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Silina EV, Manturova NE, Ivanova OS, Baranchikov AE, Artyushkova EB, Medvedeva OA, Kryukov AA, Dodonova SA, Gladchenko MP, Vorsina ES, Kruglova MP, Kalyuzhin OV, Suzdaltseva YG, Stupin VA. Cerium Dioxide-Dextran Nanocomposites in the Development of a Medical Product for Wound Healing: Physical, Chemical and Biomedical Characteristics. Molecules 2024; 29:2853. [PMID: 38930918 PMCID: PMC11207082 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY the creation of a dextran coating on cerium oxide crystals using different ratios of cerium and dextran to synthesize nanocomposites, and the selection of the best nanocomposite to develop a nanodrug that accelerates quality wound healing with a new type of antimicrobial effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nanocomposites were synthesized using cerium nitrate and dextran polysaccharide (6000 Da) at four different initial ratios of Ce(NO3)3x6H2O to dextran (by weight)-1:0.5 (Ce0.5D); 1:1 (Ce1D); 1:2 (Ce2D); and 1:3 (Ce3D). A series of physicochemical experiments were performed to characterize the created nanocomposites: UV-spectroscopy; X-ray phase analysis; transmission electron microscopy; dynamic light scattering and IR-spectroscopy. The biomedical effects of nanocomposites were studied on human fibroblast cell culture with an evaluation of their effect on the metabolic and proliferative activity of cells using an MTT test and direct cell counting. Antimicrobial activity was studied by mass spectrometry using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry against E. coli after 24 h and 48 h of co-incubation. RESULTS According to the physicochemical studies, nanocrystals less than 5 nm in size with diffraction peaks characteristic of cerium dioxide were identified in all synthesized nanocomposites. With increasing polysaccharide concentration, the particle size of cerium dioxide decreased, and the smallest nanoparticles (<2 nm) were in Ce2D and Ce3D composites. The results of cell experiments showed a high level of safety of dextran nanoceria, while the absence of cytotoxicity (100% cell survival rate) was established for Ce2D and C3D sols. At a nanoceria concentration of 10-2 M, the proliferative activity of fibroblasts was statistically significantly enhanced only when co-cultured with Ce2D, but decreased with Ce3D. The metabolic activity of fibroblasts after 72 h of co-cultivation with nano composites increased with increasing dextran concentration, and the highest level was registered in Ce3D; from the dextran group, differences were registered in Ce2D and Ce3D sols. As a result of the microbiological study, the best antimicrobial activity (bacteriostatic effect) was found for Ce0.5D and Ce2D, which significantly inhibited the multiplication of E. coli after 24 h by an average of 22-27%, and after 48 h, all nanocomposites suppressed the multiplication of E. coli by 58-77%, which was the most pronounced for Ce0.5D, Ce1D, and Ce2D. CONCLUSIONS The necessary physical characteristics of nanoceria-dextran nanocomposites that provide the best wound healing biological effects were determined. Ce2D at a concentration of 10-3 M, which stimulates cell proliferation and metabolism up to 2.5 times and allows a reduction in the rate of microorganism multiplication by three to four times, was selected for subsequent nanodrug creation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V. Silina
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.P.K.); (O.V.K.)
| | - Natalia E. Manturova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia; (N.E.M.); (V.A.S.)
| | - Olga S. Ivanova
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow 119071, Russia;
| | - Alexander E. Baranchikov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Elena B. Artyushkova
- Kursk State Medical University, Karl Marx Str., 3, Kursk 305041, Russia; (E.B.A.); (O.A.M.); (A.A.K.); (S.A.D.); (M.P.G.); (E.S.V.)
| | - Olga A. Medvedeva
- Kursk State Medical University, Karl Marx Str., 3, Kursk 305041, Russia; (E.B.A.); (O.A.M.); (A.A.K.); (S.A.D.); (M.P.G.); (E.S.V.)
| | - Alexey A. Kryukov
- Kursk State Medical University, Karl Marx Str., 3, Kursk 305041, Russia; (E.B.A.); (O.A.M.); (A.A.K.); (S.A.D.); (M.P.G.); (E.S.V.)
| | - Svetlana A. Dodonova
- Kursk State Medical University, Karl Marx Str., 3, Kursk 305041, Russia; (E.B.A.); (O.A.M.); (A.A.K.); (S.A.D.); (M.P.G.); (E.S.V.)
| | - Mikhail P. Gladchenko
- Kursk State Medical University, Karl Marx Str., 3, Kursk 305041, Russia; (E.B.A.); (O.A.M.); (A.A.K.); (S.A.D.); (M.P.G.); (E.S.V.)
| | - Ekaterina S. Vorsina
- Kursk State Medical University, Karl Marx Str., 3, Kursk 305041, Russia; (E.B.A.); (O.A.M.); (A.A.K.); (S.A.D.); (M.P.G.); (E.S.V.)
| | - Maria P. Kruglova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.P.K.); (O.V.K.)
| | - Oleg V. Kalyuzhin
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.P.K.); (O.V.K.)
| | - Yulia G. Suzdaltseva
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkin Str., 3, Moscow 119333, Russia;
| | - Victor A. Stupin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia; (N.E.M.); (V.A.S.)
