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Bratslavsky G, Mendhiratta N, Daneshvar M, Brugarolas J, Ball MW, Metwalli A, Nathanson KL, Pierorazio PM, Boris RS, Singer EA, Carlo MI, Daly MB, Henske EP, Hyatt C, Middleton L, Morris G, Jeong A, Narayan V, Rathmell WK, Vaishampayan U, Lee BH, Battle D, Hall MJ, Hafez K, Jewett MAS, Karamboulas C, Pal SK, Hakimi AA, Kutikov A, Iliopoulos O, Linehan WM, Jonasch E, Srinivasan R, Shuch B. Genetic risk assessment for hereditary renal cell carcinoma: Clinical consensus statement. Cancer 2021; 127:3957-3966. [PMID: 34343338 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.33679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is believed to have a strong hereditary component, there is a paucity of published guidelines for genetic risk assessment. A panel of experts was convened to gauge current opinions. METHODS A North American multidisciplinary panel with expertise in hereditary RCC, including urologists, medical oncologists, clinical geneticists, genetic counselors, and patient advocates, was convened. Before the summit, a modified Delphi methodology was used to generate, review, and curate a set of consensus questions regarding RCC genetic risk assessment. Uniform consensus was defined as ≥85% agreement on particular questions. RESULTS Thirty-three panelists, including urologists (n = 13), medical oncologists (n = 12), genetic counselors and clinical geneticists (n = 6), and patient advocates (n = 2), reviewed 53 curated consensus questions. Uniform consensus was achieved on 30 statements in specific areas that addressed for whom, what, when, and how genetic testing should be performed. Topics of consensus included the family history criteria, which should trigger further assessment, the need for risk assessment in those with bilateral or multifocal disease and/or specific histology, the utility of multigene panel testing, and acceptance of clinician-based counseling and testing by those who have experience with hereditary RCC. CONCLUSIONS In the first ever consensus panel on RCC genetic risk assessment, 30 consensus statements were reached. Areas that require further research and discussion were also identified, with a second future meeting planned. This consensus statement may provide further guidance for clinicians when considering RCC genetic risk assessment. LAY SUMMARY The contribution of germline genetics to the development of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has long been recognized. However, there is a paucity of guidelines to define how and when genetic risk assessment should be performed for patients with known or suspected hereditary RCC. Without guidelines, clinicians struggle to define who requires further evaluation, when risk assessment or testing should be done, which genes should be considered, and how counseling and/or testing should be performed. To this end, a multidisciplinary panel of national experts was convened to gauge current opinion on genetic risk assessment in RCC and to enumerate a set of recommendations to guide clinicians when evaluating individuals with suspected hereditary kidney cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Bratslavsky
- Department of Urology, State University of New York (SUNY, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Neil Mendhiratta
- Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael Daneshvar
- Department of Urology, State University of New York (SUNY, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.,Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James Brugarolas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mark W Ball
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Adam Metwalli
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Howard University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Katherine L Nathanson
- Division of Human Genetics and Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Phillip M Pierorazio
- Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ronald S Boris
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Eric A Singer
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Maria I Carlo
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Mary B Daly
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth P Henske
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Colette Hyatt
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lindsay Middleton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Gloria Morris
- Department of Urology, State University of New York (SUNY, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Anhyo Jeong
- Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Vivek Narayan
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Ulka Vaishampayan
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Center/Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Dena Battle
- The Kidney Cancer Research Alliance, Leesburg, Virginia
| | - Michael J Hall
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Khaled Hafez
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael A S Jewett
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christina Karamboulas
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sumanta K Pal
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - A Ari Hakimi
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Alexander Kutikov
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Othon Iliopoulos
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Eric Jonasch
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ramaprasad Srinivasan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brian Shuch
- Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Pan IW, Oeffinger KC, Shih YCT. Cost-Sharing and Out-of-Pocket Cost for Women Who Received MRI for Breast Cancer Screening. J Natl Cancer Inst 2021; 114:254-262. [PMID: 34320199 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djab150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The financial protection of the Affordable Care Act's (ACA) prevention provision doesn't apply to breast MRI but only to mammography for breast cancer screening. The purpose of the study is to examine the financial burden among women who received breast MRI for screening. METHODS This observational study used the Marketscan® database. Women underwent breast MRI between 2009 and 2017 and had screening mammography within 6 months of the MRI were included. We compared the time trend of the proportion of zero cost-share for women undergoing screening mammography and that for MRI. We quantified out-of-pocket (OOP) costs as the sum of copayment, coinsurance, and deductible and defined zero cost-share as having no OOP cost. We conducted multivariable logistic regression and two-part model to examine factors associated with zero cost-share and OOP costs of MRI, respectively. RESULTS 16,341 women had a screening breast MRI during the study period. The proportion of screening MRI claims with zero cost-share decreased from 43.1% (2009) to 26.2% (2017). The adjusted mean OOP cost for women in high-deductible plans was more than twice the cost for their counterparts ($549 vs. $251, 2-sided P < .001). Women who resided in the South in the post-ACA era were less likely to have zero cost-share and paid higher OOP costs for screening MRI. CONCLUSIONS Many women are subject to high financial burden when receiving MRI for breast cancer screening. Those enrolled in high-deductible plans and who reside in the South are especially vulnerable financially.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Wen Pan
- Section of Cancer Economics and Policy, Department of Health Services Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kevin C Oeffinger
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ya-Chen Tina Shih
- Section of Cancer Economics and Policy, Department of Health Services Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Shapiro JA, Soman AV, Berkowitz Z, Fedewa SA, Sabatino SA, de Moor JS, Clarke TC, Doria-Rose VP, Breslau ES, Jemal A, Nadel MR. Screening for Colorectal Cancer in the United States: Correlates and Time Trends by Type of Test. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021; 30:1554-1565. [PMID: 34088751 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is strongly recommended that adults aged 50-75 years be screened for colorectal cancer. Recommended screening options include colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, CT colonography, guaiac fecal occult blood testing (FOBT), fecal immunochemical testing (FIT), or the more recently introduced FIT-DNA (FIT in combination with a stool DNA test). Colorectal cancer screening programs can benefit from knowledge of patterns of use by test type and within population subgroups. METHODS Using 2018 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data, we examined colorectal cancer screening test use for adults aged 50-75 years (N = 10,595). We also examined time trends in colorectal cancer screening test use from 2010-2018. RESULTS In 2018, an estimated 66.9% of U.S. adults aged 50-75 years had a colorectal cancer screening test within recommended time intervals. However, the prevalence was less than 50% among those aged 50-54 years, those without a usual source of health care, those with no doctor visits in the past year, and those who were uninsured. The test types most commonly used within recommended time intervals were colonoscopy within 10 years (61.1%), FOBT or FIT in the past year (8.8%), and FIT-DNA within 3 years (2.7%). After age-standardization to the 2010 census population, the percentage up-to-date with CRC screening increased from 61.2% in 2015 to 65.3% in 2018, driven by increased use of stool testing, including FIT-DNA. CONCLUSIONS These results show some progress, driven by a modest increase in stool testing. However, colorectal cancer testing remains low in many population subgroups. IMPACT These results can inform efforts to achieve population colorectal cancer screening goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean A Shapiro
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Ashwini V Soman
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zahava Berkowitz
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stacey A Fedewa
- Office of the Chief Medical and Scientific Officer, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Susan A Sabatino
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Janet S de Moor
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tainya C Clarke
- Division of Health Interview Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland
| | - V Paul Doria-Rose
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Erica S Breslau
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ahmedin Jemal
- Office of the Chief Medical and Scientific Officer, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Marion R Nadel
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Green BB, Meenan RT. Colorectal cancer screening: The costs and benefits of getting to 80% in every community. Cancer 2020; 126:4110-4113. [PMID: 32686080 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beverly B Green
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Richard T Meenan
- Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Song LD, Newhouse JP, Garcia‐De‐Albeniz X, Hsu J. Changes in screening colonoscopy following Medicare reimbursement and cost-sharing changes. Health Serv Res 2019; 54:839-850. [PMID: 30941767 PMCID: PMC6606542 DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare existing algorithms for classifying screening vs diagnostic colonoscopies and to quantify the increase in screening colonoscopy rates when Medicare began reimbursement in 2001 and when the Affordable Care Act (ACA) eliminated cost-sharing. DATA SOURCES Twenty percent random sample of fee-for-service (FFS) Medicare claims, 2000-2012. STUDY DESIGN Using recent administrative codes as tarnished gold standards, we examined the sensitivity and specificity of five published algorithms for classifying colonoscopies and calculated annual screening colonoscopy rates. We estimated the change in rates after Medicare began reimbursement and used difference-in-differences analysis to estimate the effects of eliminating cost-sharing by comparing states with and without a mandate to cover screening colonoscopy prior to the ACA. FINDINGS Model-based algorithms have higher sensitivity (0.53-0.99) than expert-based algorithms (0.35-0.39), but lower specificity (0.43-0.65 vs 0.79-0.88). All algorithms detected increases in screening from both Medicare's reimbursement change (range: 24-93/10 000) and the 2011 cost-sharing change (range: 1.1-34/10 000). Difference-in-difference estimates of the ACA's effect varied from 51 to 155 tests per 10 000 depending on the algorithm. CONCLUSIONS Screening colonoscopy rates increased after eliminating cost-sharing in 2011, but the increase's size varied depending on the algorithm used to classify the indication. Improvements are needed in Medicare coding for screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina D. Song
- PhD Program in Health PolicyThe Graduate School of Arts and SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusetts
- Health Policy Research CenterMongan Institute, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusetts
| | - Joseph P. Newhouse
- Department of Health Care PolicyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
- Department of Health Policy and ManagementHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassachusetts
- The John F. Kennedy School of GovernmentHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusetts
- Faculty of Arts and SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusetts
| | - Xabier Garcia‐De‐Albeniz
- Health Policy Research CenterMongan Institute, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusetts
- Department of EpidemiologyHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassachusetts
| | - John Hsu
- Health Policy Research CenterMongan Institute, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusetts
- Department of Health Care PolicyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
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Green BB, Anderson ML, Cook AJ, Chubak J, Fuller S, Kimbel KJ, Kullgren JT, Meenan RT, Vernon SW. Financial Incentives to Increase Colorectal Cancer Screening Uptake and Decrease Disparities: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e196570. [PMID: 31276178 PMCID: PMC6789432 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.6570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Colorectal cancer screening rates are suboptimal, particularly among sociodemographically disadvantaged groups. Objective To examine whether guaranteed money or probabilistic lottery financial incentives conditional on completion of colorectal cancer screening increase screening uptake, particularly among groups with lower screening rates. Design, Setting, and Participants This parallel, 3-arm randomized clinical trial was conducted from March 13, 2017, through April 12, 2018, at 21 medical centers in an integrated health care system in western Washington. A total of 838 age-eligible patients overdue for colorectal cancer screening who completed a questionnaire that confirmed eligibility and included sociodemographic and psychosocial questions were enrolled. Interventions Interventions were (1) mail only (n = 284; up to 3 mailings that included information on the importance of colorectal cancer screening and screening test choices, a fecal immunochemical test [FIT], and a reminder letter if necessary), (2) mail and monetary (n = 270; mailings plus guaranteed $10 on screening completion), or (3) mail and lottery (n = 284; mailings plus a 1 in 10 chance of receiving $50 on screening completion). Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was completion of any colorectal cancer screening within 6 months of randomization. Secondary outcomes were FIT or colonoscopy completion within 6 months of randomization. Intervention effects were compared across sociodemographic subgroups and self-reported psychosocial measures. Results A total of 838 participants (mean [SD] age, 59.7 [7.2] years; 546 [65.2%] female; 433 [52.2%] white race and 101 [12.1%] Hispanic ethnicity) were included in the study. Completion of any colorectal screening was not significantly higher for the mail and monetary group (207 of 270 [76.7%]) or the mail and lottery group (212 of 284 [74.6%]) than for the mail only group (203 of 284 [71.5%]) (P = .11). For FIT completion, interventions had a statistically significant effect (P = .04), with a net increase of 7.7% (95% CI, 0.3%-15.1%) in the mail and monetary group and 7.1% (95% CI, -0.2% to 14.3%) in the mail and lottery group compared with the mail only group. For patients with Medicaid insurance, the net increase compared with mail only in FIT completion for the mail and monetary or the mail and lottery group was 37.7% (95% CI, 11.0%-64.3%) (34.2% for the mail and monetary group and 40.4% for the mail and lottery group) compared with a net increase of only 5.6% (95% CI, -0.9% to 12.2%) among those not Medicaid insured (test for interaction P = .03). Conclusions and Relevance Financial incentives increased FIT uptake but not overall colorectal cancer screening. Financial incentives may decrease screening disparities among some sociodemographically disadvantaged groups. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00697047.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly B Green
- Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | | | - Andrea J Cook
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle
| | - Jessica Chubak
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Sharon Fuller
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle
| | - Kilian J Kimbel
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle
| | - Jeffrey T Kullgren
- Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Richard T Meenan
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sally W Vernon
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavior Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston
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Breen N, Skinner CS, Zheng Y, Inrig S, Corley DA, Beaber EF, Garcia M, Chubak J, Doubeni C, Quinn VP, Haas JS, Li CI, Wernli KJ, Klabunde CN. Time to Follow-up After Colorectal Cancer Screening by Health Insurance Type. Am J Prev Med 2019; 56:e143-e152. [PMID: 31003603 PMCID: PMC6820676 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that patients with Medicaid insurance or Medicaid-like coverage would have longer times to follow-up and be less likely to complete colonoscopy compared with patients with commercial insurance within the same healthcare systems. METHODS A total of 35,009 patients aged 50-64years with a positive fecal immunochemical test were evaluated in Northern and Southern California Kaiser Permanente systems and in a North Texas safety-net system between 2011 and 2012. Kaplan-Meier estimation was used between 2016 and 2017 to calculate the probability of having follow-up colonoscopy by coverage type. Among Kaiser Permanente patients, Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% CIs for the association between coverage type and receipt of follow-up, adjusting for sociodemographics and health status. RESULTS Even within the same integrated system with organized follow-up, patients with Medicaid were 24% less likely to complete follow-up as those with commercial insurance. Percentage receiving colonoscopy within 3 months after a positive fecal immunochemical test was 74.6% for commercial insurance, 63.10% for Medicaid only, and 37.5% for patients served by the integrated safety-net system. CONCLUSIONS This study found that patients with Medicaid were less likely than those with commercial insurance to complete follow-up colonoscopy after a positive fecal immunochemical test and had longer average times to follow-up. With the future of coverage mechanisms uncertain, it is important and timely to assess influences of health insurance coverage on likelihood of follow-up colonoscopy and identify potential disparities in screening completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Breen
- Office of Science Planning, Policy, Analysis, Reporting and Data, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Celette Sugg Skinner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Parkland Health and Hospital System/University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Population Sciences, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yingye Zheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Public Health Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephen Inrig
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Parkland Health and Hospital System/University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Douglas A Corley
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Elisabeth F Beaber
- Department of Biostatistics, Public Health Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mike Garcia
- Department of Biostatistics, Public Health Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jessica Chubak
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Chyke Doubeni
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Perelman School of Medicine, Universityof Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Virginia P Quinn
- Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jennifer S Haas
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher I Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Public Health Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Karen J Wernli
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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Freund KM, Reisinger SA, LeClair AM, Yoon GH, Al-Najar SM, Young GS, González ET, Oliveri JM, Paskett ED. Insurance Stability and Cancer Screening Behaviors. Health Equity 2019; 3:177-182. [PMID: 31289777 PMCID: PMC6608696 DOI: 10.1089/heq.2018.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Disparities in rates of cancer screening are observed in underserved populations. Lack of stable health insurance may contribute to these disparities. The goal of this study was to examine the association between insurance stability and up-to-date cancer screening in underserved populations. Methods and Findings: We enrolled 333 community participants aged 40–74 years across four different sites in three states: Chinese Americans in Boston, Massachusetts; Hispanics in Columbus, Ohio; Appalachian populations from Ohio's Appalachian counties; and Blacks and African Americans in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Self-reported screening rates were 77.9% for breast cancer, 71.1% for cervical cancer, and 67.7% for colorectal cancer (CRC). Screening rates fell short of Health People 2020 targets for breast, colorectal, and cervical cancer screenings. Being currently insured was associated with current CRC screenings (69.7% among insured vs. 30.7% among uninsured, p=0.0055), but not with breast or cervical cancer screenings. Stable 12-month insurance coverage was not statistically associated with up-to-date screenings. Conclusion: Having current insurance was associated with CRC screening; stability of insurance was not associated with cancer screening. Insurance coverage alone is not the main driver of cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Freund
