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Ibghi M, Rijal Leblad B, L’Bachir El Kbiach M, Aboualaalaa H, Daoudi M, Masseret E, Le Floc’h E, Hervé F, Bilien G, Chomerat N, Amzil Z, Laabir M. Molecular Phylogeny, Morphology, Growth and Toxicity of Three Benthic Dinoflagellates Ostreopsis sp. 9, Prorocentrum lima and Coolia monotis Developing in Strait of Gibraltar, Southwestern Mediterranean. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:49. [PMID: 38251265 PMCID: PMC10819257 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Few works have been carried out on benthic harmful algal blooms (BHAB) species in the southern Mediterranean and no data are available for the highly dynamic Strait of Gibraltar (western Mediterranean waters). For the first time, Ostreopsis sp. 9, Prorocentrum lima and Coolia monotis were isolated in this key region in terms of exchanges between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean and subject to intense maritime traffic. Ribotyping confirmed the morphological identification of these three dinoflagellates species. Monoclonal cultures were established and the maximum growth rate and cell yield were measured at a temperature of 24 °C and an irradiance of 90 µmol photons m-2 s-1, for each species: 0.26 ± 0.02 d-1 (8.75 × 103 cell mL-1 after 28 days) for Ostreopsis sp. 9, 0.21 ± 0.01 d-1 (49 × 103 cell mL-1 after 145 days) for P. lima and 0.21 ± 0.01 d-1 (10.02 × 103 cell mL-1 after 28 days) for C. monotis. Only P. lima was toxic with concentrations of okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-1 measured in optimal growth conditions ranging from 6.4 pg cell-1 to 26.97 pg cell-1 and from 5.19 to 25.27 pg cell-1, respectively. The toxin content of this species varied in function of the growth phase. Temperature influenced the growth and toxin content of P. lima. Results suggest that future warming of Mediterranean coastal waters may lead to higher growth rates and to increases in cellular toxin levels in P. lima. Nitrate and ammonia affected the toxin content of P. lima but no clear trend was noted. In further studies, we have to isolate other BHAB species and strains from Strait of Gibraltar waters to obtain more insight into their diversity and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Ibghi
- Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Tangier 90000, Morocco; (M.I.); (H.A.); (M.D.)
- Equipe de Biotechnologie Végétale, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University Tetouan, Tetouan 93000, Morocco;
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 34095 Montpellier, France; (E.M.); (E.L.F.)
| | - Benlahcen Rijal Leblad
- Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Tangier 90000, Morocco; (M.I.); (H.A.); (M.D.)
| | - Mohammed L’Bachir El Kbiach
- Equipe de Biotechnologie Végétale, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University Tetouan, Tetouan 93000, Morocco;
| | - Hicham Aboualaalaa
- Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Tangier 90000, Morocco; (M.I.); (H.A.); (M.D.)
- Equipe de Biotechnologie Végétale, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University Tetouan, Tetouan 93000, Morocco;
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 34095 Montpellier, France; (E.M.); (E.L.F.)
| | - Mouna Daoudi
- Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Tangier 90000, Morocco; (M.I.); (H.A.); (M.D.)
| | - Estelle Masseret
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 34095 Montpellier, France; (E.M.); (E.L.F.)
| | - Emilie Le Floc’h
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 34095 Montpellier, France; (E.M.); (E.L.F.)
| | - Fabienne Hervé
- Laboratoire Phycotoxines, IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea)/PHYTOX/METALG, 44311 Nantes, France; (F.H.); (Z.A.)
| | - Gwenael Bilien
- IFREMER, Unité Littoral, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, 29185 Concarneau, France; (G.B.); (N.C.)
| | - Nicolas Chomerat
- IFREMER, Unité Littoral, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, 29185 Concarneau, France; (G.B.); (N.C.)
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Laboratoire Phycotoxines, IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea)/PHYTOX/METALG, 44311 Nantes, France; (F.H.); (Z.A.)
| | - Mohamed Laabir
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 34095 Montpellier, France; (E.M.); (E.L.F.)
