Management academy for public health: creating entrepreneurial managers

Does public health policy quality foster state innovation capacity? Evidence from a global panel data

The design and implementation of public health policy may shape state innovation capacity with governance effectiveness, political stability, and government integrity. Previous studies, however, failed to incorporate these relationships simultaneously. This study aims to combine two distinct scholarships to examine whether the quality of policies in the public health sector contributes to state innovation capacity. We extracted data from the WHO international health regulatory dataset covering the WHO Member States between 2010 and 2017 to investigate the relationship (N = 145). Our fixed-effects models and regression discontinuity design (RDD) suggest a positive impact of public health policy quality on state innovation capacity. There are several contributions to the study of the relationship between public health and innovation in this study. Firstly, it fills a theoretical void concerning the relationship between policy development and implementation in the public health sector and country-specific innovations. Second, it provides an empirical quantitative analysis of policy quality in the public health sector. Third, this study contributes evidence that public health plays an important role in fostering state innovation beyond urbanization, investment in science and technology, and foreign trade. Furthermore, our quasi-experimental evidence found that this mechanism may be significant only between the more politically stable countries and the most politically stable countries. These contributions have empirical implications for governments across the world that seek to balance public health and innovation capacity in the context of the post-pandemic era.

Impact of Entrepreneurship on the Quality of Public Health Sector Institutions and Policies

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether public health entrepreneurship principles implementation in the public health sector are alternative ways of promoting an immediate improvement of healthcare infrastructure. To contribute to the literature on the impact of public health entrepreneurship on public healthcare infrastructure, we estimate two empirical models, with the first model having institutions and the second model having public healthcare policies as the dependent variable. Our empirical analysis is based on the WHO international health regulation data for all WHO member countries (in order to achieve a balanced panel, we decided to retain 192 of them), covering the period from 2010 through to 2019. The main results obtained using a Poisson panel regression indicate a positive relationship between employing more entrepreneurship within public healthcare and the quality of public healthcare infrastructure represented through institutions and policies. This study produces several contributions to the stream of research on public health entrepreneurship. First, it makes a theoretical contribution in the way that it fills the lacking literature on the relationship between entrepreneurship within the public health sector and efficiency of country-specific public healthcare infrastructure. Second, it offers an empirical quantitative analysis of entrepreneurship that is generally lacking. Concerning policy implications, the third contribution of this paper is the provision of evidence showing alternative ways to improve healthcare infrastructure other than traditionally observed investments in physical infrastructure.

A Qualitative Analysis of Maternal and Child Health Public Health Leadership Institute (MCH PHLI) Leaders: Assessing the Application of Leadership Skills at the "Others" and "Wider Community" Levels of the MCH Leadership Competencies 4.0

Objectives

To gain insight into how participants in the Maternal and Child Health Public Health Leadership Institute (MCH PHLI) report applying the leadership skills gained through the program at the “Others” and “Wider Community” levels of the MCH Leadership Competencies 4.0.

Methods

111 mid- to senior-level MCH leaders participating in the MCH PHLI gave < 5 min oral presentations detailing the impacts resulting from implementation of the skills gained through the leadership development training. Presentations were recorded and transcribed then qualitatively analyzed in reference to the MCH Leadership Competencies 4.0. Impacts were stratified by the “Others” and “Wider Community” levels.

Results

Analysis resulted in 1510 separate coded examples, 948 of which were coded as aligning with the MCH Leadership Competency 4.0 areas of “Others”, “Wider Community” and with an additional emerging competency. In many examples Participants estimated the numbers of people affected by these leadership activities, which totaled more than 80,773 people across the US.

Conclusions for Practice

This analysis suggests that mid-to-senior level intensive leadership development strategies benefit organizations, communities, and systems quite broadly through a virtual “ripple effect” of training. Capturing qualitative data can help elucidate the return on investment for leader development programs in terms of impacts on communities and systems.

Toward an Understanding of Public Health Entrepreneurship and Intrapreneurship

This paper describes a framework used to understand public health entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship for the purpose of pedagogy and practice. To ground this framework in the academic literature, a scoping review of the literature was conducted with application of a snowball method to identify further articles from the bibliographies of the search results. Recurring themes were identified to characterize common patterns of public health entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship. These themes were design thinking, resource mobilization, financial viability, cross-disciplinary collaboration, and systems strengthening. Case examples are provided to illustrate key themes in both intrapreneurship and entrepreneurship. This framework is a starting point to further the discourse, teaching, and practice of entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship in public health. More research is needed to understand implications for power and privilege, capacity building, financing, scaling, and policy making related to entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship in public health.

