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Schell JA. Designing For Academic Resilience in Hands-On Courses in Times of Crisis: Two Models for Supporting Hands-On Online Learning Drawn From the COVID-19 Pandemic. AMERICAN BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST 2023; 67:1632-1654. [PMCID: PMC10071173 DOI: 10.1177/00027642221118292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Expanding on academic continuity planning research in higher education, this article presents two models for transitioning hands-on coursework online. Integrating precedent, case study, and autoethnography methods, the article analyzes higher education leadership and faculty decision-making within the context of the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic at The College of Fine Arts at The University of Texas at Austin. When COVID-19 closed campuses worldwide, 98% of over 1,200 College of Fine Arts class sections were happening in-person; most of those courses required hands-on, applied learning, which is challenging to translate online. With few exceptions, these courses not only continued, but they also demonstrated academic resilience—the ability to survive, adapt, and grow. Academic continuity and planning researchers have reached consensus that institutions need to support high-quality online coursework to effectively manage disruptions; the problem presented in this article is that extant academic continuity models too often conceptualize faculty, students, and staff as a single user with a set of common characteristics and needs related to online learning. Such generalized conceptualizations lead to academic continuity planning strategies and tactics that do not account for the variegated complexities involved in online hands-on education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Schell
- College of Fine Arts, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Al-Salihi SAA, Alberti F. Naturally Occurring Terpenes: A Promising Class of Organic Molecules to Address Influenza Pandemics. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2021; 11:405-419. [PMID: 33939136 PMCID: PMC8090910 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-021-00306-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Since the olden times, infectious diseases have largely affected human existence. The newly emerged infections are excessively caused by viruses that are largely associated with mammal reservoirs. The casualties of these emergencies are significantly influenced by the way human beings interact with the reservoirs, especially the animal ones. In our review we will consider the evolutionary and the ecological scales of such infections and their consequences on the public health, with a focus on the pathogenic influenza A virus. The nutraceutical properties of fungal and plant terpene-like molecules will be linked to their ability to lessen the symptoms of viral infections and shed light on their potential use in the development of new drugs. New challenging methods in antiviral discovery will also be discussed in this review. The authors believe that pharmacognosy is the "wave of future pharmaceuticals", as it can be continually produced and scaled up under eco-friendly requirements. Further diagnostic methods and strategies however are required to standardise those naturally occurring resources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrizio Alberti
- School of Life Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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Compassionate Flexibility and Self-Discipline: Student Adaptation to Emergency Remote Teaching in an Integrated Engineering Energy Course during COVID-19. EDUCATION SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/educsci10110304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19 brought about the transition to Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT) at higher education institutions across the United States, prompting both students and the faculty to rapidly adjust to a different modality of teaching and learning. Other crises have induced disruptions to academic continuity (e.g., earthquakes, hurricanes), but not to the same extent as COVID-19, which has affected universities on a global scale. In this paper, we describe a qualitative case study where we interviewed 11 second-year Integrated Engineering students during the Spring 2020 semester to explore how they adapted to the transition to remote learning. Our results revealed several student challenges, how they used self-discipline strategies to overcome them, and how the faculty supported students in the classroom through a compassionate and flexible pedagogy. Faculty members showed compassion and flexibility by adjusting the curriculum and assessment and effectively communicating with students. This was especially important for the women participants in this study, who more frequently expressed utilizing pass/fail grading and the personal and gendered challenges they faced due to the pandemic. During this unprecedented crisis, we found that a key element for supporting students’ well-being and success is the faculty members communicating care and incorporating flexibility into their courses.