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Reem E, Douek J, Rinkevich B. Historical navigation routes in European waters leave their footprint on the contemporary seascape genetics of a colonial urochordate. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19076. [PMID: 37925572 PMCID: PMC10625628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have intensively sailed the Mediterranean and European Atlantic waters throughout history, from the upper Paleolithic until today and centuries of human seafaring have established complex coastal and cross-seas navigation networks. Historical literature revealed three major long-lasting maritime routes (eastern, western, northern) with four commencing locations (Alexandria, Venice, Genoa, Gibraltar) and a fourth route (circum-Italian) that connected between them. Due to oceangoing and technological constraints, most voyages were coastal, lasted weeks to months, with extended resting periods, allowing the development of fouling organisms on ship hulls. One of the abiding travellers in maritime routes is the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri already known since the eighteenth century in European and Mediterranean ports. This species, was almost certainly one of the common hull fouling travellers in all trade routes for centuries. Employing COI haplotypes (1008 samples) and microsatellite alleles (995 samples) on colonies sampled from 64 pan-European sites, present-day Botryllus populations in the Mediterranean Sea/European Atlantic revealed significant segregation between all four maritime routes with a conspicuous partition of the northern route. These results reveal that past anthropogenic transports of sedentary marine species throughout millennia long seafaring have left their footprint on contemporary seascape genetics of marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eitan Reem
- Israel Oceanography and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Tel Shikmona, P.O. Box 9753, 3109701, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Jacob Douek
- Israel Oceanography and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Tel Shikmona, P.O. Box 9753, 3109701, Haifa, Israel
| | - Baruch Rinkevich
- Israel Oceanography and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Tel Shikmona, P.O. Box 9753, 3109701, Haifa, Israel
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Indiran V, Sivakumar V, Kumaran R, Jagannathan K. Can occipital lobe bending, Gibraltar sign of superior sagittal sinus groove and jugular foramen dimensions predict transverse sinus dominance? Neuroradiol J 2023; 36:158-162. [PMID: 35727589 PMCID: PMC10034698 DOI: 10.1177/19714009221111086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asymmetry between the transverse sinuses (TS) is quite common. We sought to test the possible hypothesis that certain anatomical features - namely, occipital lobe bending, Gibraltar sign of superior sagittal sinus groove (SSS) and jugular foramen (JF) dimensions - can predict dominance of the transverse sinuses on routine axial T1- and T2-weighted images. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred consecutively acquired combined MRI-MRV studies of brain were reviewed. On non-contrast axial T1WI, each reviewer assessed the occipital lobe bending, and Gibraltar sign of SSS groove; on axial T2-weighted images, JF dimensions were measured. TS cross-sectional area was measured on non-contrast sagittal 2-dimensional phase contrast MRV images and served as the reference standard. RESULTS Of the 51 subjects with right-dominant TS, 37 had occipital bending to the right side and 35 showed sloping of the Gibraltar sign to right side. Of the 18 subjects with left dominant TS, 10 had occipital bending to left side and 13 showed left-sided sloping of the Gibraltar sign. Of the 31 subjects with co-dominant TS, 15 had no occipital bending and 20 showed no sloping of the Gibraltar sign. Mean right and left JF dimensions were higher in the right and left dominant TS respectively with no significant differences in patients with co-dominant sinus (p < 0.02). CONCLUSION Right occipital bending had a good association with right TS dominance. The other two parameters- Gibraltar sign of superior sagittal sinus groove and jugular foramen dimensions - did not have a very good association with respect to TS dominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatraman Indiran
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Sree Balaji Medical College and
Hospital, Chennai, India
- Consultant Radiologist, IVR Scans, Chennai, India
| | | | - R Kumaran
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Velammal Medical College Hospital and
Research Institute, Madurai, India
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Ibghi M, El Kbiach ML, Rijal Leblad B, Aboualaalaa H, Hervé F, Sibat M, Chair A, Masseret E, Maamour N, Daoudi M, Amzil Z, Laabir M. Occurrence of three dominant epibenthic dinoflagellates (Ostreopsis spp., Coolia monotis and Prorocentrum lima) in relation to biotic substrates and environmental factors in a highly dynamic ecosystem, the Strait of Gibraltar (Southwestern Mediterranean). Environ Monit Assess 2022; 194:810. [PMID: 36129570 PMCID: PMC9490739 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10426-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
No studies have been carried out on the benthic harmful algal blooms (BHABs) along the Strait of Gibraltar in the Mediterranean, and little is known about the diversity of blooming species. Here, epibenthic dinoflagellates were monitored at least biweekly over 18 months (May 2019-November 2020) in Oued Lihoud, Cap Malabata and Dalia on the thalli of five dominant macrophytes and in the water column. This is the first report on the seasonal distribution of BHAB species hosted by natural biotic substrates in the Strait of Gibraltar, which is known for high hydrodynamics, major entry of Atlantic waters and important maritime traffic. Three BHAB dinoflagellates were observed in the surveyed areas: Ostreopsis spp., Coolia monotis and Prorocentrum lima. The analysis of all data at the three sites showed that Dictyota dichotoma was the most favourable macroalgae host for these benthic dinoflagellates. The highest cell densities were observed in Cap Malabata for Ostreopsis spp. (2.7 × 105 cells/g fresh weight in September 2020), P. lima (4.57 × 104 cells/g FW in September 2020) and C. monotis (4.07 × 104 cells/g FW in June 2019). Phosphate and temperature were positively correlated to the abundances of the studied thermophilic BHAB species. In contrast, negative correlations were recorded with salinity, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, DIN, nitrogen/phosphate ratio and suspended material, attesting of the complex relationships between environmental factors and BHAB species dynamic in each marine ecosystem. Toxin analyses of the natural phytoplankton assemblage during BHABs showed the presence of only lipophilic toxins, namely okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins produced by P. lima. These BHABs species have to be isolated to establish monoclonal cultures for ribotyping and ecophysiological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Ibghi
- Equipe de Biotechnologie Végétale, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
- National Institute of Fisheries Research (INRH), Tangier, Morocco
- CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Montpellier University, MARBEC, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Hicham Aboualaalaa
- Equipe de Biotechnologie Végétale, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
- National Institute of Fisheries Research (INRH), Tangier, Morocco
- CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Montpellier University, MARBEC, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabienne Hervé
- French Institute for Research and Exploitation of the sea (IFREMER), METALG laboratory, PHYTOX, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Manoella Sibat
- French Institute for Research and Exploitation of the sea (IFREMER), METALG laboratory, PHYTOX, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Adil Chair
- National Institute of Fisheries Research (INRH), Tangier, Morocco
- Marine Geosciences and Soil Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaïb Dokkali University, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Estelle Masseret
- CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Montpellier University, MARBEC, Montpellier, France
| | - Niama Maamour
- National Institute of Fisheries Research (INRH), Tangier, Morocco
| | - Mouna Daoudi
- National Institute of Fisheries Research (INRH), Tangier, Morocco
| | - Zouher Amzil
- French Institute for Research and Exploitation of the sea (IFREMER), METALG laboratory, PHYTOX, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Mohamed Laabir
- CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Montpellier University, MARBEC, Montpellier, France
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Santos-Willshere J, Pizarro N. Introducing nurse prescribing in Gibraltar: the impact on palliative care. Br J Nurs 2022; 31:162-168. [PMID: 35152752 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2022.31.3.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This article critically explores the impact of the introduction of nurse prescribing on palliative care in Gibraltar. A preliminary audit review of the prescriptions issued by the two palliative independent nurse prescribers over their first full calendar year of prescribing (2020) revealed two primary areas of impact: facilitating end-of-life care at home and improving anticipatory prescribing for end-of-life symptom management. These initial findings will be discussed in the context of the challenges and facilitators encountered during the first year of prescribing practice. Challenges were primarily related to the introduction of an advanced nursing role into an existing medical paradigm. Identified facilitators included comprehensive record keeping, collaborative working and the development of local guidelines, as well as the support of management and peers. The article concludes with a recommendation for further audits of prescribing data as a way to measure the impact of the new role and to inform future palliative service development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Pizarro
- Specialist Palliative Nurse, Gibraltar Health Authority, Gibraltar
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Machado L, Harris DJ, Salvi D. Biogeographic and demographic history of the Mediterranean snakes Malpolon monspessulanus and Hemorrhois hippocrepis across the Strait of Gibraltar. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:210. [PMID: 34809580 PMCID: PMC8609814 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01941-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The contribution of North Africa to the assembly of biodiversity within the Western Palaearctic is still poorly documented. Since the Miocene, multiple biotic exchanges occurred across the Strait of Gibraltar, underlying the high biogeographic affinity between the western European and African sides of the Mediterranean basin. We investigated the biogeographic and demographic dynamics of two large Mediterranean-adapted snakes across the Strait and assess their relevance to the origin and diversity patterns of current European and North African populations. RESULTS We inferred phylogeographic patterns and demographic history of M. monspessulanus and H. hippocrepis, based on range-wide multilocus data, combined with fossil data and species distribution modelling, under present and past bioclimatic envelopes. For both species we identified endemic lineages in the High Atlas Mountains (Morocco) and in eastern Iberia, suggesting their persistence in Europe during the Pleistocene. One lineage is shared between North Africa and southern Iberia and likely spread from the former to the latter during the sea-level low stand of the last glacial stage. During this period M. monspessulanus shows a sudden demographic expansion, associated with increased habitat suitability in North Africa. Lower habitat suitability is predicted for both species during interglacial stages, with suitable areas restricted to coastal and mountain ranges of Iberia and Morocco. Compiled fossil data for M. monspessulanus show a continuous fossil record in Iberia at least since the Pliocene and throughout the Pleistocene. CONCLUSIONS The previously proposed hypothesis of Pleistocene glacial extinction of both species in Europe is not supported based on genetic data, bioclimatic envelopes models, and the available fossil record. A model of range retraction to mountain refugia during arid periods and of glacial expansion (demographic and spatial) associated to an increase of Mediterranean habitats during glacial epochs emerges as a general pattern for mesic vertebrates in North Africa. Moreover, the phylogeographic pattern of H. hippocrepis conforms to a well-established biogeographic partition between western and eastern Maghreb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Machado
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - D James Harris
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniele Salvi
- Department of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
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Gomiz-Pascual JJ, Bolado-Penagos M, Gonzalez CJ, Vazquez A, Buonocore C, Romero-Cozar J, Perez-Cayeiro ML, Izquierdo A, Alvarez O, Mañanes R, Bruno M. The fate of Guadalquivir River discharges in the coastal strip of the Gulf of Cádiz. A study based on the linking of watershed catchment and hydrodynamic models. Sci Total Environ 2021; 795:148740. [PMID: 34246148 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A catchment model for river basins and a hydrodynamic model were combined in order to simulate the spreading of the turbidity plume produced by sediment discharges from the Guadalquivir River basin within the Gulf of Cádiz under different meteorological conditions. The current fields provided by the hydrodynamic model and a transport-diffusion scheme based on tracking virtual particles tracking released at the river mouth have enabled us to simulate turbidity plumes that show great similarity with the plumes observed in satellite images. The most relevant results of the study show that in the absence of winds, the plume tends to spread very slowly, gradually progressing northwards; this is because of the symmetry between the filling and draining flows at the mouth of the Guadalquivir and low intensity of the tidal currents beyond the mouth. In addition, the transport of the plume towards the Strait of Gibraltar requires wind conditions with a northerly, north-westerly or westerly component. Westwards transport, however, requires winds with an easterly, southerly, or south-easterly component. The periods of heaviest rainfall in the Guadalquivir River basin coincide with winds mainly from the west; therefore, the times of maximum discharge at the mouth of the river occur when there are wind conditions that favour the transport of the matter suspended in the plume, southwards along the coast, towards the Strait of Gibraltar and the Alboran Sea. Linking the watershed catchment and hydrodynamic models has proved its suitability to predict the evolution and reaching of the sediment plumes from the Guadalquivir River discharges and the experience encourages the use of that methodology to be applied in a future prediction system for the creation and evolution of those sediment plumes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos J Gonzalez
