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Abstract
There has been a continuing debate among health professionals concerning the appropriate strategy of use for the prevention of ischemic heart disease: a targeted high-risk group strategy or a community strategy. A careful review of the evidence demonstrates that neither approach can be recommended to the exclusion of the other. The results are, however, supportive of the lowering of serum cholesterol in high risk individuals. The inconclusiveness of these studies appears to be related to several problems, which are discussed in the text: statistical powerproblems, characteristics of the interventions, unique design problems associated with prevention trials, and problems related to the choice of modelsfor investigation and intervention. Several suggestionsforfuture research to address each of these problems are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl H. Slater
- University of Texas, School of Public Health, Houston, TX
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2
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Bruhn JG, Wolf S. Studies reporting "low rates" of ischemic heart disease: a critical review. Am J Public Health Nations Health 2010; 60:1477-95. [PMID: 18018298 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.60.8.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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3
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Smith GD, Ben-Shlomo Y. Geographical and social class differentials in stroke mortality--the influence of early-life factors: comments on papers by Maheswaran and colleagues. J Epidemiol Community Health 1997; 51:134-7. [PMID: 9196641 PMCID: PMC1060434 DOI: 10.1136/jech.51.2.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G D Smith
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol
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LINDEMAN RD, ASSENZO JR. CORRELATIONS BETWEEN WATER HARDNESS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DEATHS IN OKLAHOMA COUNTIES. Am J Public Health Nations Health 1996; 54:1071-7. [PMID: 14157839 PMCID: PMC1254929 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.54.7.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Lanska DJ, Kuller LH. The geography of stroke mortality in the United States and the concept of a stroke belt. Stroke 1995; 26:1145-9. [PMID: 7604404 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.26.7.1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Lanska
- Neurology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Ky, USA
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7
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Pappas G, Gergen PJ, Carroll M. Hypertension prevalence and the status of awareness, treatment, and control in the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES), 1982-84. Am J Public Health 1990; 80:1431-6. [PMID: 2240325 PMCID: PMC1405108 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.80.12.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence rates of hypertension among adult (ages 18-74) Mexican Americans, Cuban Americans, and Puerto Ricans were estimated using data from the 1982-84 Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES). Hypertension is defined as diastolic greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg, or systolic greater than or equal to 140 mm Hg, or currently taking antihypertensive medication. Among Mexican Americans in the Southwestern United States, 16.8 percent of the males and 14.1 percent of the females were found to be hypertensive. Among Cuban Americans in Dade County, Florida 22.8 percent of the males and 15.5 percent of the females were hypertensive. Among Puerto Ricans in the New York City area 15.6 percent of the males and 11.5 percent of the females were hypertensive. The age-adjusted rates are significantly lower than comparable rates for Whites and Blacks as measured in the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II), 1976-80. Control of hypertension in the HHANES populations fall short of the 1990 Objectives for the Nation established by the US Public Health Service 60 percent (34 percent controlled Mexican American hypertensives, 27.8 percent controlled Cuban American hypertensives, and 29 percent controlled Puerto Rican hypertensives.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pappas
- National Center for Health Statistics, Dept. of Health & Human Services, US Public Health Service, Hyattsville, MD 20782
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8
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Abstract
The objective of this study is to explain spatial variations in cardiovascular mortality by sex. Recognizing the interdependence of the various dimensions of the 'ecological complex', it is maintained that spatial variations in cardiovascular mortality by sex and the sex differentials in cardiovascular mortality are the consequences of environmental, sustenance organization, health technology, and demographic factors. The test of the model is based on U.S. county level cardiovascular mortality data for ages 25-65 for the period 1970-1980. The most distinctive feature of the results is that environment has the greatest impact on sex differentials in cardiovascular mortality followed by sustenance organization. In this regard, socioeconomic status is shown to be the single most important variable in explaining cardiovascular mortality rates for both sexes in most community types. The effect of health technology is not significant, and increased availability of health manpower and facilities are often found in conjunction with higher rates of cardiovascular mortality for both sexes. The results of this study confirm the importance of programs directed toward altering the basic environment and sustenance organization structures of communities rather than other ecological components such as health technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Park