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Brantingham PJ, Quintana-Navarrete M, Iliff C, Uchida CD, Tita GE. Situational and Victim Correlates of Increased Case Fatality Rates in Los Angeles Shootings, 2005-2021. J Urban Health 2024; 101:272-279. [PMID: 38546938 PMCID: PMC11052931 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-024-00845-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The gun assault case fatality rate measures the fraction of shooting victims who die from their wounds. Considerable debate has surrounded whether gun assault case fatality rates have changed over time and what factors may be involved. We use crime event data from Los Angeles to examine the victim and situational correlates of gun assault case fatality rates over time. We estimated log binomial regression models for the probability of death in each year from 2005 to 2021, conditioned on situational and victim characteristics of the crime. Case fatality rates increased by around 1.3% per year between 2005 and 2021 from around 15.9 to 19.7%. Baseline case fatality rates differed systematically by most situational and victim but followed similar temporal trends. Only victim age significantly covaried with the temporal trend in case fatality rates. An individual shot in Los Angeles in 2021 was 23.7% more likely to die than the equivalent victim in 2005. The steady increase in case fatality rates suggests that there were around 394 excess fatalities over what would have occurred if case fatality rates remained at the 2005 level. Increases in the average age of victims over time may contribute to the general temporal trend. We hypothesize that older victims are more likely to be shot indoors where lethal close-range wounds are more likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jeffrey Brantingham
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, 341 Haines Hall, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | | | - Clarissa Iliff
- Department of Criminology, Law & Society, 2309 Social Ecology II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Craig D Uchida
- Justice & Security Strategies, Inc., PO Box 6188, Silver Spring, MD, 20916, USA
| | - George E Tita
- Department of Criminology, Law & Society, 2309 Social Ecology II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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Miller T, Downing J, Wheeler L, Fischer K. The Medical Costs of Firearm Injuries in the United States: A Systematic Review. J Emerg Med 2024; 66:109-132. [PMID: 38262782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Firearm injury poses a significant public health burden in the United States. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this systematic review was to provide a comprehensive accounting of the medical costs of firearm injuries in the United States. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted to identify studies published between January 1, 2000 and July 13, 2022 that reported medical costs of firearm injuries. A search of Embase, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library databases was performed by a medical librarian. The National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies was used to evaluate for risk of bias. Health care-related charges and costs per firearm injury were presented and trends were identified. RESULTS Sixty-four studies were included in the analysis. Study sample sizes ranged from 18 to 868,483 patients. Reported costs per injury ranged from $261 to $529,609. The median cost reported was $27,820 (interquartile range [IQR] $15,133-$40,124) and median charge reported was $53,832 (IQR $38,890-$98,632). Studies that divided initial hospitalization costs and follow-up medical costs identified that initial hospitalization accounts for about 60% of total costs. CONCLUSIONS We found a significant volume of literature about the medical costs of firearm injury, which identified a highly heterogeneous cost burden. A significant amount of cost burden occurs after the index hospitalization, which is the only cost reported in most studies. Limitations of this study include reporting bias that favors hospitalized patients as well as a large focus on hospital charges as measurements of cost identified in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Miller
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jessica Downing
- The R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lauren Wheeler
- Health Sciences & Human Services Library, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kyle Fischer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Ersanli C, Voidarou C(C, Tzora A, Fotou K, Zeugolis DI, Skoufos I. Electrospun Scaffolds as Antimicrobial Herbal Extract Delivery Vehicles for Wound Healing. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:481. [PMID: 37754895 PMCID: PMC10532143 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14090481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbal extracts have been used in traditional remedies since the earliest myths. They have excellent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities owing to various bioactive components in their structure. However, due to their inability to reach a target and low biostability, their use with a delivery vehicle has come into prominence. For this purpose, electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds have been widely preferred for the delivery and release of antimicrobial herbal extracts due to the flexibility and operational versatility of the electrospinning technique. Herein, we briefly reviewed the electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds as delivery systems for herbal extracts with a particular focus on the preclinical studies for wound-healing applications that have been published in the last five years. We also discussed the indirect effects of herbal extracts on wound healing by altering the characteristics of electrospun mats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Ersanli
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece;
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece (A.T.); (K.F.)