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Cádiz, Cadiz 11510, Spain
| | - Agueda Vazquez
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Cádiz, Cadiz 11510, Spain
| | - Cira Buonocore
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Cádiz, Cadiz 11510, Spain
| | | | | | - Alfredo Izquierdo
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Cádiz, Cadiz 11510, Spain
| | - Oscar Alvarez
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Cádiz, Cadiz 11510, Spain
| | - Rafael Mañanes
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Cádiz, Cadiz 11510, Spain
| | - Miguel Bruno
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Cádiz, Cadiz 11510, Spain
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Ponce-Blandón JA, Romero-Castillo R, Jiménez-Picón N, Palomo-Lara JC, Castro-Méndez A, Pabón-Carrasco M. Lived Experiences of African Migrants Crossing the Strait of Gibraltar to Europe: A Cross-Cultural Approach to Healthcare from a Qualitative Methodology. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:9379. [PMID: 34501968 PMCID: PMC8431138 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The migratory flow from the African continent to Europe is intense and the European countries should apply a humanitarian, health and social response to this emerging problem. Migrants coming from Africa to Europe are a very vulnerable population. Healthcare professionals should be prepared for answering their needs from a transcultural approach, which requires a better understanding of this phenomenon. Thus, the aim of this study was to improve nursing and healthcare professionals' awareness and better understanding of migrant life experiences during the migration journey. An exploratory descriptive qualitative research was conducted. In-depth interviews were conducted involving four key informants and content analysis were performed with the transcriptions. RESULTS Three themes merged: life situations in their countries of origin; motivations that led them to undertake the migratory journey; and experiences they lived during the migratory journey. The results described the dramatic experience and motivations for crossing the strait of Gibraltar from Africa to Europe, including feelings, fears, hopes and lived experiences. The determination of immigrants to fight for a better life opportunity and the physical damage and psychological consequences they suffer were revealed. CONCLUSIONS This study would help healthcare professionals to better understand this complex reality and deliver culturally adapted care. Knowledge of the starting reality of these populations can help health professionals to incorporate a cross-cultural approach that improves the relational, ethical and affective competences to provide quality care to the migrant population, as well as the development of health measures to fight against inequalities suffered by these population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Ponce-Blandón
- Red Cross Nursing University Center, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain; (N.J.-P.); (J.C.P.-L.); (M.P.-C.)
- Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain;
| | - Rocío Romero-Castillo
- Red Cross Nursing University Center, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain; (N.J.-P.); (J.C.P.-L.); (M.P.-C.)
| | - Nerea Jiménez-Picón
- Red Cross Nursing University Center, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain; (N.J.-P.); (J.C.P.-L.); (M.P.-C.)
| | - Juan Carlos Palomo-Lara
- Red Cross Nursing University Center, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain; (N.J.-P.); (J.C.P.-L.); (M.P.-C.)
| | - Aurora Castro-Méndez
- Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain;
| | - Manuel Pabón-Carrasco
- Red Cross Nursing University Center, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain; (N.J.-P.); (J.C.P.-L.); (M.P.-C.)
- Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain;
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Santos-Echeandía J, Campillo JA, Egea JA, Guitart C, González CJ, Martínez-Gómez C, León VM, Rodríguez-Puente C, Benedicto J. The influence of natural vs anthropogenic factors on trace metal(loid) levels in the Mussel Watch programme: Two decades of monitoring in the Spanish Mediterranean sea. Mar Environ Res 2021; 169:105382. [PMID: 34119919 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution and temporal trends of trace metals (i.e. Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn) and a metalloid (i.e. As) along the Spanish Mediterranean coast from 1993 to 2013 are presented with a new estimation of their background levels monitored using wild mussels. Over a 20 years period, yearly mussel monitoring was undertaken with a rigorous field sampling protocol using 3 pooled samples strategy (3 x n = 80, with 8 mussels in the 3.0 to 3.9 size categories at each site), obtained in the pre-spawning period (May-June) to minimize biological factors and seasonal variability, which is a fundamental element of the international programme. Spatial distribution was characterized every 5 years and temporal trends were determined in 11 locations. The main aims of the present long term study are to evaluate the environmental status of different coastal locations regarding trace metal levels and follow the evolution of these levels over time after the implementation of regulatory measures. Regarding spatial distribution, the highest values for Cd, Cu, Hg and Pb were found close to known highly anthopogenic cities or shipyard areas. However, As and Zn did not strictly follow this pattern, showing natural increased concentrations in the Levantine Balearic and Strait of Gibraltar-Alboran Sea demarcations respectively. These distributions are associated with the conjunction of two geological formation inputs (Massif Central in France and Iberian Pyritic Belt in Spain) and the oceanographic conditions in the adjacent coastal area. In the case of temporal trends, metal concentrations decreased significantly over time in most stations, confirming the effectiveness of the regulatory measures and prohibitions established under European legislation. Concentrations of Pb were above the established thresholds for human consumption in only 12-14% of the sampling areas. With the information obtained for this study, we estimate background concentrations and propose new Background Assesment Criteria (BAC) for the Spanish Mediterranean coast as a threshold criterion: 1.62 mg/kg d.w. for Cd, 8.75 mg/kg d.w. for Cu, 0.202 mg/kg d.w. for Hg and 2.83 mg/kg d.w. for Pb. Exceptions should exist for As and Zn, for which there should be different levels in each demarcation, due to the geological, hydrological and oceanographic peculiarities of the Spanish coast. For the Levantine-Balearic demarcation, the proposed background concentrations are 117 mg/kg d.w. for As and 200 mg/kg d.w. for Zn., whereas in the Strait of Gibraltar-Alboran Sea demarcation, they are 27.5 mg/kg d.w. for As, and 471 mg/kg d.w. for Zn. This work demonstrates the vital importance of defining the background levels of metal(loid)s at a regional or subregional level because, for areas not affected by anthropogenic causes which have high values as the result of natural processes, this would avoid the risk of constantly surpassing the levels proposed in directives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Santos-Echeandía
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo, 36390, Spain.
