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Sawai K, Arakawa A, Taniguchi M, Xiao B, Sawai M, Osaki M, Yamaguchi E, Hayama Y, Murato Y, Shimizu Y, Kondo S, Yamamoto T. Assessing population structure and migration patterns of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Japan. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21186. [PMID: 38040788 PMCID: PMC10692317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Geographical wildlife patterns reflect historical range expansion and connectivity and provide insights into wildlife population management. In our large-scale phylogeographic population analysis of wild boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax) in Japan, we identified 15 clusters using 29 microsatellite markers, each structured within a range of approximately 200 km. This suggests that evolution was essentially driven by isolation by distance, and that the range of gene flow was limited. One cluster contained subpopulations located approximately 900 km apart, indicating the occurrence of past anthropogenic introductions. Moreover, we estimated effective migration to visualize the geographic genetic population diversity. This analysis identified six potential barriers, one of which involved large plains and mountainous areas in the Kanto region of eastern Japan. This barrier likely persisted in the two eastern clusters for an extended period, restricting migration to the neighboring areas. Overall, our study sheds light on the demographic history of wild boar in Japan, provides evidence of past anthropogenic introductions from distant areas, and highlights the importance of geographic barriers in shaping genetic diversity and population dynamics. This knowledge will be beneficial for forming informed wildlife management strategies toward the conservation of genetic integrity and ecological balance of wild boar populations in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Sawai
- Epidemiology and Arbovirus Group, Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Aisaku Arakawa
- Meat Animal Biosystems Group, Division of Meat Animal and Poultry Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0901, Japan
| | - Masaaki Taniguchi
- Meat Animal Biosystems Group, Division of Meat Animal and Poultry Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0901, Japan
| | - Bo Xiao
- Virus Group, Division of Infectious Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Miwa Sawai
- Virus Group, Division of Infectious Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Makoto Osaki
- Division of Hygiene Management Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Emi Yamaguchi
- Epidemiology and Arbovirus Group, Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Yoko Hayama
- Epidemiology and Arbovirus Group, Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Murato
- Epidemiology and Arbovirus Group, Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Yumiko Shimizu
- Epidemiology and Arbovirus Group, Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Sonoko Kondo
- Epidemiology and Arbovirus Group, Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Takehisa Yamamoto
- Epidemiology and Arbovirus Group, Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.
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Pigs as Pets: Early Human Relations with the Sulawesi Warty Pig ( Sus celebensis). Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010048. [PMID: 36611658 PMCID: PMC9817959 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sulawesi warty pig (S. celebensis) is a wild and still-extant suid that is endemic to the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. It has long been theorised that S. celebensis was domesticated and/or deliberately introduced to other islands in Indonesia prior to the advent of the Neolithic farming transition in the region. Thus far, however, there has been no empirical support for this idea, nor have scientists critiqued the argument that S. celebensis was a pre-Neolithic domesticate in detail. Here, it is proposed that early foragers could have formed a relationship with S. celebensis that was similar in essence to the close association between Late Pleistocene foragers in Eurasia and the wild wolf ancestors of domestic dogs. That is, a longstanding practice of hunter-gatherers intensively socialising wild-caught S. celebensis piglets for adoption into human society as companion animals ('pets') may have altered the predator-prey dynamic, brought aspects of wild pig behaviour and reproduction under indirect human selection and control, and caused changes that differentiated human-associated pigs from their solely wild-living counterparts.
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Soria-Boix C, Donat-Torres MP, Urios V. Contacts in the last 90,000 years over the Strait of Gibraltar evidenced by genetic analysis of wild boar (Sus scrofa). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181929. [PMID: 28742834 PMCID: PMC5526546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Contacts across the Strait of Gibraltar in the Pleistocene have been studied in different research papers, which have demonstrated that this apparent barrier has been permeable to human and fauna movements in both directions. Our study, based on the genetic analysis of wild boar (Sus scrofa), suggests that there has been contact between Africa and Europe through the Strait of Gibraltar in the Late Pleistocene (at least in the last 90,000 years), as shown by the partial analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Cytochrome b and the control region from North African wild boar indicate a close relationship with European wild boar, and even some specimens belong to a common haplotype in Europe. The analyses suggest the transformation of the wild boar phylogeography in North Africa by the emergence of a natural communication route in times when sea levels fell due to climatic changes, and possibly through human action, since contacts coincide with both the Last Glacial period and the increasing human dispersion via the strait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Soria-Boix
- Estación Biológica Terra Natura, Grupo de Investigación Zoología de Vertebrados, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
- * E-mail: (CSB); (MPDT); (VU)
| | - Maria P. Donat-Torres
- Instituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Gandia, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail: (CSB); (MPDT); (VU)
| | - Vicente Urios
- Estación Biológica Terra Natura, Grupo de Investigación Zoología de Vertebrados, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
- * E-mail: (CSB); (MPDT); (VU)
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