, Danjo T, Nakajima T, Otsubo N, Yamaguchi D, Tsuji Y, Hamaguchi K, Yasunaga M, Nishiya Y, Suzuki M, Saito JI, Yatsunami R, Nakamura S, Sekido Y, Mori K. The novel potent TEAD inhibitor, K-975, inhibits YAP1/TAZ-TEAD protein-protein interactions and exerts an anti-tumor effect on malignant pleural mesothelioma. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:4399-4415. [PMID: 33415007 PMCID: PMC7783735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway regulates cell fate and organ development. In the Hippo pathway, transcriptional enhanced associate domain (TEAD) which is a transcription factor is activated by forming a complex with yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) or transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ, also called WWTR1). Hyper-activation of YAP1/TAZ, leading to the activation of TEAD, has been reported in many cancers, including malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). Therefore, the YAP1/TAZ-TEAD complex is considered a novel therapeutic target for cancer treatment. However, few reports have described YAP1/TAZ-TEAD inhibitors, and their efficacy and selectivity are poor. In this study, we performed a high-throughput screening of a neurofibromin 2 (NF2)-deficient MPM cell line and a large tumor suppressor kinase 1/2 (LATS1/2)-deficient non-small-cell lung cancer cell line using a transcriptional reporter assay. After screening and optimization, K-975 was successfully identified as a potent inhibitor of YAP1/TAZ-TEAD signaling. X-ray crystallography revealed that K-975 was covalently bound to an internal cysteine residue located in the palmitate-binding pocket of TEAD. K-975 had a strong inhibitory effect against protein-protein interactions between YAP1/TAZ and TEAD in cell-free and cell-based assays. Furthermore, K-975 potently inhibited the proliferation of NF2-non-expressing MPM cell lines compared with NF2-expressing MPM cell lines. K-975 also suppressed tumor growth and provided significant survival benefit in MPM xenograft models. These findings indicate that K-975 is a strong and selective TEAD inhibitor with the potential to become an effective drug candidate for MPM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Kaneda
- R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., LtdShizuoka, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mai Yasunaga
- R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., LtdShizuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Rie Yatsunami
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakamura
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
- National Institute of Technology, Numazu CollegeShizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sekido
- Division of Cancer Biology, Aichi Cancer Center Research InstituteNagoya, Japan
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoya, Japan
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10
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Brosseau JP, Liao CP, Le LQ. Translating current basic research into future therapies for neurofibromatosis type 1. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:178-186. [PMID: 32439933 PMCID: PMC7374719 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0903-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a hereditary tumour syndrome that predisposes to benign and malignant tumours originating from neural crest cells. Biallelic inactivation of the tumour-suppressor gene NF1 in glial cells in the skin, along a nerve plexus or in the brain results in the development of benign tumours: cutaneous neurofibroma, plexiform neurofibroma and glioma, respectively. Despite more than 40 years of research, only one medication was recently approved for treatment of plexiform neurofibroma and no drugs have been specifically approved for the management of other tumours. Work carried out over the past several years indicates that inhibiting different cellular signalling pathways (such as Hippo, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, mitogen-activated protein kinase and those mediated by sex hormones) in tumour cells or targeting cells in the microenvironment (nerve cells, macrophages, mast cells and T cells) might benefit NF1 patients. In this review, we outline previous strategies aimed at targeting these signalling pathways or cells in the microenvironment, agents that are currently in clinical trials, and the latest advances in basic research that could culminate in the development of novel therapeutics for patients with NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Brosseau
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9069, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E 4K8, Canada.
| | - Chung-Ping Liao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9069, USA
| | - Lu Q Le
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9069, USA.
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9069, USA.
- UTSW Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Clinic, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9069, USA.
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9069, USA.
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11
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Hsu PC, Yang CT, Jablons DM, You L. The Crosstalk between Src and Hippo/YAP Signaling Pathways in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061361. [PMID: 32466572 PMCID: PMC7352956 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The advancement of new therapies, including targeted therapies and immunotherapies, has improved the survival of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients in the last decade. Some NSCLC patients still do not benefit from therapies or encounter progressive disease during the course of treatment because they have intrinsic resistance, acquired resistance, or lack a targetable driver mutation. More investigations on the molecular biology of NSCLC are needed to find useful biomarkers for current therapies and to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Src is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase protein that interacts with cell surface growth factor receptors and the intracellular signaling pathway to maintain cell survival tumorigenesis in NSCLC. The Yes-associated protein (YAP) is one of the main effectors of the Hippo pathway and has been identified as a promoter of drug resistance, cancer progression, and metastasis in NSCLC. Here, we review studies that have investigated the activation of YAP as mediated by Src kinases and demonstrate that Src regulates YAP through three main mechanisms: (1) direct phosphorylation; (2) the activation of pathways repressing Hippo kinases; and (3) Hippo-independent mechanisms. Further work should focus on the efficacy of Src inhibitors in inhibiting YAP activity in NSCLC. In addition, future efforts toward developing potentially reasonable combinations of therapy targeting the Src–YAP axis using other therapies, including targeted therapies and/or immunotherapies, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Chih Hsu
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA; (P.-C.H.); (D.M.J.)
- Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - David M. Jablons
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA; (P.-C.H.); (D.M.J.)
| | - Liang You
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA; (P.-C.H.); (D.M.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-415-476-6906
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12
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Ooki T, Hatakeyama M. Hyaluronan Degradation Promotes Cancer via Hippo-YAP Signaling: An Intervention Point for Cancer Therapy. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000005. [PMID: 32449813 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High-molecular-weight hyaluronan acts as a ligand of the tumor-suppressive Hippo signal, whereas degradation of hyaluronan from a high-molecular-weight form to a low-molecular-weight forms by hyaluronidase 2 inhibits Hippo signal activation and thereby activates the pro-oncogenic transcriptional coactivator yes-associated protein (YAP), which creates a cancer-predisposing microenvironment and drives neoplastic transformation of cells through both cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms. In fact, accumulation of low-molecular-weight hyaluronan in tissue stroma is observed in many types of cancers. Since inhibition of YAP activity suppresses tumor growth in vivo, pharmacological intervention of the Hippo-YAP signal is an attractive approach for future drug development. In this review, pharmacological intervention of excessive hyaluronan degradation as a novel approach for inhibition of the Hippo-YAP signal is also discussed. Development of hyaluronidase inhibitors may provide novel therapeutic strategies for human malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ooki
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanori Hatakeyama
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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13
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Cinausero M, Rihawi K, Cortiula F, Follador A, Fasola G, Ardizzoni A. Emerging therapies in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 144:102815. [PMID: 31670225 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.102815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare cancer of the pleural surfaces frequently related to asbestos exposure. It is characterized by a poor prognosis even for patients treated with trimodality therapy, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Moreover, the majority of patients are not candidates for surgery due to disease advanced stage or medical comorbidities. For these patients, the survival rate is even lower and few therapeutic options are currently available. Nevertheless, many interesting novel approaches are under investigation, among which immunotherapy represents one of the most promising emerging strategies. In this review, we will discuss the role of new therapeutic options, particularly immunotherapy, and present the results of the most important and promising clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Cinausero
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; School of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Italy.
| | - Karim Rihawi
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine - DIMES, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Cortiula
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; School of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Ardizzoni
- Department of Oncology, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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14
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Hinz TK, Heasley LE. Translating mesothelioma molecular genomics and dependencies into precision oncology-based therapies. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 61:11-22. [PMID: 31546009 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare, yet lethal asbestos-induced cancer and despite marked efforts to reduce occupational exposure, the incidence has not yet significantly declined. Since 2003, combined treatment with a platinum-based agent and pemetrexed has been the first-line therapy and no effective or approved second-line treatments have emerged. The seemingly slow advance in developing new MPM treatments does not appear to be related to a low level of clinical and pre-clinical research activity. Rather, we suggest that a key hurdle in successfully translating basic discovery into novel MPM therapeutics is the underlying assumption that as a rare cancer, it will also be molecularly and genetically homogeneous. In fact, lung adenocarcinoma and melanoma only benefitted from precision oncology upon full appreciation of the high degree of molecular heterogeneity inherent in these cancers, especially regarding the diversity of oncogenic drivers. Herein, we consider the recent explosion of molecular and genetic information that has become available regarding MPM and suggest ways in which the unfolding landscape may guide identification of novel therapeutic vulnerabilities within subsets of MPM that can be targeted in a manner consistent with the tenets of precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trista K Hinz
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Lynn E Heasley
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
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15