| | - Juan A Campillo
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, C/Varadero, 1, San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia 30740, Spain
| | - Jose A Egea
- Center for Edaphology and Applied Biology of Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia. Spain, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carlos Guitart
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, C/Varadero, 1, San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia 30740, Spain
| | - Carlos J González
- Division of Naval Support and Oceanography, Marine Hydrographic Institute (IHM), Spanish Navy. Plaza San Severiano 3, 11007 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Concepción Martínez-Gómez
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, C/Varadero, 1, San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia 30740, Spain
| | - Víctor M León
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, C/Varadero, 1, San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia 30740, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodríguez-Puente
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Santander, Promontorio San Martín s/n, 39004 Santander, Spain
| | - José Benedicto
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, C/Varadero, 1, San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia 30740, Spain
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10
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Giménez J, Cañadas A, de Stephanis R, Ramírez F. Expanding protected areas to encompass the conservation of the endangered common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) in the Alboran Sea. Mar Environ Res 2021; 168:105305. [PMID: 33773411 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Natura 2000 network is the centerpiece of the European Union conservation strategy to safeguard priority species and habitats. The question of whether other co-occurring species of conservation concern may also benefit from this network, however, remains largely unknown. Here, we used a systematic approach (MARXAN) for i) evaluating if the current Natura 2000 network in the Alboran Sea (western Mediterranean Sea), initially proposed to protect the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and priority habitats, is also spatially protecting the endangered common dolphin (Delphinus delphis), and ii) identifying additional marine areas that should be protected to reach adequate conservation targets for the common dolphin. While the current Natura 2000 network encompass ca. 22% of predicted abundances for common dolphins, this percentage might be enhanced by protecting coastal areas nearby the Strait of Gibraltar. However, dolphins and fisheries largely overlap spatially nearby the coastline, and only segregate in offshore areas that represent the marginal distribution of the species. Thus, conservation decision-makers must achieve a trade-off between cetacean conservation and fisheries by combining an area-based approach (i.e., new protected areas close to the Strait of Gibraltar) together with a basin-wide threat-based approach (e.g., regulation of fisheries).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Giménez
- MaREI Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences (BEES), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Américo Vespucio 26, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Ana Cañadas
- ALNILAM Research & Conservation, Pradillos 29, 28491 Navacerrada, Madrid, Spain; Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Renaud de Stephanis
- Conservation, Information and Research on Cetaceans (CIRCE), Cabeza de Manzaneda 3, 11390 Pelayo-Algeciras, Cádiz, Spain; Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Santander, Promontorio San Martín s/n 39004, Santander-Cantabria, Spain
| | - Francisco Ramírez
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Department of Renewable Marine Resources, Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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11
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García-Gómez JC, González AR, Maestre MJ, Espinosa F. Detect coastal disturbances and climate change effects in coralligenous community through sentinel stations. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231641. [PMID: 32369490 PMCID: PMC7200002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was implemented to assess the Sessile Bioindicators in Permanent Quadrats (SBPQ) underwater environmental alert method. The SBPQ is a non-invasive and low-cost protocol; it uses sessile target species (indicators) to detect environmental alterations (natural or anthropic) at either the local or global (i.e., climate change) scale and the intrusion of invasive species. The SBPQ focuses on the monitoring of preselected sessile and sensitive benthic species associated with rocky coralligenous habitats using permanent quadrats in underwater sentinel stations. The selected target species have been well documented as bioindicators that disappear in the absence of environmental stability. However, whether these species are good indicators of stability or, in contrast, suffer variations in long-term coverage has not been verified. The purpose of this study was to assess the part of the method based on the hypothesis that, over a long temporal series in a highly structured and biodiverse coralligenous assemblage, the cover of sensitive sessile species does not change over time if the environmental stability characterising the habitat is not altered. Over a ten-year period (2005–2014), the sublittoral sessile biota in the Straits of Gibraltar Natural Park on the southern Iberian Peninsula was monitored at a 28 m-deep underwater sentinel stations. Analyses of the coverages of target indicator species (i.e., Paramuricea clavata and Astroides calycularis) together with other accompanying sessile organisms based on the periodic superimposition of gridded images from horizontal and vertical rocky surfaces allowed us to assess the effectiveness of the method. We conclude that no alterations occurred during the study period; only minimal fluctuations in cover were detected, and the method is reliable for detecting biological changes in ecosystems found in other geographical areas containing the chosen indicator species at similar dominance levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C. García-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Biología Marina de la Universidad de Sevilla (LBMUS)/Área de Investigación I+D+i del Acuario de Sevilla/Estación de Biología Marina del Estrecho (Ceuta), Seville, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Alexandre R. González