- Institute of Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah A Reisinger
- Department of Population Sciences, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Amy M LeClair
- Institute of Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Grace H Yoon
- Institute of Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Gregory S Young
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Evelyn T González
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Office of Community Outreach, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jill M Oliveri
- Department of Population Sciences, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Electra D Paskett
- Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Alyabsi M, Charlton M, Meza J, Islam KMM, Soliman A, Watanabe-Galloway S. The impact of travel time on colorectal cancer stage at diagnosis in a privately insured population. BMC Health Serv Res 2019; 19:172. [PMID: 30885199 PMCID: PMC6423832 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-019-4004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rural residents are less likely to receive screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) than urban residents. However, the mechanisms underlying this disparity, especially among people aged 50-64 years old with private health insurance, are not well understood. We examined the impact of travel time on stage at CRC diagnosis. METHODS This retrospective cohort study used data from the Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Nebraska. Members of this private insurance company aged 50-64 years, diagnosed with CRC during the period 2012-2016, and continuously enrolled in the insurance plan for at least 6 months prior to CRC diagnosis, were selected for this study. Using Google Maps, we estimated patients' travel time from their home ZIP code to the ZIP code of their colonoscopy provider. Using logistic regression, we analyzed the association between stage at CRC diagnosis, travel time, use of preventive services (i.e., check-ups or counseling to prevent or detect illness at an early stage) and patient characteristics. RESULTS A total of 307 subjects met the inclusion criteria. People who had not used preventive services 6 months prior to CRC diagnosis had 2.80 (95% CI, 1.00-7.90) times the odds of metastatic CRC compared to those who had used these services. No statistically significant association was found between travel time and metastatic CRC diagnosis (P = 0.99; 95% CI, 0.98-1.01). CONCLUSIONS The fact that 13% of the study population presented with metastatic CRC suggests some noncompliance with preventive services such as screening guidelines. To increase screening uptake and reduce metastatic cases, employers should offer incentives for their employees to make use of preventive services such as CRC screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesnad Alyabsi
- Department of Population Health Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. Box 3660, Riyadh, 11481, 1515 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mary Charlton
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 145 N. Riverside Drive, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242 USA
| | - Jane Meza
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Public Health, 984375 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198–4395 USA
| | - K. M. Monirul Islam
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Public Health, 984395 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198–4395 USA
| | - Amr Soliman
- City University of New York School of Medicine, Community Health and Social Medicine, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031 USA
| | - Shinobu Watanabe-Galloway
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Public Health, 984395 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198–4395 USA
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Wender RC, Brawley OW, Fedewa SA, Gansler T, Smith RA. A blueprint for cancer screening and early detection: Advancing screening's contribution to cancer control. CA Cancer J Clin 2019; 69:50-79. [PMID: 30452086 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
From the mid-20th century, accumulating evidence has supported the introduction of screening for cancers of the cervix, breast, colon and rectum, prostate (via shared decisions), and lung. The opportunity to detect and treat precursor lesions and invasive disease at a more favorable stage has contributed substantially to reduced incidence, morbidity, and mortality. However, as new discoveries portend advancements in technology and risk-based screening, we fail to fulfill the greatest potential of the existing technology, in terms of both full access among the target population and the delivery of state-of-the art care at each crucial step in the cascade of events that characterize successful cancer screening. There also is insufficient commitment to invest in the development of new technologies, incentivize the development of new ideas, and rapidly evaluate promising new technology. In this report, the authors summarize the status of cancer screening and propose a blueprint for the nation to further advance the contribution of screening to cancer control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Wender
- Chief Cancer Control Officer, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Otis W Brawley
- Chief Medical Officer, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Stacey A Fedewa
- Senior Principal Scientist, Department of Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ted Gansler
- Strategic Director of Pathology Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Robert A Smith
- Vice-President, Cancer Screening, Cancer Control Department, and Director, Center for Quality Cancer Screening and Research, American Cancer Society Atlanta, GA
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly B Green
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle
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12
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Wolf AMD, Fontham ETH, Church TR, Flowers CR, Guerra CE, LaMonte SJ, Etzioni R, McKenna MT, Oeffinger KC, Shih YCT, Walter LC, Andrews KS, Brawley OW, Brooks D, Fedewa SA, Manassaram-Baptiste D, Siegel RL, Wender RC, Smith RA. Colorectal cancer screening for average-risk adults: 2018 guideline update from the American Cancer Society. CA Cancer J Clin 2018; 68:250-281. [PMID: 29846947 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1141] [Impact Index Per Article: 190.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common cancer diagnosed among adults and the second leading cause of death from cancer. For this guideline update, the American Cancer Society (ACS) used an existing systematic evidence review of the CRC screening literature and microsimulation modeling analyses, including a new evaluation of the age to begin screening by race and sex and additional modeling that incorporates changes in US CRC incidence. Screening with any one of multiple options is associated with a significant reduction in CRC incidence through the detection and removal of adenomatous polyps and other precancerous lesions and with a reduction in mortality through incidence reduction and early detection of CRC. Results from modeling analyses identified efficient and model-recommendable strategies that started screening at age 45 years. The ACS Guideline Development Group applied the Grades of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria in developing and rating the recommendations. The ACS recommends that adults aged 45 years and older with an average risk of CRC undergo regular screening with either a high-sensitivity stool-based test or a structural (visual) examination, depending on patient preference and test availability. As a part of the screening process, all positive results on noncolonoscopy screening tests should be followed up with timely colonoscopy. The recommendation to begin screening at age 45 years is a qualified recommendation. The recommendation for regular screening in adults aged 50 years and older is a strong recommendation. The ACS recommends (qualified recommendations) that: 1) average-risk adults in good health with a life expectancy of more than 10 years continue CRC screening through the age of 75 years; 2) clinicians individualize CRC screening decisions for individuals aged 76 through 85 years based on patient preferences, life expectancy, health status, and prior screening history; and 3) clinicians discourage individuals older than 85 years from continuing CRC screening. The options for CRC screening are: fecal immunochemical test annually; high-sensitivity, guaiac-based fecal occult blood test annually; multitarget stool DNA test every 3 years; colonoscopy every 10 years; computed tomography colonography every 5 years; and flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68:250-281. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M D Wolf
- Associate Professor and Attending Physician, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Elizabeth T H Fontham
- Emeritus Professor, Louisiana State University School of Public Health, New Orleans, LA
| | - Timothy R Church
- Professor, University of Minnesota and Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Christopher R Flowers
- Professor and Attending Physician, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA
| | - Carmen E Guerra
- Associate Professor of Medicine of the Perelman School of Medicine and Attending Physician, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Samuel J LaMonte
- Independent retired physician and patient advocate, University of Washington and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Ruth Etzioni
- Biostatistician, University of Washington and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Matthew T McKenna
- Professor and Director, Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kevin C Oeffinger
- Professor and Director of the Duke Center for Onco-Primary Care, Durham, NC
| | - Ya-Chen Tina Shih
- Professor, Health Services Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Louise C Walter
- Professor and Attending Physician, University of California, San Francisco and San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kimberly S Andrews
- Director, Cancer Control Department, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Otis W Brawley
- Chief Medical and Scientific Officer and Executive Vice President-Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Durado Brooks