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Control of an H1N1 outbreak in a correctional facility in central Taiwan. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2017; 50:175-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nafziger AN, Pratt DS. Seasonal influenza vaccination and technologies. J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 54:719-31. [PMID: 24691877 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza is a serious respiratory illness that causes annual worldwide epidemics resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Influenza pandemics occur about every 40 yrs, and may carry a greater burden of illness and death than seasonal influenza. Both seasonal influenza and pandemic influenza have profound economic consequences. The combination of current vaccine efficacy and viral antigenic drifts and shifts necessitates annual vaccination. New manufacturing technologies in influenza vaccine development employ cell culture and recombinant techniques. Both allow more rapid vaccine creation and production. In the past 5 years, brisk, highly creative activity in influenza vaccine research and development has begun. New vaccine technologies and vaccination strategies are addressing the need for viable alternatives to egg production methods and improved efficacy. At present, stubborn problems of sub-optimal efficacy and the need for annual immunization persist. There is an obvious need for more efficacious vaccines and improved vaccination strategies to make immunization easier for providers and patients. Mitigating this serious annual health threat remains an important public health priority.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigenic Variation
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Health Priorities
- Humans
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza A virus/metabolism
- Influenza Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Betainfluenzavirus/immunology
- Betainfluenzavirus/metabolism
- Mass Vaccination
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Seasons
- Technology, Pharmaceutical/trends
- Vaccines, Synthetic/chemistry
- Vaccines, Synthetic/metabolism
- Vaccines, Synthetic/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne N Nafziger
- Bertino Consulting, Schenectady, NY, USA; Adjunct Research Professor, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy Practice, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Kuhlmann AS, Galavotti C, Hastings P, Narayanan P, Saggurti N. Investing in communities: evaluating the added value of community mobilization on HIV prevention outcomes among FSWs in India. AIDS Behav 2014; 18:752-66. [PMID: 24129843 PMCID: PMC3961594 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-013-0626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Community mobilization often requires greater time and resource investments than typical interventions, yet few evaluations exist to justify these investments. We evaluated the added benefit of community mobilization on HIV prevention outcomes among female sex workers (FSWs) using a composite measure of volunteer participation in program committees by FSWs. After adjusting for treatment propensity, we used multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM) to test our program theory. We hypothesized that stronger community mobilization would be associated with increased levels of consistent condom use and with increased levels of perceived fairness, mediated by psychosocial processes. Community mobilization had an indirect effect on consistent condom use mediated through social cohesion and an indirect effect on perceived fairness mediated by collective efficacy. Our results suggest higher levels of community mobilization help improve condom use and reduce perceived discrimination beyond the effects of the core HIV intervention program. We recommend further testing of this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sebert Kuhlmann
- Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130 USA
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Chandra S, Kassens-Noor E, Kuljanin G, Vertalka J. A geographic analysis of population density thresholds in the influenza pandemic of 1918-19. Int J Health Geogr 2013; 12:9. [PMID: 23425498 PMCID: PMC3641965 DOI: 10.1186/1476-072x-12-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geographic variables play an important role in the study of epidemics. The role of one such variable, population density, in the spread of influenza is controversial. Prior studies have tested for such a role using arbitrary thresholds for population density above or below which places are hypothesized to have higher or lower mortality. The results of such studies are mixed. The objective of this study is to estimate, rather than assume, a threshold level of population density that separates low-density regions from high-density regions on the basis of population loss during an influenza pandemic. We study the case of the influenza pandemic of 1918-19 in India, where over 15 million people died in the short span of less than one year. METHODS Using data from six censuses for 199 districts of India (n=1194), the country with the largest number of deaths from the influenza of 1918-19, we use a sample-splitting method embedded within a population growth model that explicitly quantifies population loss from the pandemic to estimate a threshold level of population density that separates low-density districts from high-density districts. RESULTS The results demonstrate a threshold level of population density of 175 people per square mile. A concurrent finding is that districts on the low side of the threshold experienced rates of population loss (3.72%) that were lower than districts on the high side of the threshold (4.69%). CONCLUSIONS This paper introduces a useful analytic tool to the health geographic literature. It illustrates an application of the tool to demonstrate that it can be useful for pandemic awareness and preparedness efforts. Specifically, it estimates a level of population density above which policies to socially distance, redistribute or quarantine populations are likely to be more effective than they are for areas with population densities that lie below the threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Chandra
- Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University, 427 N Shaw Lane, Room 301, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Eva Kassens-Noor
- Urban and Transport Planning in the School of Planning, Design, and Construction and Global Urban Studies Program, 552 W Circle Drive, Room 201E, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Goran Kuljanin
- Department of Psychology, Psychology Building 316 Physics Room 262, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Joshua Vertalka
- Department of Geography, 673 Auditorium Road, Room 116, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Shapshak P, Chiappelli F, Somboonwit C, Sinnott J. The Influenza Pandemic of 2009. Mol Diagn Ther 2012; 15:63-81. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03256397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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9
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Holmes EC, Ghedin E, Halpin RA, Stockwell TB, Zhang XQ, Fleming R, Davey R, Benson CA, Mehta S, Taplitz R, Liu YT, Brouwer KC, Wentworth DE, Lin X, Schooley RT. Extensive geographical mixing of 2009 human H1N1 influenza A virus in a single university community. J Virol 2011; 85:6923-9. [PMID: 21593168 PMCID: PMC3126550 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00438-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite growing interest in the molecular epidemiology of influenza virus, the pattern of viral spread within individual communities remains poorly understood. To determine the phylogeography of influenza virus in a single population, we examined the spatial diffusion of H1N1/09 influenza A virus within the student body of the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), sampling for a 1-month period between October and November 2009. Despite the highly focused nature of our study, an analysis of complete viral genome sequences revealed between 24 and 33 independent introductions of H1N1/09 into the UCSD community, comprising much of the global genetic diversity in this virus. These data were also characterized by a relatively low level of on-campus transmission as well as extensive spatial mixing, such that there was little geographical clustering by either student residence or city ZIP code. Most notably, students experiencing illness on the same day and residing in the same dorm possessed phylogenetically distinct lineages. H1N1/09 influenza A virus is therefore characterized by a remarkable spatial fluidity, which is likely to impede community-based methods for its control, including class cancellations, quarantine, and chemoprophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Holmes
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Timpka T, Eriksson H, Strömgren M, Eriksson O, Ekberg J, Grimvall A, Nyce J, Gursky E, Holm E. A neighborhood susceptibility index for planning of local physical interventions in response to pandemic influenza outbreaks. AMIA ... ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS. AMIA SYMPOSIUM 2010; 2010:792-796. [PMID: 21347087 PMCID: PMC3041303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The global spread of a novel A (H1N1) influenza virus in 2009 has highlighted the possibility of a devastating pandemic similar to the 'Spanish flu' of 1917-1918. Responding to such pandemics requires careful planning for the early phases where there is no availability of pandemic vaccine. We set out to compute a Neighborhood Influenza Susceptibility Index (NISI) describing the vulnerability of local communities of different geo-socio-physical structure to a pandemic influenza outbreak. We used a spatially explicit geo-physical model of Linköping municipality (pop. 136,240) in Sweden, and employed an ontology-modeling tool to define simulation models and transmission settings. We found considerable differences in NISI between neighborhoods corresponding to primary care areas with regard to early progress of the outbreak, as well as in terms of the total accumulated share of infected residents counted after the outbreak. The NISI can be used in local preparations of physical response measures during pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toomas Timpka
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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11
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Schimit P, Monteiro L. Who should wear mask against airborne infections? Altering the contact network for controlling the spread of contagious diseases. Ecol Modell 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Maruschak LM, Sabol WJ, Potter RH, Reid LC, Cramer EW. Pandemic influenza and jail facilities and populations. Am J Public Health 2009; 99 Suppl 2:S339-44. [PMID: 19797746 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2009.175174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Persons processed into and through jail facilities in the United States may be particularly vulnerable during an influenza pandemic. Among other concerns, public health and corrections officials need to consider flow issues, the high turnover and transitions between jails and the community, and the decentralized organization of jails. In this article, we examine some of the unique challenges jail facilities may face during an influenza pandemic and discuss issues that should be addressed to reduce the spread of illness and lessen the impact of an influenza pandemic on the jail population and their surrounding communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Maruschak