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Dropwort-induced metabolic reprogramming restrains YAP/TAZ/TEAD oncogenic axis in mesothelioma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:349. [PMID: 31399037 PMCID: PMC6689183 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Over the past decade, newly designed cancer therapies have not significantly improved the survival of patients diagnosed with Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (MPM). Among a limited number of genes that are frequently mutated in MPM several of them encode proteins that belong to the HIPPO tumor suppressor pathway. Methods The anticancer effects of the top flower standardized extract of Filipendula vulgaris (Dropwort) were characterized in “in vitro” and “in vivo” models of MPM. At the molecular level, two “omic” approaches were used to investigate Dropwort anticancer mechanism of action: a metabolomic profiling and a phosphoarray analysis. Results We found that Dropwort significantly reduced cell proliferation, viability, migration and in vivo tumor growth of MPM cell lines. Notably, Dropwort affected viability of tumor-initiating MPM cells and synergized with Cisplatin and Pemetrexed in vitro. Metabolomic profiling revealed that Dropwort treatment affected both glycolysis/tricarboxylic acid cycle as for the decreased consumption of glucose, pyruvate, succinate and acetate, and the lipid metabolism. We also document that Dropwort exerted its anticancer effects, at least partially, promoting YAP and TAZ protein ubiquitination. Conclusions Our findings reveal that Dropwort is a promising source of natural compound(s) for targeting the HIPPO pathway with chemo-preventive and anticancer implications for MPM management. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1352-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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16
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Hsu PC, Jablons DM, Yang CT, You L. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Pathway, Yes-Associated Protein (YAP) and the Regulation of Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153821. [PMID: 31387256 PMCID: PMC6695603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway is a well-studied oncogenic pathway in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A subset of advanced NSCLC patients (15–55%) have EGFR-driven mutations and benefit from treatment with EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the PD-1/PDL-1 axis are a new anti-cancer therapy for metastatic NSCLC. The anti-PD-1/PDL-1 ICIs showed promising efficacy (~30% response rate) and improved the survival of patients with metastatic NSCLC, but the role of anti-PD-1/PDL-1 ICIs for EGFR mutant NSCLC is not clear. YAP (yes-associated protein) is the main mediator of the Hippo pathway and has been identified as promoting cancer progression, drug resistance, and metastasis in NSCLC. Here, we review recent studies that examined the correlation between the EGFR, YAP pathways, and PD-L1 and demonstrate the mechanism by which EGFR and YAP regulate PD-L1 expression in human NSCLC. About 50% of EGFR mutant NSCLC patients acquire resistance to EGFR-TKIs without known targetable secondary mutations. Targeting YAP therapy is suggested as a potential treatment for NSCLC with acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs. Future work should focus on the efficacy of YAP inhibitors in combination with immune checkpoint PD-L1/PD-1 blockade in EGFR mutant NSCLC without targetable resistant mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Chih Hsu
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - David M Jablons
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Liang You
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
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17
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Huh HD, Kim DH, Jeong HS, Park HW. Regulation of TEAD Transcription Factors in Cancer Biology. Cells 2019; 8:E600. [PMID: 31212916 PMCID: PMC6628201 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional enhanced associate domain (TEAD) transcription factors play important roles during development, cell proliferation, regeneration, and tissue homeostasis. TEAD integrates with and coordinates various signal transduction pathways including Hippo, Wnt, transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathways. TEAD deregulation affects well-established cancer genes such as KRAS, BRAF, LKB1, NF2, and MYC, and its transcriptional output plays an important role in tumor progression, metastasis, cancer metabolism, immunity, and drug resistance. To date, TEADs have been recognized to be key transcription factors of the Hippo pathway. Therefore, most studies are focused on the Hippo kinases and YAP/TAZ, whereas the Hippo-dependent and Hippo-independent regulators and regulations governing TEAD only emerged recently. Deregulation of the TEAD transcriptional output plays important roles in tumor progression and serves as a prognostic biomarker due to high correlation with clinicopathological parameters in human malignancies. In addition, discovering the molecular mechanisms of TEAD, such as post-translational modifications and nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, represents an important means of modulating TEAD transcriptional activity. Collectively, this review highlights the role of TEAD in multistep-tumorigenesis by interacting with upstream oncogenic signaling pathways and controlling downstream target genes, which provides unprecedented insight and rationale into developing TEAD-targeted anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunbin D Huh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Dong Hyeon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Han-Sol Jeong
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea.