- Vice President, Cancer Control Interventions, Cancer Control Department, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Stacey A Fedewa
- Strategic Director for Risk Factor Screening and Surveillance, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Rebecca L Siegel
- Strategic Director, Surveillance Information Services, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Richard C Wender
- Chief Cancer Control Officer, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Robert A Smith
- Vice President, Cancer Screening, Cancer Control Department, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
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"Finding the Right FIT": Rural Patient Preferences for Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) Characteristics. J Am Board Fam Med 2017; 30:632-644. [PMID: 28923816 PMCID: PMC7363001 DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2017.05.170151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer death in the United States, yet 1 in 3 Americans have never been screened for CRC. Annual screening using fecal immunochemical tests (FITs) is often a preferred modality in populations experiencing CRC screening disparities. Although multiple studies evaluate the clinical effectiveness of FITs, few studies assess patient preferences toward kit characteristics. We conducted this community-led study to assess patient preferences for FIT characteristics and to use study findings in concert with clinical effectiveness data to inform regional FIT selection. METHODS We collaborated with local health system leaders to identify FITs and recruit age eligible (50 to 75 years), English or Spanish speaking community members. Participants completed up to 6 FITs and associated questionnaires and were invited to participate in a follow-up focus group. We used a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design to assess participant preferences and rank FIT kits. First, we used quantitative data from user testing to measure acceptability, ease of completion, and specimen adequacy through a descriptive analysis of 1) fixed response questionnaire items on participant attitudes toward and experiences with FIT kits, and 2) a clinical assessment of adherence to directions regarding collection, packaging, and return of specimens. Second, we analyzed qualitative data from focus groups to refine FIT rankings and gain deeper insight into the pros and cons associated with each tested kit. FINDINGS Seventy-six FITs were completed by 18 participants (Range, 3 to 6 kits per participant). Over half (56%, n = 10) of the participants were Hispanic and 50% were female (n = 9). Thirteen participants attended 1 of 3 focus groups. Participants preferred FITs that were single sample, used a probe and vial for sample collection, and had simple, large-font instructions with colorful pictures. Participants reported challenges using paper to catch samples, had difficulty labeling tests, and emphasized the importance of having care team members provide verbal instructions on test completion and follow-up support for patients with abnormal results. FIT rankings from most to least preferred were OC-Light, Hemosure iFOB Test, InSure FIT, QuickVue, OneStep+, and Hemoccult ICT. CONCLUSIONS FIT characteristics influenced patient's perceptions of test acceptability and feasibility. Health system leaders, payers, and clinicians should select FITs that are both clinically effective and incorporate patient preferred test characteristics. Consideration of patient preferences may facilitate FIT return, especially in populations at higher risk for experiencing CRC screening disparities.
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Preston MA, Glover-Collins K, Ross L, Porter A, Bursac Z, Woods D, Burton J, Crowell K, Laryea J, Henry-Tillman RS. Colorectal cancer screening in rural and poor-resourced communities. Am J Surg 2017; 216:245-250. [PMID: 28842164 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To test the efficacy of a community-based intervention, Empowering Communities for Life (EC4L), designed to increase colorectal cancer (CRC) screening through fecal occult blood test (FOBT) in rural underserved communities in a randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomized into 3 groups (2 interventions and 1 control). Interventions were delivered by community lay health workers or by academic health professionals. The main outcome of interest was return rate of FOBT screening kit within 60 days. Participants included 330 screening-eligible adults. The overall return rate of FOBT kits within 60 days was 32%. The professional group (Arm 2) had the highest proportion of returned FOBTs within 60 days at 42% (n = 46/110), a significantly higher return rate than the lay group (Arm 1) [28%(n = 29/103);P = 0.0422] or control group (Arm 3) [25%(n = 29/117);P = 0.0099]. Thus, one arm (Arm 2) of our intervention produced significantly higher CRC screening through FOBT. Community-based participation partnered with academic health professionals enhanced CRC screening among rural and poor-resourced communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Preston
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Health Initiatives and Disparities Research, 4301 West Markham Street #827, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA.
| | - Katherine Glover-Collins
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Health Initiatives and Disparities Research, 4301 West Markham Street #827, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA.
| | - Levi Ross
- The University of Alabama, Health Science, 461 Russell Hall, Box 870311, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA.
| | - Austin Porter
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Public Health, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA.
| | - Zoran Bursac
- University of TN Health Science Center, Center for Population Sciences, Department of Preventive Medicine, 66 N Pauline St., Suite 307, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Delores Woods
- East Arkansas Enterprise Community, Inc., 1000 Airport Road, Forrest City, AR, 72336-2212, USA.
| | - Jacqueline Burton
- Mississippi County Arkansas EOC, 1400 North Division, Blytheville, AR, 72315, USA.
| | - Karen Crowell
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Health Initiatives and Disparities Research, 4301 West Markham Street #827, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA.
| | - Jonathan Laryea
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Health Initiatives and Disparities Research, 4301 West Markham Street #827, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA.
| | - Ronda S Henry-Tillman
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Health Initiatives and Disparities Research, 4301 West Markham Street #827, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA.
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Hamman MK, Kapinos KA. Affordable Care Act Provision Lowered Out-Of-Pocket Cost And Increased Colonoscopy Rates Among Men In Medicare. Health Aff (Millwood) 2017; 34:2069-76. [PMID: 26643627 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2015.0571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer screening is one of the few cancer screenings with an "A" rating from the US Preventive Services Task Force, meaning that the procedure confers a substantial health benefit. However, 40 percent of people who should receive colorectal cancer screenings do not receive them. Colonoscopies are the most thorough method of screening because they allow physicians to view the entire length of the colon and remove polyps as needed. Billing methods that distinguish between screening and therapeutic procedures have kept expected colonoscopy costs high. However, the Affordable Care Act partially closed the so-called colonoscopy loophole and reduced expected out-of-pocket expenses for all Medicare beneficiaries. Using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, we found that annual colonoscopy rates among men ages 66-75 increased significantly (by 4.0 percentage points) after the Affordable Care Act policy change, and we found some evidence of even larger increases among socioeconomically disadvantaged men. We found no significant increases among women, a result that may be explained by health behavior and other factors and that requires further study. Our research indicates that cost may be an important barrier to colorectal cancer screening, at least among men, and that making further policy changes to close remaining loopholes may improve screening rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Hamman
- Mary K. Hamman is an assistant professor of economics at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse
| | - Kandice A Kapinos
- Kandice A. Kapinos is an economist at the RAND Corporation in Arlington, Virginia
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Breen N, Lewis DR, Gibson JT, Yu M, Harper S. Assessing disparities in colorectal cancer mortality by socioeconomic status using new tools: health disparities calculator and socioeconomic quintiles. Cancer Causes Control 2017; 28:117-125. [PMID: 28083800 PMCID: PMC5306354 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-016-0842-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Colorectal cancer mortality rates dropped by half in the past three decades, but these gains were accompanied by striking differences in colorectal cancer mortality by socioeconomic status (SES). Our research objective is to examine disparities in colorectal cancer mortality by SES, using a scientifically rigorous and reproducible approach with publicly available online tools, HD*Calc and NCI SES Quintiles. Methods All reported colorectal cancer deaths in the United States from 1980 to 2010 were categorized into NCI SES quintiles and assessed at the county level. Joinpoint was used to test for significant changes in trends. Absolute and relative concentration indices (CI) were computed with HD*Calc to graph change in disparity over time. Results Disparities by SES significantly declined until 1993–1995, and then increased until 2010, due to a mortality drop in populations living in high SES areas that exceeded the mortality drop in lower SES areas. HD*Calc results were consistent for both absolute and relative concentration indices. Inequality aversion parameter weights of 2, 4, 6 and 8 were compared to explore how much colorectal cancer mortality was concentrated in the poorest quintile compared to the richest quintile. Weights larger than 4 did not increase the slope of the disparities trend. Conclusions There is consistent evidence for a significant crossover in colorectal cancer disparity from 1980 to 2010. Trends in disparity can be accurately and readily summarized using the HD*Calc tool. The disparity trend, combined with published information on the timing of screening and treatment uptake, is concordant with the idea that introduction of medical screening and treatment leads to lower uptake in lower compared to higher SES populations and that differential uptake yields disparity in population mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Breen
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 6707 Democracy Blvd, Suite 800 MSC 5465, Bethesda, MD, 20892-5465, USA.