- Department of Sociology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
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9
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Dayal H, Goldberg-Alberts R, Kinman J, Ramos J, Sharrar R, Shapiro S. Patterns of mortality from selected causes in an urban population. JOURNAL OF CHRONIC DISEASES 1986; 39:877-88. [PMID: 3793839 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(86)90036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mortality data for selected non-cancer causes for the period 1974-1980 were analyzed for the City of Philadelphia to examine spatial patterns. Four categories of conditions--ischemic heart disease (including acute myocardial infarction), chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, cerebrovascular disease, and external causes--demonstrated significant variation in death rates. Moreover, neighborhoods with high levels of mortality for these conditions appeared in significant clusters. With the exception of ischemic heart disease, neighborhoods with high levels of mortality were characterized by below average levels of SES. A group of predominantly black neighborhoods in the central part of the city had extremely high rates for five or more of the nine causes investigated in this paper. In an earlier analysis, all but one of these neighborhoods were found to have the highest level of overall cancer mortality. These findings support the hypothesis that there are social and behavioral factors that are associated with a wide range of disease conditions, and many of these factors are associated with socioeconomic status.
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10
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Abstract
A 49-county region surrounding the urban corridor from New York through New Jersey to Philadelphia was the focus of an investigation of the spatial patterns of mortality from four types of heart disease: major cardiovascular, acute ischemic, chronic ischemic and cerebrovascular. The data used were age-adjusted mortality rates for white males and white females for the period 1968-1972. Central to the research was interest in the existence of county clusters with similar rates, high and low risk areas and possible associations of mortality rates with environmental and socioeconomic conditions. The tasks completed in this first phase of a projected multi-phase project led to the identification of four country clusters within the region. High major cardiovascular rates appear to make the Southern New Jersey cluster a high risk zone. In contrast, a Central Corridor cluster has relatively low rates for all the diseases. No clear pattern was in evidence for the Northwestern Periphery cluster. Finally, a stark contrast between acute and chronic ischemic rates appeared in the Urban Spur. The next step in this research will be to search for either consistency or deviation from these patterns in the 1973-1976 period. A risk factor data set will be created to analyze the patterns in greater detail.
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Friis R, Nanjundappa G, Prendergast TJ, Welsh M. Coronary heart disease mortality and risk among Hispanics and non-Hispanics in Orange County, California. Public Health Rep 1981; 96:418-22. [PMID: 7291473 PMCID: PMC1424256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Voors AW, Johnson WD. Altitude and arteriosclerotic heart disease mortality in white residents of 99 of the 100 largest cities in the United States. JOURNAL OF CHRONIC DISEASES 1979; 32:157-62. [PMID: 447776 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(79)90044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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Abu-Zied HA, Maini KK, Choi NW. Ethnic differences in mortality from ischemic heart disease: a study of migrant and native populations. JOURNAL OF CHRONIC DISEASES 1978; 31:137-46. [PMID: 670534 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(78)90028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Nefzger MD, Kuller LH, Lilienfeld AM, Diamond EL, Miller GD, Stolley PD, Tonascia S. Three-area epidemiological study of geographic differences in stroke mortality. I. Background and methods. Stroke 1977; 8:546-50. [PMID: 906053 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.8.5.546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An epidemiological study was conducted to determine the geographical variations in stroke mortality among three U.S. areas. They were Savannah, Georgia (high stroke rates), Hagerstown, Maryland (intermediate stroke rates) and Pueblo, Colorado (low stroke rates). In each area samples were drawn of the population in the 35--54 age group. The subjects were interviewed and examined to obtain the information required on medical conditions and/or living habits which would characterize each area. A brief medical and family history, as well as demographic and personal data, were obtained by interview. The medical examination included blood pressure, ECG, blood and urine chemistry, height and weight. In all three cities the response rate in the final sample selected was 90% (2,375 individuals) interviewed and 74% (1.939 individuals) examined.