- Bureau of Justice Statistics, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC, USA
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Heffelfinger JD, Patel P, Brooks JT, Calvet H, Daley CL, Dean HD, Edlin BR, Gensheimer KF, Jereb J, Kent CK, Lennox JL, Louie JK, Lynfield R, Peters PJ, Pinckney L, Spradling P, Voetsch AC, Fiore A. Pandemic influenza: implications for programs controlling for HIV infection, tuberculosis, and chronic viral hepatitis. Am J Public Health 2009; 99 Suppl 2:S333-9. [PMID: 19797745 PMCID: PMC4504393 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2008.158170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Among vulnerable populations during an influenza pandemic are persons with or at risk for HIV infection, tuberculosis, or chronic viral hepatitis. HIV-infected persons have higher rates of hospitalization, prolonged illness, and increased mortality from influenza compared with the general population. Persons with tuberculosis and chronic viral hepatitis may also be at increased risk of morbidity and mortality from influenza because of altered immunity and chronic illness. These populations also face social and structural barriers that will be exacerbated by a pandemic. Existing infrastructure should be expanded and pandemic planning should include preparations to reduce the risks for these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Heffelfinger
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mail Stop: E-46, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Hutchins SS, Truman BI, Merlin TL, Redd SC. Protecting vulnerable populations from pandemic influenza in the United States: a strategic imperative. Am J Public Health 2009; 99 Suppl 2:S243-8. [PMID: 19797737 PMCID: PMC4504371 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2009.164814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Protecting vulnerable populations from pandemic influenza is a strategic imperative. The US national strategy for pandemic influenza preparedness and response assigns roles to governments, businesses, civic and community-based organizations, individuals, and families. Because influenza is highly contagious, inadequate preparedness or untimely response in vulnerable populations increases the risk of infection for the general population. Recent public health emergencies have reinforced the importance of preparedness and the challenges of effective response among vulnerable populations. We explore definitions and determinants of vulnerable, at-risk, and special populations and highlight approaches for ensuring that pandemic influenza preparedness includes these populations and enables them to respond appropriately. We also provide an overview of population-specific and cross-cutting articles in this theme issue on influenza preparedness for vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja S Hutchins
- Office of Minority Health and Health Disparities, Office of the Chief of Public Health Practice, Office of the Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Mailstop E-67, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Hutchins SS, Fiscella K, Levine RS, Ompad DC, McDonald M. Protection of racial/ethnic minority populations during an influenza pandemic. Am J Public Health 2009; 99 Suppl 2:S261-70. [PMID: 19797739 PMCID: PMC4504373 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2009.161505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Racial/ethnic minority populations experience worse health outcomes than do other groups during and after disasters. Evidence for a differential impact from pandemic influenza includes both higher rates of underlying health conditions in minority populations, increasing their risk of influenza-related complications, and larger socioeconomic (e.g., access to health care), cultural, educational, and linguistic barriers to adoption of pandemic interventions. Implementation of pandemic interventions could be optimized by (1) culturally competent preparedness and response that address specific needs of racial/ethnic minority populations, (2) improvements in public health and community health safety net systems, (3) social policies that minimize economic burdens and improve compliance with isolation and quarantine, and (4) relevant, practical, and culturally and linguistically tailored communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja S Hutchins
- Office of Minority Health and Health Disparities, Office of the Chief of Public Health Practice, Office of the Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Mailstop E-67, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Kim HL, Jeon HH, Kim M, Kang CH, Park KH. Laboratory Confirmatory Rate of Pandemic Influenza (H1N1 2009) Virus in Korean Households with Index Case. Infect Chemother 2009. [DOI: 10.3947/ic.2010.42.2.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Min Kim
- Armed Forces Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Kyung-Hwa Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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