- Office of Science Policy, Planning, Analysis and Reporting, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Denise Riedel Lewis
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 6707 Democracy Blvd, Suite 800 MSC 5465, Bethesda, MD, 20892-5465, USA
| | | | - Mandi Yu
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 6707 Democracy Blvd, Suite 800 MSC 5465, Bethesda, MD, 20892-5465, USA
| | - Sam Harper
- McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Coughlin SS, Blumenthal DS, Seay SJ, Smith SA. Toward the Elimination of Colorectal Cancer Disparities Among African Americans. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2016; 3:555-564. [PMID: 27294749 PMCID: PMC4911324 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-015-0174-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the USA, race and socioeconomic status are well-known factors associated with colorectal cancer incidence and mortality rates. These are higher among blacks than whites and other racial/ethnic groups. METHODS In this article, we review opportunities to address disparities in colorectal cancer incidence, mortality, and survivorship among African Americans. RESULTS First, we summarize the primary prevention of colorectal cancer and recent advances in the early detection of the disease and disparities in screening. Then, we consider black-white disparities in colorectal cancer treatment and survival including factors that may contribute to such disparities and the important roles played by cultural competency, patient trust in one's physician, and health literacy in addressing colorectal cancer disparities, including the need for studies involving the use of colorectal cancer patient navigators who are culturally competent. CONCLUSION To reduce these disparities, intervention efforts should focus on providing high-quality screening and treatment for colorectal cancer and on educating African Americans about the value of diet, weight control, screening, and treatment. Organized approaches for delivering colorectal cancer screening should be accompanied by programs and policies that provide access to diagnostic follow-up and treatment for underserved populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven S Coughlin
- Department of Community Health and Sustainability, Division of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, One University Avenue, Kitson Hall 311A, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA.
| | - Daniel S Blumenthal
- Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Selina A Smith
- Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Institute of Public and Preventive Health, and Department of Family Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
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18
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McCarthy AM, Kim JJ, Beaber EF, Zheng Y, Burnett-Hartman A, Chubak J, Ghai NR, McLerran D, Breen N, Conant EF, Geller BM, Green BB, Klabunde CN, Inrig S, Skinner CS, Quinn VP, Haas JS, Schnall M, Rutter CM, Barlow WE, Corley DA, Armstrong K, Doubeni CA. Follow-Up of Abnormal Breast and Colorectal Cancer Screening by Race/Ethnicity. Am J Prev Med 2016; 51:507-12. [PMID: 27132628 PMCID: PMC5030116 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Timely follow-up of abnormal tests is critical to the effectiveness of cancer screening, but may vary by screening test, healthcare system, and sociodemographic group. METHODS Timely follow-up of abnormal mammogram and fecal occult blood testing or fecal immunochemical tests (FOBT/FIT) were compared by race/ethnicity using Population-Based Research Optimizing Screening through Personalized Regimens consortium data. Participants were women with an abnormal mammogram (aged 40-75 years) or FOBT/FIT (aged 50-75 years) in 2010-2012. Analyses were performed in 2015. Timely follow-up was defined as colonoscopy ≤3 months following positive FOBT/FIT; additional imaging or biopsy ≤3 months following Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System Category 0, 4, or 5 mammograms; or ≤9 months following Category 3 mammograms. Logistic regression was used to model receipt of timely follow-up adjusting for study site, age, year, insurance, and income. RESULTS Among 166,602 mammograms, 10.7% were abnormal; among 566,781 FOBT/FITs, 4.3% were abnormal. Nearly 96% of patients with abnormal mammograms received timely follow-up versus 68% with abnormal FOBT/FIT. There was greater variability in receipt of follow-up across healthcare systems for positive FOBT/FIT than for abnormal mammograms. For mammography, black women were less likely than whites to receive timely follow-up (91.8% vs 96.0%, OR=0.71, 95% CI=0.51, 0.97). For FOBT/FIT, Hispanics were more likely than whites to receive timely follow-up than whites (70.0% vs 67.6%, OR=1.12, 95% CI=1.04, 1.21). CONCLUSIONS Timely follow-up among women was more likely for abnormal mammograms than FOBT/FITs, with small variations in follow-up rates by race/ethnicity and larger variation across healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie McCarthy
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Jane J Kim
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elisabeth F Beaber
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Yingye Zheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Andrea Burnett-Hartman
- Division of Epidemiology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | | | - Nirupa R Ghai
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California
| | - Dale McLerran
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nancy Breen
- Health Systems and Interventions Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Emily F Conant
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Berta M Geller
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | | | | | - Stephen Inrig
- Department of Health Policy and History of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Health Policy and Management, Mount Saint Mary's University, Los Angeles, California
| | - Celette Sugg Skinner
- Department of Clinical Science and Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Virginia P Quinn
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California
| | - Jennifer S Haas
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mitchell Schnall
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - William E Barlow
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Douglas A Corley
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Katrina Armstrong
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chyke A Doubeni
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Richman I, Asch SM, Bhattacharya J, Owens DK. Colorectal Cancer Screening in the Era of the Affordable Care Act. J Gen Intern Med 2016; 31:315-20. [PMID: 26349953 PMCID: PMC4762811 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-015-3504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Affordable Care Act (ACA) eliminated cost-sharing for evidence-based preventive services in an effort to encourage use. OBJECTIVE To evaluate use of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening in a national population-based sample before and after implementation of the ACA. DESIGN Repeated cross-sectional analysis of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) between 2009 and 2012 comparing CRC screening rates before and after implementation of the ACA. PARTICIPANTS Adults 50-64 with private health insurance and adults 65-75 with Medicare. MAIN MEASURES Self-reported receipt of screening colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, or fecal occult blood test (FOBT) within the past year among those eligible for screening. KEY RESULTS Our study included 8617 adults aged 50-64 and 3761 adults aged 65-75. MEPS response rates ranged from 58 to 63%. Among adults aged 50-64, 18.9-20.9% received a colonoscopy in the survey year, 0.59-2.1% received a sigmoidoscopy, and 7.9-10.4% received an FOBT. For adults aged 65-75, 23.6-27.7% received a colonoscopy, 1.3-3.2% a sigmoidoscopy, and 13.5-16.4% an FOBT. In adjusted analyses, among participants aged 50-64, there was no increase in yearly rates of colonoscopy (-0.28 percentage points, 95% CI -2.3 to 1.7, p = 0.78), sigmoidoscopy (-1.1%, 95% CI -1.7 to -0.46, p = <0.001), or FOBT (-1.6%, 95% CI -3.2 to -0.03, p = 0.046) post-ACA. For those aged 65-75, rates of colonoscopy (+2.3%, 95% CI -1.4 to 6.0, p = 0.22), sigmoidoscopy (+0.34%, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.6, p = 0.58) and FOBT (-0.65, 95% CI -4.1 to 2.8, p = 0.72) did not increase. Among those aged 65-75 with Medicare and no additional insurance, the use of colonoscopy rose by 12.0% (95% CI 3.3 to 20.8, p = 0.007). Among participants with Medicare living in poverty, colonoscopy use also increased (+5.7%, 95% CI 0.18 to 11.3, p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS Eliminating cost-sharing for CRC screening has not resulted in changes in the use of CRC screening services for many Americans, although use may have increased in the post-ACA period among some Medicare beneficiaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Richman
- Center for Innovation to Implementation (Ci2i) VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA. .,Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research/Center for Health Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Steven M Asch
- Center for Innovation to Implementation (Ci2i) VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Division of General Medical Disciplines, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jay Bhattacharya
- Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research/Center for Health Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Douglas K Owens
- Center for Innovation to Implementation (Ci2i) VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research/Center for Health Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Schoenberg NE, Eddens K, Jonas A, Snell-Rood C, Studts CR, Broder-Oldach B, Katz ML. Colorectal cancer prevention: Perspectives of key players from social networks in a low-income rural US region. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2016; 11:30396. [PMID: 26905402 PMCID: PMC4764956 DOI: 10.3402/qhw.v11.30396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Social networks influence health behavior and health status. Within social networks, “key players” often influence those around them, particularly in traditionally underserved areas like the Appalachian region in the USA. From a total sample of 787 Appalachian residents, we identified and interviewed 10 key players in complex networks, asking them what comprises a key player, their role in their network and community, and ideas to overcome and increase colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. Key players emphasized their communication skills, resourcefulness, and special occupational and educational status in the community. Barriers to CRC screening included negative perceptions of the colonoscopy screening procedure, discomfort with the medical system, and misinformed perspectives on screening. Ideas to improve screening focused on increasing awareness of women's susceptibility to CRC, providing information on different screening tests, improving access, and the key role of health-care providers and key players themselves. We provide recommendations to leverage these vital community resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Schoenberg
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA;
| | - Kathryn Eddens
- Department of Health Behavior, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Adam Jonas
- Gatton School of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Claire Snell-Rood
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Christina R Studts
- Department of Health Behavior, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Mira L Katz