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El-Shaarawi AH, Cherry WH, Forbes WF, Prentice RL. A statistical model for studying regional differences in observed mortality rates, and its application to Ontario during 1964-1968. JOURNAL OF CHRONIC DISEASES 1976; 29:311-30. [PMID: 939795 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(76)90092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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James SA, Kleinbaum DG. Socioecologic stress and hypertension related mortality rates in North Carolina. Am J Public Health 1976; 66:354-8. [PMID: 1267079 PMCID: PMC1653281 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.66.4.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Deubner DC, Tyroler HA, Cassel JC, Hames CG, Becker C. Attributable risk, population attributable risk, and population attributable fraction of death associated with hypertension in a biracial population. Circulation 1975; 52:901-8. [PMID: 1175273 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.52.5.901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In 1961, blood pressure was measured in the 40-69-year-old segment of the population of Evans County, Georgia. Mortality was monitored for up to ten years. The relationship found between hypertension and mortality is characterized in this report by four parameters: attributable risk, prevalence, population attributable risk, and population attributable fraction. Attributable risk of death, a measure of the over-all impact of hypertension on those in each race-sex group with hypertension, is high in white males, black males, and black females, and is lowest in white females. Population attributable risk, a measure of the impact of hypertension on each entire race-sex group, is highest in black males and females due to the high prevalence of hypertension in blacks. It is somewhat lower in white males and lowest in white females. The fraction of all deaths attributable to hypertension (population attributable fraction) is highest in black females and lower in the other three groups. The population attributable fraction (ranging from 0.26 to 0.54 for systolic hypertension) is of such magnitude that if the 50% reduction in mortality achieved in the Veteran Administration Cooperative Study could be repeated in the general population, life expectancy after 40 years of age could be substantially increased.
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Abstract
In a demographic study, the black Ohio residents were characterized by those born in Ohio and those born in other regions of the United States, and comparisons were made of rates for all deaths (1960-1967) for coronary heart disease (420), endocarditis and myocardial degeneration (421-422), hypertensive cardiovascular diseases (440-447), cerebrovascular diseases (300-334), cardiovascular diseases (400-468), and total diseases of the cardiovascular system (300-334) (400-468). The division of the total United States-born Ohio residents by region of birth provided marked differences in the age-adjusted rates in the relative comparisons. The black males and females born in the South had a markedly higher age-adjusted death rate (ages 45 to 64) than those born in Ohio in each of the categories of cardiovascular diseases studied. For coronary heart disease, the age-adjusted death rate for the black males showed a marked excess over the black females, for each region of birth, whereas for hypertensive cardiovascular diseases the black males and females had similar age-adjusted rates for each region of birth. The findings indicate a carry-over among the black of a higher cardiovascular risk among those born in the South and lend support to the concept of the influence of the endemic factors in the early years of life. In the prospective study of black steelworkers, it was observed that migrant and nonmigrant workers had approximately the same mortality for cardiovascular disease overall, and when specific work areas were considered. Selective factors of employment, of medical screening, and capability of continued employment in strenuous environments, were considered the most likely basis for the similar mortality experience.
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Neri L, Hewitt D, Schreiber G, Anderson T, Mandel J, Zdrojewsky A. Health Aspects of Hard and Soft Waters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1551-8833.1975.tb02258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
SummaryClerical mortality rates in the United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America and the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod have been studied in relation to selected social characteristics.Overall mortality rates in the two study groups are more favourable than those for both the general US male population and for the total US white clergy. For most specific causes, the rates for the Lutherans but a high degree of similarity exists.Possible explanations for these findings are discussed.