| | - Hyun Woo Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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18
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Galani V, Varouktsi A, Papadatos SS, Mitselou A, Sainis I, Constantopoulos S, Dalavanga Y. The role of apoptosis defects in malignant mesothelioma pathogenesis with an impact on prognosis and treatment. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2019; 84:241-253. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-03878-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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19
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Integrative genomic analysis of peritoneal malignant mesothelioma: understanding a case with extraordinary chemotherapy response. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2019; 5:mcs.a003566. [PMID: 30862609 PMCID: PMC6549577 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a003566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal malignant mesothelioma is a rare disease with a generally poor prognosis and poor response to chemotherapy. To improve survival there is a need for increased molecular understanding of the disease, including chemotherapy sensitivity and resistance. We here present an unusual case concerning a young woman with extensive peritoneal mesothelioma who had a remarkable response to palliative chemotherapy (platinum/pemetrexed). Tumor samples collected at surgery before and after treatment were analyzed on the genomic and transcriptional levels (exome sequencing, RNA-seq, and smallRNA-seq). Integrative analysis of single nucleotide and copy-number variants, mutational signatures, and gene expression was performed to provide a comprehensive picture of the disease. LATS1/2 were identified as the main mutational drivers together with homozygous loss of BAP1 and PBRM1, which also may have contributed to the extraordinary chemotherapy response. The presence of the S3 mutational signature is consistent with homologous recombination DNA repair defects due to BAP1 loss. Up-regulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway after treatment, supported by deactivated PTEN through miRNA regulation, is associated with cancer progression and could explain chemotherapy resistance. The molecular profile suggests potential benefit from experimental targeting of PARP, EZH2, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and possibly also from immune checkpoint inhibition. In addition to providing the molecular background for this unusual case of peritoneal mesothelioma, the results show the potential value of integrative genomic analysis in precision medicine.
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20
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MST1/Hippo promoter gene methylation predicts poor survival in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma in the IFCT-GFPC-0701 MAPS Phase 3 trial. Br J Cancer 2019; 120:387-397. [PMID: 30739911 PMCID: PMC6461894 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0379-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Mesothelioma Avastin Cisplatin Pemetrexed Study (MAPS/NCT00651456) phase 3 trial demonstrated the superiority of bevacizumab plus pemetrexed-cisplatin triplet over chemotherapy alone in 448 malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) patients. Here, we evaluated the prognostic role of Hippo pathway gene promoter methylation. METHODS Promoter methylations were assayed using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction in samples from 223 MAPS patients, evaluating their prognostic value for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival in univariate and multivariate analyses. MST1 inactivation effects on invasion, soft agar growth, apoptosis, proliferation, and YAP/TAZ activation were investigated in human mesothelial cell lines. RESULTS STK4 (MST1) gene promoter methylation was detected in 19/223 patients tested (8.5%), predicting poorer OS in univariate and multivariate analyses (adjusted HR: 1.78, 95% CI (1.09-2.93), p = 0.022). Internal validation by bootstrap resampling supported this prognostic impact. MST1 inactivation reduced cellular basal apoptotic activity while increasing proliferation, invasion, and soft agar or in suspension growth, resulting in nuclear YAP accumulation, yet TAZ cytoplasmic retention in mesothelial cell lines. YAP silencing decreased invasion of MST1-depleted mesothelial cell lines. CONCLUSIONS MST1/hippo kinase expression loss is predictive of poor prognosis in MPM patients, leading to nuclear YAP accumulation and electing YAP as a putative target for therapeutic intervention in human MPM.