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Charles Institute of Dermatology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Chrysoula (Chrysa) Voidarou
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece (A.T.); (K.F.)
| | - Athina Tzora
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece (A.T.); (K.F.)
| | - Konstantina Fotou
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece (A.T.); (K.F.)
| | - Dimitrios I. Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Charles Institute of Dermatology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Ioannis Skoufos
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece;
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Kwon EG, Nehra D, Hall M, Herrera-Escobar JP, Rivara FP, Rice-Townsend SE. The association between childhood opportunity index and pediatric hospitalization for firearm injury or motor vehicle crash. Surgery 2023; 174:356-362. [PMID: 37211510 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community-level factors can profoundly impact children's health, including the risk of violent injury. This study's objective was to understand the relationship between the Childhood Opportunity Index and pediatric firearm injury owing to interpersonal violence compared with a motor vehicle crash. METHODS All pediatric patients (<18 years) who presented with an initial encounter with a firearm injury or motor vehicle crash between 2016 to 2021 were identified from 35 children's hospitals included in the Pediatric Health Information System database. The child-specific community-level vulnerability was determined by the Childhood Opportunity Index, a composite score of neighborhood opportunity level data specific to pediatric populations. RESULTS We identified 67,407 patients treated for injuries related to motor vehicle crashes (n = 61,527) or firearms (n = 5,880). The overall cohort had a mean age of 9.3 (standard deviation 5.4) years; 50.0% were male patients, 44.0% non-Hispanic Black, and were 60.8% publicly insured. Compared with motor vehicle crash injuries, patients with firearm-related injuries were older (12.2 vs 9.0 years), more likely to be male patients (77.7% vs 47.4%), non-Hispanic Black (63.5% vs 42.1%), and had public insurance (76.4 vs 59.3%; all P < .001). In multivariable analysis, children living in communities with lower Childhood Opportunity Index levels were more likely to present with firearm injury than those living in communities with a very high Childhood Opportunity Index. The odds increased as the Childhood Opportunity Index level decreased (odds ratio 1.33, 1.60, 1.73, 2.00 for high, moderate, low, and very low Childhood Opportunity Index, respectively; all P ≤ .001). CONCLUSION Children from lower-Childhood Opportunity Index communities are disproportionately impacted by firearm violence, and these findings have important implications for both clinical care and public health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eustina G Kwon
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Deepika Nehra
- Division of Trauma, Burn, and Critical Care Surgery, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Juan P Herrera-Escobar
- Division of Trauma, Burn, and Critical Care Surgery, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Samuel E Rice-Townsend
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
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Zheng N, Abram KM, Welty LJ, Aaby DA, Meyerson NS, Teplin LA. Nonfatal Firearm Injury and Firearm Mortality in High-risk Youths and Young Adults 25 Years After Detention. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e238902. [PMID: 37083667 PMCID: PMC10122168 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.8902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Youths, especially Black and Hispanic males, are disproportionately affected by firearm violence. Yet, no epidemiologic studies have examined the incidence rates of nonfatal firearm injury and firearm mortality in those who may be at greatest risk-youths who have been involved with the juvenile justice system. Objectives To examine nonfatal firearm injury and firearm mortality in youths involved with the juvenile justice system and to compare incidence rates of firearm mortality with the general population. Design, Setting, and Participants The Northwestern Juvenile Project is a 25-year prospective longitudinal cohort study of 1829 youths after juvenile detention in Chicago, Illinois. Youths were randomly sampled by strata (sex, race and ethnicity, age, and legal status [juvenile or adult court]) at intake from the Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center. Participants were interviewed at baseline (November 1995 to June 1998) and reinterviewed as many as 13 times over 16 years, through February 2015. Official records on mortality were collected through December 2020. Data analysis was conducted from November 2018 to August 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures Participants self-reported nonfatal firearm injuries. Firearm deaths were identified from county and state records and collateral reports. Data on firearm deaths in the general population were obtained from the Illinois Department of Public Health. Population counts were obtained from the US census. Results The baseline sample of 1829 participants included 1172 (64.1%) males and 657 (35.9%) females; 1005 (54.9%) Black, 524 (28.6%) Hispanic, 296 (16.2%) non-Hispanic White, and 4 (0.2%) from other racial and ethnic groups (mean [SD] age, 14.9 [1.4] years). Sixteen years after detention, more than one-quarter of Black (156 of 575 [27.1%]) and Hispanic (103 of 387 [26.6%]) males had been injured or killed by firearms. Males had 13.6 (95% CI, 8.6-21.6) times the rate of firearm injury or mortality than females. Twenty-five years after the study began, 88 participants (4.8%) had been killed by a firearm. Compared with the Cook County general population, most demographic groups in the sample had significantly higher rates of firearm mortality (eg, rate ratio for males, 2.8; 95% CI, 2.0-3.9; for females: 6.5; 95% CI, 3.0-14.1; for Black males, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.7-3.7; for Hispanic males, 9.6; 95% CI, 6.2-15.0; for non-Hispanic White males, 23.0; 95% CI, 11.7-45.5). Conclusions and Relevance This is the first study to examine the incidence of nonfatal firearm injury and firearm mortality in youths who have been involved with the juvenile justice system. Reducing firearm injury and mortality in high-risk youths and young adults requires a multidisciplinary approach involving legal professionals, health care professionals, educators, street outreach workers, and public health researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanzi Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Karen M Abram
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Leah J Welty
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David A Aaby
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nicholas S Meyerson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Linda A Teplin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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