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Hamman MK, Kapinos KA. Colorectal Cancer Screening and State Health Insurance Mandates. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2016; 25:178-191. [PMID: 25521438 DOI: 10.1002/hec.3132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most deadly cancer in the USA. CRC screening is the most effective way to prevent CRC death, but compliance with recommended screenings is very low. In this study, we investigate whether CRC screening behavior changed under state mandated private insurance coverage of CRC screening in a sample of insured adults from the 1997 to 2008 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS). We present difference-in-difference-in-differences (DDD) estimates that compare insured individuals age 51 to 64 to Medicare age-eligible individuals (ages 66 to 75) in mandate and non-mandate states over time. Our DDD estimates suggest endoscopic screening among men increased by 2 to 3 percentage points under mandated coverage among 51 to 64 year olds relative to their Medicare age-eligible counterparts. We find no clear evidence of changes in screening behavior among women. DD estimates suggest no evidence of a mandate effect on either type of CRC screening for men or women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Hamman
- Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin, La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
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Fabian CJ, Meyskens FL, Bajorin DF, George TJ, Jeter JM, Khan S, Tyne CA, William WN. Barriers to a Career Focus in Cancer Prevention: A Report and Initial Recommendations From the American Society of Clinical Oncology Cancer Prevention Workforce Pipeline Work Group. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34:186-93. [PMID: 26527778 PMCID: PMC5070551 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.63.5979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assist in determining barriers to an oncology career incorporating cancer prevention, the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Cancer Prevention Workforce Pipeline Work Group sponsored surveys of training program directors and oncology fellows. METHODS Separate surveys with parallel questions were administered to training program directors at their fall 2013 retreat and to oncology fellows as part of their February 2014 in-training examination survey. Forty-seven (67%) of 70 training directors and 1,306 (80%) of 1,634 oncology fellows taking the in-training examination survey answered questions. RESULTS Training directors estimated that ≤ 10% of fellows starting an academic career or entering private practice would have a career focus in cancer prevention. Only 15% of fellows indicated they would likely be interested in cancer prevention as a career focus, although only 12% thought prevention was unimportant relative to treatment. Top fellow-listed barriers to an academic career were difficulty in obtaining funding and lower compensation. Additional barriers to an academic career with a prevention focus included unclear career model, lack of clinical mentors, lack of clinical training opportunities, and concerns about reimbursement. CONCLUSION Reluctance to incorporate cancer prevention into an oncology career seems to stem from lack of mentors and exposure during training, unclear career path, and uncertainty regarding reimbursement. Suggested approaches to begin to remedy this problem include: 1) more ASCO-led and other prevention educational resources for fellows, training directors, and practicing oncologists; 2) an increase in funded training and clinical research opportunities, including reintroduction of the R25T award; 3) an increase in the prevention content of accrediting examinations for clinical oncologists; and 4) interaction with policymakers to broaden the scope and depth of reimbursement for prevention counseling and intervention services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J Fabian
- Carol J. Fabian, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Frank L. Meyskens Jr, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA; Dean F. Bajorin, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Thomas J. George Jr, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Joanne M. Jeter, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Shakila Khan, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Courtney A. Tyne, Feinstein Kean Healthcare, Washington, DC; and William N. William Jr, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
| | - Frank L Meyskens
- Carol J. Fabian, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Frank L. Meyskens Jr, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA; Dean F. Bajorin, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Thomas J. George Jr, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Joanne M. Jeter, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Shakila Khan, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Courtney A. Tyne, Feinstein Kean Healthcare, Washington, DC; and William N. William Jr, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Dean F Bajorin
- Carol J. Fabian, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Frank L. Meyskens Jr, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA; Dean F. Bajorin, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Thomas J. George Jr, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Joanne M. Jeter, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Shakila Khan, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Courtney A. Tyne, Feinstein Kean Healthcare, Washington, DC; and William N. William Jr, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Thomas J George
- Carol J. Fabian, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Frank L. Meyskens Jr, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA; Dean F. Bajorin, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Thomas J. George Jr, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Joanne M. Jeter, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Shakila Khan, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Courtney A. Tyne, Feinstein Kean Healthcare, Washington, DC; and William N. William Jr, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Joanne M Jeter
- Carol J. Fabian, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Frank L. Meyskens Jr, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA; Dean F. Bajorin, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Thomas J. George Jr, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Joanne M. Jeter, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Shakila Khan, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Courtney A. Tyne, Feinstein Kean Healthcare, Washington, DC; and William N. William Jr, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Shakila Khan
- Carol J. Fabian, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Frank L. Meyskens Jr, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA; Dean F. Bajorin, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Thomas J. George Jr, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Joanne M. Jeter, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Shakila Khan, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Courtney A. Tyne, Feinstein Kean Healthcare, Washington, DC; and William N. William Jr, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Courtney A Tyne
- Carol J. Fabian, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Frank L. Meyskens Jr, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA; Dean F. Bajorin, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Thomas J. George Jr, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Joanne M. Jeter, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Shakila Khan, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Courtney A. Tyne, Feinstein Kean Healthcare, Washington, DC; and William N. William Jr, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - William N William
- Carol J. Fabian, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; Frank L. Meyskens Jr, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA; Dean F. Bajorin, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Thomas J. George Jr, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Joanne M. Jeter, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; Shakila Khan, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Courtney A. Tyne, Feinstein Kean Healthcare, Washington, DC; and William N. William Jr, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Hunleth JM, Steinmetz EK, McQueen A, James AS. Beyond Adherence: Health Care Disparities and the Struggle to Get Screened for Colon Cancer. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2016; 26:17-31. [PMID: 26160775 PMCID: PMC4684740 DOI: 10.1177/1049732315593549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Dominant health care professional discourses on cancer take for granted high levels of individual responsibility in cancer prevention, especially in expectations about preventive screening. At the same time, adhering to screening guidelines can be difficult for lower income and under-insured individuals. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prime example. Since the advent of CRC screening, disparities in CRC mortality have widened along lines of income, insurance, and race in the United States. We used a community-engaged research method, Photovoice, to examine how people from medically under-served areas experienced and gave meaning to CRC screening. In our analysis, we first discuss ways in which participants recounted screening as a struggle. Second, we highlight a category that participants suggested was key to successful screening: social connections. Finally, we identify screening as an emotionally laden process that is underpinned by feelings of uncertainty, guilt, fear, and relief. We discuss the importance of these findings to research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Hunleth
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Amy McQueen
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Aimee S James
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Kadiyska T, Nossikoff A. Stool DNA methylation assays in colorectal cancer screening. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:10057-10061. [PMID: 26401070 PMCID: PMC4572786 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i35.10057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is fourth most common cancer in men and third in women worldwide. Developing a diagnostic panel of sensitive and specific biomarkers for the early detection of CRC is recognised as to be crucial for early initial diagnosis, which in turn leads to better long term survival. Most of the research on novel potential CRC biomarkers in the last 2 decades has been focussed on stool DNA analysis. In this paper, we describe the recent advances in non-invasive CRC screening and more specifically in molecular assays for aberrantly methylated BMP3 and NDRG4 promoter regions. In several research papers these markers showed superior rates for sensitivity and specificity in comparison to previously described assays. These tests detected the majority of adenomas ≥ 1 cm in size and the detection rates progressively increased with larger adenomas. The methylation status of the BMP3 and NDRG4 promoters demonstrated effective detection of neoplasms at all sites throughout the colon and was not affected by common clinical variables. Recently, a multitarget stool DNA test consisting of molecular assays for aberrantly methylated BMP3 and NDRG4 promoter regions, mutant KRAS and immunochemical assay for human haemoglobin has been made commercially available and is currently reimbursed in the United States. Although this is the most sensitive non-invasive CRC screening test, there is the need for further research in several areas - establishment of the best timeframe for repeated DNA stool testing; validation of the results in populations outside of North America; usefulness for surveillance and prognosis of patients; cost-effectiveness of DNA stool testing in real-life populations.