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21
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Hsu PC, Yang CT, Jablons DM, You L. The Role of Yes-Associated Protein (YAP) in Regulating Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) in Thoracic Cancer. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6040114. [PMID: 30544524 PMCID: PMC6315659 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6040114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1)/PD-1 pathway is an immunological checkpoint in cancer cells. The binding of PD-L1 and PD-1 promotes T-cell tolerance and helps tumor cells escape from host immunity. Immunotherapy targeting the PD-L1/PD-1 axis has been developed as an anti-cancer therapy and used in treating advanced human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a key mediator of the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway, and plays important roles in promoting cancer development, drug resistance and metastasis in human NSCLC and MPM. YAP has been suggested as a new therapeutic target in NSCLC and MPM. The role of YAP in regulating tumor immunity such as PD-L1 expression has just begun to be explored, and the correlation between YAP-induced tumorigenesis and host anti-tumor immune responses is not well known. Here, we review recent studies investigating the correlation between YAP and PD-L1 and demonstrating the mechanism by which YAP regulates PD-L1 expression in human NSCLC and MPM. Future work should focus on the interactions between Hippo/YAP signaling pathways and the immune checkpoint PD-L1/PD-1 pathway. The development of new synergistic drugs for immune checkpoint PD-L1/PD-1 blockade in NSCLC and MPM is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Chih Hsu
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
| | - David M Jablons
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
| | - Liang You
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
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22
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Chen Z, Mo J, Brosseau JP, Shipman T, Wang Y, Liao CP, Cooper JM, Allaway RJ, Gosline SJC, Guinney J, Carroll TJ, Le LQ. Spatiotemporal Loss of NF1 in Schwann Cell Lineage Leads to Different Types of Cutaneous Neurofibroma Susceptible to Modification by the Hippo Pathway. Cancer Discov 2018; 9:114-129. [PMID: 30348677 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a cancer predisposition disorder that results from inactivation of the tumor suppressor neurofibromin, a negative regulator of RAS signaling. Patients with NF1 present with a wide range of clinical manifestations, and the tumor with highest prevalence is cutaneous neurofibroma (cNF). Most patients harboring cNF suffer greatly from the burden of those tumors, which have no effective medical treatment. Ironically, none of the numerous NF1 mouse models developed so far recapitulate cNF. Here, we discovered that HOXB7 serves as a lineage marker to trace the developmental origin of cNF neoplastic cells. Ablating Nf1 in the HOXB7 lineage faithfully recapitulates both human cutaneous and plexiform neurofibroma. In addition, we discovered that modulation of the Hippo pathway acts as a "modifier" for neurofibroma tumorigenesis. This mouse model opens the doors for deciphering the evolution of cNF to identify effective therapies, where none exist today. SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides insights into the developmental origin of cNF, the most common tumor in NF1, and generates the first mouse model that faithfully recapitulates both human cutaneous and plexiform neurofibroma. The study also demonstrates that the Hippo pathway can modify neurofibromagenesis, suggesting that dampening the Hippo pathway could be an attractive therapeutic target.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Juan Mo
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jean-Philippe Brosseau
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Tracey Shipman
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Chung-Ping Liao
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jonathan M Cooper
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | | | | | - Thomas J Carroll
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Lu Q Le
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. .,Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Neurofibromatosis Clinic, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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23
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McCambridge AJ, Napolitano A, Mansfield AS, Fennell DA, Sekido Y, Nowak AK, Reungwetwattana T, Mao W, Pass HI, Carbone M, Yang H, Peikert T. Progress in the Management of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma in 2017. J Thorac Oncol 2018; 13:606-623. [PMID: 29524617 PMCID: PMC6544834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an uncommon, almost universally fatal, asbestos-induced malignancy. New and effective strategies for diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment are urgently needed. Herein we review the advances in MPM achieved in 2017. Whereas recent epidemiological data demonstrated that the incidence of MPM-related death continued to increase in United States between 2009 and 2015, new insight into the molecular pathogenesis and the immunological tumor microenvironment of MPM, for example, regarding the role of BRCA1 associated protein 1 and the expression programmed death receptor ligand 1, are highlighting new potential therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, there continues to be an ever-expanding number of clinical studies investigating systemic therapies for MPM. These trials are primarily focused on immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors alone or in combination with other immunotherapies and nonimmunotherapies. In addition, other promising targeted therapies, including pegylated adenosine deiminase (ADI-PEG20), which focuses on argininosuccinate synthase 1-deficient tumors, and tazemetostat, an enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit inhibitor of BRCA1 associated protein 1 gene (BAP1)-deficient tumors, are currently being explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Napolitano
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Medical Oncology Department, Campus Bio-Medico, University of Rome,
Rome, Italy
| | | | - Dean A. Fennell
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester
& University Hospitals of Leicester, UK
| | - Yoshitaka Sekido
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Research
Institute, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Anna K. Nowak
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health
and Medical Sciences; National Center for Asbestos Related Diseases, University of
Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Thanyanan Reungwetwattana
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of
Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Weimin Mao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital; Key
Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology of Zehjiang
Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Harvey I. Pass
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University, Langone
Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Haining Yang
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Tobias Peikert
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic,
Rochester, MN, USA
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24
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Rossini M, Rizzo P, Bononi I, Clementz A, Ferrari R, Martini F, Tognon MG. New Perspectives on Diagnosis and Therapy of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. Front Oncol 2018; 8:91. [PMID: 29666782 PMCID: PMC5891579 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare, but severe form of cancer, with an incidence that varies significantly within and among different countries around the world. It develops in about one to two persons per million of the general population, leading to thousands of deaths every year worldwide. To date, the MPM is mostly associated with occupational asbestos exposure. Asbestos represents the predominant etiological factor, with approximately 70% of cases of MPM with well-documented occupational exposure to asbestos, with the exposure time, on average greater than 40 years. Environmental exposure to asbestos is increasingly becoming recognized as a cause of mesothelioma, together with gene mutations. The possible roles of other cofactors, such as viral infection and radiation exposure, are still debated. MPM is a fatal tumor. This cancer arises during its early phase without clinical signs. Consequently, its diagnosis occurs at advanced stages. Standard clinical therapeutic approaches include surgery, chemo- and radiotherapies. Preclinical and clinical researches are making great strides in the field of this deadly disease, identifying new biomarkers and innovative therapeutic approaches. Among the newly identified markers and potential therapeutic targets, circulating microRNAs and the Notch pathway represent promising avenues that could result in the early detection of the tumor and novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Rossini
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Rizzo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bononi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anthony Clementz
- Department of Natural Sciences and Geography, Concordia University Chicago, River Forest, IL, United States
| | - Roberto Ferrari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Internal Medicine and Cardiorespiratory, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,E.S. Health Science Foundation, GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mauro G Tognon
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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25
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Hsu PC, Miao J, Wang YC, Zhang WQ, Yang YL, Wang CW, Yang CT, Huang Z, You J, Xu Z, Jablons DM, You L. Inhibition of yes-associated protein down-regulates PD-L1 (CD274) expression in human malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:3139-3148. [PMID: 29575535 PMCID: PMC5980156 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tumour PD‐L1 (CD274) expression had been used as a predictive biomarker in checkpoint immunotherapy targeting the PD1/PD‐L1 axis in various cancers, the regulation of PD‐L1 (CD274) expression is unclear. Yes‐associated protein (YAP), an important oncogenic protein in Hippo signalling pathway, reportedly promotes cancer development. We investigated whether inhibition of YAP down‐regulates PD‐L1 (CD274) in human malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). Western blotting showed that 2 human MPM cell lines (H2052 and 211H) had increased PD‐L1 protein expression compared to H290, MS‐1 and H28 cells. In H2052 and 211H cells, PD‐L1 mRNA expression was significantly increased compared to other MPM cell lines; YAP knockdown by small interfering RNA decreased PD‐L1 protein and mRNA expression. Forced overexpression of the YAP gene increased PD‐L1 protein expression in H2452 cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay showed the precipitation of PD‐L1 enhancer region encompassing 2 putative YAP‐TEAD‐binding sites in H2052 cells. We found that, in human MPM tissue microarray samples, YAP and PD‐L1 concurrently expressed in immunohistochemistry stain (n = 70, P < .05, chi‐square). We conclude that PD‐L1 is correlated with YAP expression, and inhibition of YAP down‐regulates PD‐L1 expression in human MPM. Further study of how YAP regulates PD‐L1 in MPM is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Chih Hsu
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jinbai Miao
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Wang
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wen-Qian Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Lin Yang
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chih-Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhen Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Joanna You
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhidong Xu
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David M Jablons
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Liang You
- Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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26
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Targeting the Hippo Pathway Is a New Potential Therapeutic Modality for Malignant Mesothelioma. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10040090. [PMID: 29565815 PMCID: PMC5923345 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10040090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) constitutes a very aggressive tumor that arises from the pleural or peritoneal cavities and is highly refractory to conventional therapies. Several key genetic alterations are associated with the development and progression of MM including mutations of the CDKN2A/ARF, NF2, and BAP1 tumor-suppressor genes. Notably, activating oncogene mutations are very rare; thus, it is difficult to develop effective inhibitors to treat MM. The NF2 gene encodes merlin, a protein that regulates multiple cell-signaling cascades including the Hippo pathway. MMs also exhibit inactivation of Hippo pathway components including LATS1/2, strongly suggesting that merlin-Hippo pathway dysregulation plays a key role in the development and progression of MM. Furthermore, Hippo pathway inactivation has been shown to result in constitutive activation of the YAP1/TAZ transcriptional coactivators, thereby conferring malignant phenotypes to mesothelial cells. Critical YAP1/TAZ target genes, including prooncogenic CCDN1 and CTGF, have also been shown to enhance the malignant phenotypes of MM cells. Together, these data indicate the Hippo pathway as a therapeutic target for the treatment of MM, and support the development of new strategies to effectively target the activation status of YAP1/TAZ as a promising therapeutic modality for this formidable disease.
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