A Qualitative Analysis of Individual Leadership Behaviors Among Participants in the Maternal and Child Health Public Health Leadership Institute

OBJECTIVES

To gain insights into how participants in the Maternal and Child Health Public Health Leadership Institute (MCH PHLI) report applying the personal leadership skills gained through the program at the "Self" level of the MCH Leadership Competencies 4.0.

METHODS

112 mid- to senior-level MCH leaders completed the MCH PHLI, which is a year-long intensive leadership training program. At graduation, 111 participants gave < 5-min oral presentations detailing the actions taken and impact created by implementation of the skills gained through the MCH PHLI training. Presentations were recorded, transcribed and then qualitatively analyzed in reference to the "Self" level of the MCH Leadership Competencies 4.0.

RESULTS

Participants reported 562 coded examples of activities in which they implemented skills aligning with each competency in the Self-Level of the MCH Leadership Competencies 4.0 and with three other competency areas that emerged as themes from the data: networking, confidence, and career advancement.

CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE

This analysis suggests that intensive leadership development strategies focused on the mid-to-senior level leader benefit the individual and their organizations in broad and strategic ways that can be captured and described. Further, these applications of skills can create a virtual "ripple effect" of the workforce development program, by ultimately impacting a far greater number of people. Finally, this type of reflective assignment can be a valuable addition to intensive workforce development programs.

What benefits do healthcare organisations receive from leadership and management development programmes? A systematic review of the evidence

Introduction

Leadership and management training/development programmes have gained increasing institutional attention in healthcare organisations, and they have a wide variety of formats and approaches. However, limited evidence exists about effects of these programmes for the organisations that sponsor them. A minority of healthcare systems in the USA measure the impact of these programmes on organisational metrics such as staff turnover or cost savings. This systematic review sought to answer the question, ‘What evidence exists that leadership and/or management development and training programs yield benefits for health care organizations?’ These benefits could include return on investment, improved productivity/cohesion/teaming, or increased use of specific management skills (eg, strategic planning) that would directly benefit the organisation.

Methods

We followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to conduct a systematic review of the relevant literature. We conducted two searches in PubMed and one in ABI/Inform, a business literature database. All articles included for the study were further categorised according to their relevance for answering the research questions, using predefined criteria based on their methodology and reported findings.

Results

Our search included 2462 studies, of which 55 met criteria for inclusion. We identified four potential organisation-level benefits to leadership and management training programmes: benefits to other staff (besides those who participate in the programmes), improved patient safety and satisfaction, tangible benefits from projects that were part of the programme and improved ability/confidence using leadership-related skills by programme participants. However, the research base on this topic is limited.

Conclusion

Although this research identified potential benefits of leadership and management programmes at the organisation level, additional research is needed to make definitive conclusions about their impact.

Strengthening Public Health Management Capacity in Vietnam: Preparing Local Public Health Workers for New Roles in a Decentralized Health System

Health sector decentralization has created an urgent need to strengthen public health management capacity in many countries throughout the developing world. This article describes the establishment of a national management training network in Vietnam that used Project-Based Learning to strengthen management competencies of HIV program workers and linked training to measurable improvement in HIV/AIDS public health program outcomes. Skills were taught using a combination of classroom learning and mentored fieldwork. From 2005 to 2015, 827 HIV/AIDS program managers were trained with this method throughout Vietnam by trainers in 3 regional training centers. A total of 218 applied learning projects were carried out by trainees during this period; 132 resulted in measurable improvements in HIV/AIDS program outputs, and 86 produced well-organized plans for implementing, monitoring, and evaluating HIV/AIDS intervention strategies. Vietnam's management training network represents an important advancement in public health workforce development that helps prepare workers for new roles and responsibilities in a decentralized health system.

Assessing entrepreneurship in governmental public health

OBJECTIVES

We assessed the feasibility and desirability of public health entrepreneurship (PHE) in governmental public health.

METHODS

Using a qualitative case study approach with semistructured interview protocols, we conducted interviews between April 2010 and January 2011 at 32 local health departments (LHDs) in 18 states. Respondents included chief health officers and senior LHD staff, representatives from national public health organizations, health authorities, and public health institutes.

RESULTS

Respondents identified PHE through 3 overlapping practices: strategic planning, operational efficiency, and revenue generation. Clinical services offer the strongest revenue-generating potential, and traditional public health services offer only limited entrepreneurial opportunities. Barriers include civil service rules, a risk-averse culture, and concerns that PHE would compromise core public health values.

CONCLUSIONS

Ongoing PHE activity has the potential to reduce LHDs' reliance on unstable general public revenues. Yet under the best of circumstances, it is difficult to generate revenue from public health services. Although governmental public health contains pockets of entrepreneurial activity, its culture does not sustain significant entrepreneurial activity. The question remains as to whether LHDs' current public revenue sources are sustainable and, if not, whether PHE is a feasible or desirable alternative.