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25
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Han X, Robin Yabroff K, Guy GP, Zheng Z, Jemal A. Has recommended preventive service use increased after elimination of cost-sharing as part of the Affordable Care Act in the United States? Prev Med 2015; 78. [PMID: 26209914 PMCID: PMC4589867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An early provision of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) eliminated cost-sharing for a range of recommended preventive services. This provision took effect in September 2010, but little is known about its effect on preventive service use. METHODS We evaluated changes in the use of recommended preventive services from 2009 (before the implementation of ACA cost-sharing provision) to 2011/2012 (after the implementation) in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, a nationally representative household interview survey in the US. Specifically, we examined: blood pressure check, cholesterol check, flu vaccination, and cervical, breast, and colorectal cancer screening, controlling for demographic characteristics and stratifying by insurance type. RESULTS There were 64,280 (21,310 before and 42,970 after the implementation of ACA cost-sharing provision) adults included in the analyses. Receipt of recent blood pressure check, cholesterol check and flu vaccination increased significantly from 2009 to 2011/2012, primarily in the privately insured population aged 18-64years, with adjusted prevalence ratios (95% confidence intervals) 1.03 (1.01-1.05) for blood pressure check, 1.13 (1.09-1.18) for cholesterol check and 1.04 (1.00-1.08) for flu vaccination (all p-values<0.05). However, few changes were observed for cancer screening. We observed little change in the uninsured population. CONCLUSIONS These early observations suggest positive benefits from the ACA policy of eliminating cost-sharing for some preventive services. Future research is warranted to monitor and evaluate longer term effects of the ACA on access to care and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Han
- Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - K Robin Yabroff
- Health Services and Economics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Gery P Guy
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Zheng
- Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ahmedin Jemal
- Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Robson ME, Bradbury AR, Arun B, Domchek SM, Ford JM, Hampel HL, Lipkin SM, Syngal S, Wollins DS, Lindor NM. American Society of Clinical Oncology Policy Statement Update: Genetic and Genomic Testing for Cancer Susceptibility. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:3660-7. [PMID: 26324357 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.63.0996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) has long affirmed that the recognition and management of individuals with an inherited susceptibility to cancer are core elements of oncology care. ASCO released its first statement on genetic testing in 1996 and updated that statement in 2003 and 2010 in response to developments in the field. In 2014, the Cancer Prevention and Ethics Committees of ASCO commissioned another update to reflect the impact of advances in this area on oncology practice. In particular, there was an interest in addressing the opportunities and challenges arising from the application of massively parallel sequencing-also known as next-generation sequencing-to cancer susceptibility testing. This technology introduces a new level of complexity into the practice of cancer risk assessment and management, requiring renewed effort on the part of ASCO to ensure that those providing care to patients with cancer receive the necessary education to use this new technology in the most effective, beneficial manner. The purpose of this statement is to explore the challenges of new and emerging technologies in cancer genetics and provide recommendations to ensure their optimal deployment in oncology practice. Specifically, the statement makes recommendations in the following areas: germline implications of somatic mutation profiling, multigene panel testing for cancer susceptibility, quality assurance in genetic testing, education of oncology professionals, and access to cancer genetic services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Robson
- Mark E. Robson, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Mark E. Robson and Stephen M. Lipkin, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Angela R. Bradbury and Susan M. Domchek, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Banu Arun, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; James M. Ford, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; Heather L. Hampel, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH; Sapna Syngal, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Dana S. Wollins, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; and Noralane M. Lindor, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ.