- Laboratorio de Biología Marina de la Universidad de Sevilla (LBMUS)/Área de Investigación I+D+i del Acuario de Sevilla/Estación de Biología Marina del Estrecho (Ceuta), Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel J. Maestre
- Laboratorio de Biología Marina de la Universidad de Sevilla (LBMUS)/Área de Investigación I+D+i del Acuario de Sevilla/Estación de Biología Marina del Estrecho (Ceuta), Seville, Spain
| | - Free Espinosa
- Laboratorio de Biología Marina de la Universidad de Sevilla (LBMUS)/Área de Investigación I+D+i del Acuario de Sevilla/Estación de Biología Marina del Estrecho (Ceuta), Seville, Spain
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12
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Gauffier P, Borrell A, Silva MA, Víkingsson GA, López A, Giménez J, Colaço A, Halldórsson SD, Vighi M, Prieto R, de Stephanis R, Aguilar A. Wait your turn, North Atlantic fin whales share a common feeding ground sequentially. Mar Environ Res 2020; 155:104884. [PMID: 32072986 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Highly migratory marine species pose a challenge for the identification of management units due to the absence of clear oceanographic barriers. The population structure of North Atlantic fin whales has been investigated since the start of whaling operations but is still the subject of an ongoing scientific debate. Here we measured stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen in skin samples collected from 151 individuals from western Iceland, Galicia (NW Spain), the Azores archipelago and the Strait of Gibraltar (SoG). We found spatiotemporal differences in stable isotope ratios suggesting that fin whales sampled in these four areas may share a common feeding ground within the Northeast Atlantic at different times during the year. Our results also suggest that SoG whales use this common feeding ground in summer but exploit Mediterranean resources during the winter months, further supporting the existence of a limited but current exchange of individuals between these two basins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Gauffier
- CIRCE, Cabeza de Manzaneda, 3, 11390, Pelayo, Algeciras, Spain; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, IRBio, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Asunción Borrell
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, IRBio, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica A Silva
- Okeanos Centre & Institute of Marine Research (IMAR), University of the Azores, 9901-862, Horta, Portugal; Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Gísli A Víkingsson
- Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Skúlagata 4, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Alfredo López
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Coordinadora para o Estudo dos Mamíferos Mariños (CEMMA), P.O. Box 15, 36380, Pontevedra, Gondomar, Spain
| | - Joan Giménez
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Maritim 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; MaREI Centre for Marine and Renewable Energy, Environmental Research Institute, Beaufort Building, University College Cork, Ringaskiddy, P43 C573 Cork, Ireland; School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences (BEES), University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, T23 N73K Cork, Ireland
| | - Ana Colaço
- Okeanos Centre & Institute of Marine Research (IMAR), University of the Azores, 9901-862, Horta, Portugal
| | | | - Morgana Vighi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, IRBio, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rui Prieto
- Okeanos Centre & Institute of Marine Research (IMAR), University of the Azores, 9901-862, Horta, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre and IMAR, Institute of Marine Research, University of the Azores, 9901-862, Horta, Portugal
| | - Renaud de Stephanis
- CIRCE, Cabeza de Manzaneda, 3, 11390, Pelayo, Algeciras, Spain; Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga, Puerto Pesquero s/n, 29640 Fuengirola, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alex Aguilar
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, IRBio, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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García-Gómez JC, Sempere-Valverde J, González AR, Martínez-Chacón M, Olaya-Ponzone L, Sánchez-Moyano E, Ostalé-Valriberas E, Megina C. From exotic to invasive in record time: The extreme impact of Rugulopteryx okamurae (Dictyotales, Ochrophyta) in the strait of Gibraltar. Sci Total Environ 2020; 704:135408. [PMID: 31836226 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, the exotic seaweed Rugulopteryx okamurae was detected for the first time on the south side of the Strait of Gibraltar, in Ceuta (northern Africa). This highly sensitive area is ideal for monitoring local environmental impacts arising from global warming, as well as the intrusion of alien species. Within one year, R. okamurae became an invasive species with an overflowing competitive capacity and growth. In 2015, more than 5000 tons of upstream biomass was extracted from beaches in Ceuta, and it has since spread irrepressibly on rocky illuminated bottoms of the subtidal zone to a maximum observed depth of 40 m. The highest coverage (80-90%) of R. okamurae in Ceuta was observed between 10 and 20 m depth in illuminated habitats, where it was having a severe impact on local benthic communities which were displaced. Between 5 and 30 m depth, coverage of R. okamurae exceeded 70% over a wide variety of substrate types. A submarine sentinel sessile bioindicators permanent quadrats (SBPQ) station installed in 2013 on poorly lit, vertical, and shady substrate in the El Estrecho Natural Park, on the north side of the Strait of Gibraltar (Tarifa), detected the presence of R. okamurae in July 2016 and recorded the subsequent increase in coverage. These findings reveal the useful role of this type of monitoring SBPQ sentinel station for the detection of impacts and exotic species in marine protected areas, and for the monitoring of global warming based on indicator species. We conclude that the catastrophic bloom of R. okamurae exhibited an initial geographical expansion (2015-2017) to the northern coastal area of the Strait of Gibraltar (Tarifa-Gibraltar) and subsequent extension in the south of the Iberian Peninsula, towards the Atlantic coast (2018) and the Mediterranean coast (2019). This bloom could have been associated with the temperature peak in July 2015 and was thus possibly linked to global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos García-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Biología Marina de la Universidad de Sevilla (LBMUS)/Área de Investigación I+D+i del Acuario de Sevilla/Estación de Biología Marina del Estrecho (Ceuta), Spain.