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McGLASHAN NEILD, CHICK NEILK. Assessing spatial variations in mortality: ischaemic heart disease in Tasmania. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8470.1974.tb00273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nefzger MD, Acheson RM, Heyman A. Mortality from stroke among U.S. veterans in Georgia and 5 western states. I. Study plan and death rates. JOURNAL OF CHRONIC DISEASES 1973; 26:393-404. [PMID: 4580773 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(73)90092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Acheson RM, Heyman A, Nefzger MD. Mortality from stroke among U.S. veterans in Georgia and 5 western states. 3. Hypertension and demographic characteristics. JOURNAL OF CHRONIC DISEASES 1973; 26:417-29. [PMID: 4580774 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(73)90094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Stenhouse NS, McCall MG. Differenital mortality from cardiovascular disease in migrants from England and Wales, Scotland and Italy, and native-born Australians. JOURNAL OF CHRONIC DISEASES 1970; 23:423-31. [PMID: 5492973 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(70)90026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Rogot E, Blackwelder WC. Associations of cardiovascular mortality with weather in Memphis, Tennessee. PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS (WASHINGTON, D.C. : 1896) 1970; 85:25-39. [PMID: 4983425 PMCID: PMC2031636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Dudley EF, Beldin RA, Johnson BC. Climate, water hardness and coronary heart disease. JOURNAL OF CHRONIC DISEASES 1969; 22:25-48. [PMID: 5794239 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(69)90084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Püschner H, Dahme E, Zöllner N, Wolfram G, Kalich J. [Influence of hard and soft drinking water on the development of early arteriosclerotic changes and plasma lipids in the domestic pig]. JOURNAL OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS RESEARCH 1969; 9:17-23. [PMID: 5786425 DOI: 10.1016/s0368-1319(69)80062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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30
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Tyroler HA, Smith HL. IV. Epidemiology and planning for the North Carolina Regional Medical Program. Am J Public Health Nations Health 1968; 58:1058-67. [PMID: 5690225 PMCID: PMC1228602 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.58.6.1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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31
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Abstract
Mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) has risen enormously over the last generation. Some regard the concomitant increase in life expectancy as the sole explanation; others maintain the increases at least in part to be real. Irrespective of the true causes, the question arises: If increases in CHD mortality continue in certain of the populations most affected, may not expectation of life ultimately decrease? An answer is sought by examining relevant information (1) on a large community of rural Indians having a low prevalence of CHD, and (2) on the offspring of Indian immigrants to South Africa, whose CHD mortality now exceeds that of the local whites. It is concluded that while promotive factors linked with urbanization and prosperity are chiefly responsible, the bearing of an ethnic propensity cannot be excluded. Continuation of the present CHD mortality trend in South African Indians almost undoubtedly will decrease their life expectancy, which, even at present, appears to compare unfavorably from youth onward with that of the rural Indian group described.
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Sauer HI, Payne GH, Council CR, Terrell JC. Cardiovascular disease mortality patterns in Georgia and North Carolina. PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS (WASHINGTON, D.C. : 1896) 1966; 81:455-465. [PMID: 19316488 PMCID: PMC1919743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Epstein FH. The epidemiology of coronary heart disease. A review. JOURNAL OF CHRONIC DISEASES 1965; 18:735-74. [PMID: 5318313 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(65)90017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Biörck G, Boström H, Widström A. On the relationship between water hardness and death rate in cardiovascular diseases. ACTA MEDICA SCANDINAVICA 1965; 178:239-51. [PMID: 5834921 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1965.tb04267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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35
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Glatzel H. Fettverzehr-Plasmacholesterin-Koronarkrankheit. Basic Res Cardiol 1964. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02120037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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GLATZEL H. [FAT CONSUMPTION--PLASMA CHOLESTEROL--CORONARY DISEASE. AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DOCUMENTATION]. ARCHIV FUR KREISLAUFFORSCHUNG 1964; 43:249-96. [PMID: 14216005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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CHASE HC. Variations in heart disease mortality among counties of New York State. PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS (WASHINGTON, D.C. : 1896) 1963; 78:525-34. [PMID: 14020300 PMCID: PMC1915287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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BEADENKOPF WG, ABRAMS M, DAOUD A, MARKS RU. An assessment of certain medical aspects of death certificate data for epidemiologic study of arteriosclerotic heart disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1963; 16:249-62. [PMID: 13969915 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(63)90030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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D'ALONZO CA, PELL S. A Study of Trace Metals in Myocardial Infarction. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 1963; 6:381-5. [PMID: 14024519 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1963.10663409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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40
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