| | - Angela R Bradbury
- Mark E. Robson, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Mark E. Robson and Stephen M. Lipkin, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Angela R. Bradbury and Susan M. Domchek, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Banu Arun, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; James M. Ford, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; Heather L. Hampel, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH; Sapna Syngal, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Dana S. Wollins, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; and Noralane M. Lindor, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Banu Arun
- Mark E. Robson, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Mark E. Robson and Stephen M. Lipkin, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Angela R. Bradbury and Susan M. Domchek, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Banu Arun, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; James M. Ford, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; Heather L. Hampel, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH; Sapna Syngal, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Dana S. Wollins, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; and Noralane M. Lindor, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Susan M Domchek
- Mark E. Robson, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Mark E. Robson and Stephen M. Lipkin, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Angela R. Bradbury and Susan M. Domchek, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Banu Arun, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; James M. Ford, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; Heather L. Hampel, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH; Sapna Syngal, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Dana S. Wollins, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; and Noralane M. Lindor, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - James M Ford
- Mark E. Robson, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Mark E. Robson and Stephen M. Lipkin, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Angela R. Bradbury and Susan M. Domchek, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Banu Arun, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; James M. Ford, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; Heather L. Hampel, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH; Sapna Syngal, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Dana S. Wollins, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; and Noralane M. Lindor, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Heather L Hampel
- Mark E. Robson, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Mark E. Robson and Stephen M. Lipkin, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Angela R. Bradbury and Susan M. Domchek, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Banu Arun, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; James M. Ford, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; Heather L. Hampel, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH; Sapna Syngal, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Dana S. Wollins, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; and Noralane M. Lindor, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Stephen M Lipkin
- Mark E. Robson, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Mark E. Robson and Stephen M. Lipkin, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Angela R. Bradbury and Susan M. Domchek, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Banu Arun, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; James M. Ford, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; Heather L. Hampel, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH; Sapna Syngal, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Dana S. Wollins, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; and Noralane M. Lindor, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Sapna Syngal
- Mark E. Robson, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Mark E. Robson and Stephen M. Lipkin, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Angela R. Bradbury and Susan M. Domchek, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Banu Arun, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; James M. Ford, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; Heather L. Hampel, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH; Sapna Syngal, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Dana S. Wollins, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; and Noralane M. Lindor, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Dana S Wollins
- Mark E. Robson, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Mark E. Robson and Stephen M. Lipkin, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Angela R. Bradbury and Susan M. Domchek, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Banu Arun, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; James M. Ford, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; Heather L. Hampel, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH; Sapna Syngal, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Dana S. Wollins, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; and Noralane M. Lindor, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Noralane M Lindor
- Mark E. Robson, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Mark E. Robson and Stephen M. Lipkin, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Angela R. Bradbury and Susan M. Domchek, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Banu Arun, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; James M. Ford, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; Heather L. Hampel, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH; Sapna Syngal, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Dana S. Wollins, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; and Noralane M. Lindor, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
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27
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Analyzing Cancer Disparities: A New Policy Landscape Calls for New Approaches to Research. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2015. [PMID: 26214534 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hamman MK, Kapinos KA. Mandated coverage of preventive care and reduction in disparities: evidence from colorectal cancer screening. Am J Public Health 2015; 105 Suppl 3:S508-16. [PMID: 25905835 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2015.302578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We identified correlates of racial/ethnic disparities in colorectal cancer screening and changes in disparities under state-mandated insurance coverage. METHODS Using Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data, we estimated a Fairlie decomposition in the insured population aged 50 to 64 years and a regression-adjusted difference-in-difference-in-difference model of changes in screening attributable to mandates. RESULTS Under mandated coverage, blood stool test (BST) rates increased among Black, Asian, and Native American men, but rates among Whites also increased, so disparities did not change. Endoscopic screening rates increased by 10 percentage points for Hispanic men and 3 percentage points for non-Hispanic men. BST rates fell among Hispanic relative to non-Hispanic men. We found no changes for women. However, endoscopic screening rates improved among lower income individuals across all races and ethnicities. CONCLUSIONS Mandates were associated with a reduction in endoscopic screening disparities only for Hispanic men but may indirectly reduce racial/ethnic disparities by increasing rates among lower income individuals. Findings imply that systematic differences in insurance coverage, or health plan fragmentation, likely existed without mandates. These findings underscore the need to research disparities within insured populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Hamman
- Mary K. Hamman is with the Department of Economics, College of Business Administration, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. Kandice A. Kapinos is with the RAND Corporation, Arlington, VA
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29
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Ma GX, Zhang GY, Zhai S, Ma X, Tan Y, Shive SE, Wang MQ. Hepatitis B screening among Chinese Americans: a structural equation modeling analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:120. [PMID: 25880870 PMCID: PMC4357149 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0854-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) disproportionately affects new immigrants from endemic regions such as China. Untreated infections increase health risks for liver diseases including cancer. Yet most of those infected are unaware of their disease limiting prevention and early treatment options. The purpose of this community based study was to evaluate a heuristic model identifying factors contributing to Hepatitis B (HBV) screening among Chinese Americans. METHODS A cross-sectional design included a sample of 924 Chinese men and women 18 years of age and older of which 718 had complete data for final analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis verified conceptual indicators including access/satisfaction with health care and enabling, predisposing, cultural, and health belief factors. Structural equation modeling was used to identify direct and indirect predictors of Hepatitis B screening. RESULTS Bivariate analysis revealed that Chinese respondents who were never screened for HBV were significantly more likely to be below age 40 (69.8%), male (69.2%), had less than a high school education (76.4%), with less than 6 years living in the US (72.8%) and had no health insurance (79.2%). The final model identified enabling factors (having health insurance, a primary health care provider to go to when sick and more frequent visits to a doctor in the last year) as the strongest predictor of HBV screening (coefficient = 0.470, t = 7.618, p < .001). Predisposing factors (education variables) were also significantly related to HBV screening. Cultural factors and Satisfaction with Health care were associated with HBV screening only through their significant relationships with enabling factors. CONCLUSIONS The tested theoretical model shows promise in predicting HBV testing among Chinese Americans. Increasing access to health care by expanding insurance options and improving culturally sensitivity in health systems are critical to reach new immigrants like Chinese for HBV screening. Yet such strategies are consistent with DHHS Action plan for the Prevention and Treatment of Viral Hepatitis. Implementing community-based strategies like partnering with relevant Community-Based Organizations are important for meeting HBV policy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace X Ma
- Department of Public Health, Director of Center for Asian Health, College of Public Health, 1301 Cecil B Moore Ave. Ritter Annex, Rm 913, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Guo Yolanda Zhang
- Center for Asian Health and College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Shumenghui Zhai
- Center for Asian Health and College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Xiang Ma
- Center for Asian Health and College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Yin Tan
- Center for Asian Health and College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Steven E Shive
- Department of Health, Research Associate, Center for Asian Health, Temple University; and East Stroudsburg University, DeNike Hall, 200 Prospect St., East Stroudsburg University, East Stroudsburg, PA, 18301-2999, USA.
| | - Min Qi Wang
- Department of Public and Community Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.
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Thomson MD, Siminoff LA. Finding medical care for colorectal cancer symptoms: experiences among those facing financial barriers. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2015; 42:46-54. [PMID: 25394821 PMCID: PMC4604569 DOI: 10.1177/1090198114557123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Financial barriers can substantially delay medical care seeking. Using patient narratives provided by 252 colorectal cancer patients, we explored the experience of financial barriers to care seeking. Of the 252 patients interviewed, 84 identified financial barriers as a significant hurdle to obtaining health care for their colorectal cancer symptoms. Using verbatim transcripts of the narratives collected from patients between 2008 and 2010, three themes were identified: insurance status as a barrier (discussed by n = 84; 100% of subsample), finding medical care (discussed by n = 30; 36% of subsample) and, insurance companies as barriers (discussed by n = 7; 8% of subsample). Our analysis revealed that insurance status is more nuanced than the categories insured/uninsured and differentially affects how patients attempt to secure health care. While barriers to medical care for the uninsured have been well documented, the experiences of those who are underinsured are less well understood. To improve outcomes in these patients it is critical to understand how financial barriers to medical care are manifested. Even with anticipated changes of the Affordable Care Act, it remains important to understand how perceived financial barriers may be influencing patient behaviors, particularly those who have limited health care options due to insufficient health insurance coverage.
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Decker KM, Singh H. Reducing inequities in colorectal cancer screening in North America. J Carcinog 2014; 13:12. [PMID: 25506266 PMCID: PMC4253036 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.144576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in North America. Screening using a fecal occult blood test, flexible sigmoidoscopy, or colonoscopy reduces CRC mortality through the detection and treatment of precancerous polyps and early stage CRC. Although CRC screening participation has increased in recent years, large inequities still exist. Minorities, new immigrants, and those with lower levels of education or income are much less likely to be screened. This review provides an overview of the commonly used tests for CRC screening, disparities in CRC screening, and promising methods at the individual, provider, and system levels to reduce these disparities. Overall, to achieve high CRC participation rates and reduce the burden of CRC in the population, a multi-faceted approach that uses strategies at all levels to reduce CRC screening disparities is urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Decker
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada ; Screening Programs, Cancer Care Manitoba, Canada
| | - Harminder Singh
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada ; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Canada ; Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, Cancer Care Manitoba, Canada
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Howard DH, Guy GP, Ekwueme DU. Eliminating cost-sharing requirements for colon cancer screening in Medicare. Cancer 2014; 120:3850-2. [PMID: 25302786 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Medicare beneficiaries do not have to pay for screening colonoscopies but must pay coinsurance if a polyp is removed via polypectomy. Likewise, beneficiaries do not have to pay for fecal occult blood tests but are liable for cost-sharing for diagnostic colonoscopies after a positive test. Legislative and regulatory requirements related to colorectal cancer screening are described, and on the basis of Medicare claims, it is estimated that Medicare spending would increase by $48 million annually if Medicare were to waive cost-sharing requirements for these services. The economic impact on Medicare if beneficiaries were not responsible for any cost-sharing requirements related to colorectal cancer screening services is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Howard
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health and Winship Cancer Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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