| | - Juan Sempere-Valverde
- Laboratorio de Biología Marina de la Universidad de Sevilla (LBMUS)/Área de Investigación I+D+i del Acuario de Sevilla/Estación de Biología Marina del Estrecho (Ceuta), Spain
| | - Alexandre Roi González
- Laboratorio de Biología Marina de la Universidad de Sevilla (LBMUS)/Área de Investigación I+D+i del Acuario de Sevilla/Estación de Biología Marina del Estrecho (Ceuta), Spain
| | | | - Liliana Olaya-Ponzone
- Laboratorio de Biología Marina de la Universidad de Sevilla (LBMUS)/Área de Investigación I+D+i del Acuario de Sevilla/Estación de Biología Marina del Estrecho (Ceuta), Spain
| | - Emilio Sánchez-Moyano
- Laboratorio de Biología Marina de la Universidad de Sevilla (LBMUS)/Área de Investigación I+D+i del Acuario de Sevilla/Estación de Biología Marina del Estrecho (Ceuta), Spain
| | - Enrique Ostalé-Valriberas
- Laboratorio de Biología Marina de la Universidad de Sevilla (LBMUS)/Área de Investigación I+D+i del Acuario de Sevilla/Estación de Biología Marina del Estrecho (Ceuta), Spain
| | - César Megina
- Biodiversidad y Ecología de Invertebrados Marinos, Universidad de Sevilla/Área de Investigación I+D+i del Acuario de Sevilla, Spain.
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Tuells J, Echániz-Martínez B. Medical diseases, trepanning, and emergency surgery during the 1779-1783 Siege of Gibraltar: the surgeries of Joaquín de Villalba (1752-1807). Emergencias 2019; 31:355-359. [PMID: 31625309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José Tuells
- Cátedra Balmis de Vacunología, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, España
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Bokelmann L, Hajdinjak M, Peyrégne S, Brace S, Essel E, de Filippo C, Glocke I, Grote S, Mafessoni F, Nagel S, Kelso J, Prüfer K, Vernot B, Barnes I, Pääbo S, Meyer M, Stringer C. A genetic analysis of the Gibraltar Neanderthals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:15610-15615. [PMID: 31308224 PMCID: PMC6681707 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903984116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Forbes' Quarry and Devil's Tower partial crania from Gibraltar are among the first Neanderthal remains ever found. Here, we show that small amounts of ancient DNA are preserved in the petrous bones of the 2 individuals despite unfavorable climatic conditions. However, the endogenous Neanderthal DNA is present among an overwhelming excess of recent human DNA. Using improved DNA library construction methods that enrich for DNA fragments carrying deaminated cytosine residues, we were able to sequence 70 and 0.4 megabase pairs (Mbp) nuclear DNA of the Forbes' Quarry and Devil's Tower specimens, respectively, as well as large parts of the mitochondrial genome of the Forbes' Quarry individual. We confirm that the Forbes' Quarry individual was a female and the Devil's Tower individual a male. We also show that the Forbes' Quarry individual is genetically more similar to the ∼120,000-y-old Neanderthals from Scladina Cave in Belgium (Scladina I-4A) and Hohlenstein-Stadel Cave in Germany, as well as to a ∼60,000- to 70,000-y-old Neanderthal from Russia (Mezmaiskaya 1), than to a ∼49,000-y-old Neanderthal from El Sidrón (El Sidrón 1253) in northern Spain and other younger Neanderthals from Europe and western Asia. This suggests that the Forbes' Quarry fossil predates the latter Neanderthals. The preservation of archaic human DNA in the warm coastal climate of Gibraltar, close to the shores of Africa, raises hopes for the future recovery of archaic human DNA from regions in which climatic conditions are less than optimal for DNA preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Bokelmann
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Mateja Hajdinjak
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stéphane Peyrégne
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Selina Brace
- Centre for Human Evolution Research, Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Essel
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cesare de Filippo
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Isabelle Glocke
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffi Grote
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Mafessoni
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah Nagel
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janet Kelso
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kay Prüfer
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Benjamin Vernot
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ian Barnes
- Centre for Human Evolution Research, Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Svante Pääbo
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Matthias Meyer
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chris Stringer
- Centre for Human Evolution Research, Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
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Schillaci MA, Lintlop J, Sumra M, Pizarro M, Jones-Engel L. Hair cortisol and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) from Gibraltar. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2019; 33:831-838. [PMID: 30741464 PMCID: PMC8055468 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Prolonged exposure to the stress hormone cortisol can precipitate a catabolic state in animals resulting in a negative nitrogen balance and increased excreted nitrogen, possibly affecting stable nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios in animal tissues. Here we test the hypothesis that stress, as measured by hair cortisol, is a significant contributor to variation in δ15 N and δ13 C values in hair. The results of the present study have important implications for the use of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios measured in animal and human tissues to make inferences regarding feeding ecology and diet. METHODS Samples containing roughly 10-20 hairs (approx. 4-6 cm long) were collected from 49 free ranging macaque monkeys (Macaca sylvanus) in Gibraltar. Hair samples were analyzed for stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes by continuous-flow isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. Cortisol extracted from matched hair samples was measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Cortisol and stable isotope ratios were compared statistically using nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests, as well as Spearman correlation. RESULTS Correlation analysis revealed that although hair δ15 N and δ13 C values were significantly correlated with each other, neither was correlated with cortisol concentrations. Cortisol concentrations were not correlated with age-adjusted body mass index. Age category was correlated with δ13 C values but not with δ15 N values. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study suggest that the cumulative stress experienced by these macaques under typical social and environmental conditions is not a significant contributor to variation in δ15 N and δ13 C values, nor does it have a significant effect on relative body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Schillaci
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jessica Lintlop
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Monika Sumra
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Mark Pizarro
- Gibraltar Veterinary Clinic, Rosio Bay, Gibraltar, GX11 1|AA, Gibraltar
| | - Lisa Jones-Engel
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Box 353100, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
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Varela JL, Rojo-Nieto E, Sorell JM, Medina A. Using stable isotope analysis to assess trophic relationships between Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) and striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) in the Strait of Gibraltar. Mar Environ Res 2018; 139:57-63. [PMID: 29754735 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N from liver and muscle) was used to assess trophic relationships between Atlantic bluefin tuna (ABFT) (Thunnus thynnus) and striped dolphin (SC) (Stenella coeruleoalba) in the Strait of Gibraltar (SoG). δ15N values from ABFT muscle and liver tissues were significantly different from those of dolphin samples, but no for δ13C values. Diet estimation by MixSIAR models from muscle and liver revealed that ABFT fed mainly on squids (Todaropsis eblanae and Illex coindetii). The shrimp Pasiphaea sp. was estimated to be the most important prey-species in the diet of SC. Trophic positions estimated from muscle and liver isotopic data suggested that ABFT occupy a higher trophic level than SC. Estimations of isotopic niche, as measured by the standard ellipse area, indicated that ABFT show a broader trophic niche than SC; furthermore, SEAc did not show trophic overlap between both predators. The results of this study suggest that resource partitioning occurs between ABFT and SC in the SoG ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Varela
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), Av. República Saharaui s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Elisa Rojo-Nieto
- Departamento de Tecnologías del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Cádiz, Centro Andaluz de Ciencias y Tecnologías Marinas (CACYTMAR/INMAR), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Marinas (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), Av. República Saharaui s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Joan M Sorell
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), Av. República Saharaui s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Antonio Medina
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), Av. República Saharaui s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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18
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Soria-Boix C, Donat-Torres MP, Urios V. Contacts in the last 90,000 years over the Strait of Gibraltar evidenced by genetic analysis of wild boar (Sus scrofa). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181929. [PMID: 28742834 PMCID: PMC5526546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Contacts across the Strait of Gibraltar in the Pleistocene have been studied in different research papers, which have demonstrated that this apparent barrier has been permeable to human and fauna movements in both directions. Our study, based on the genetic analysis of wild boar (Sus scrofa), suggests that there has been contact between Africa and Europe through the Strait of Gibraltar in the Late Pleistocene (at least in the last 90,000 years), as shown by the partial analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Cytochrome b and the control region from North African wild boar indicate a close relationship with European wild boar, and even some specimens belong to a common haplotype in Europe. The analyses suggest the transformation of the wild boar phylogeography in North Africa by the emergence of a natural communication route in times when sea levels fell due to climatic changes, and possibly through human action, since contacts coincide with both the Last Glacial period and the increasing human dispersion via the strait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Soria-Boix
- Estación Biológica Terra Natura, Grupo de Investigación Zoología de Vertebrados, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
- * E-mail: (CSB); (MPDT); (VU)
| | - Maria P. Donat-Torres
- Instituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Gandia, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail: (CSB); (MPDT); (VU)
| | - Vicente Urios
- Estación Biológica Terra Natura, Grupo de Investigación Zoología de Vertebrados, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
- * E-mail: (CSB); (MPDT); (VU)
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Catarino D, Stefanni S, Jorde PE, Menezes GM, Company JB, Neat F, Knutsen H. The role of the Strait of Gibraltar in shaping the genetic structure of the Mediterranean Grenadier, Coryphaenoides mediterraneus, between the Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174988. [PMID: 28459855 PMCID: PMC5411037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Population genetic studies of species inhabiting the deepest parts of the oceans are still scarce and only until recently we started to understand how oceanographic processes and topography affect dispersal and gene flow patterns. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial population genetic structure of the bathyal bony fish Coryphaenoides mediterraneus, with a focus on the Atlantic-Mediterranean transition. We used nine nuclear microsatellites and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene from 6 different sampling areas. No population genetic structure was found within Mediterranean with both marker types (mean ΦST = 0.0960, FST = -0.0003, for both P > 0.05). However, within the Atlantic a contrasting pattern of genetic structure was found for the mtDNA and nuclear markers (mean ΦST = 0.2479, P < 0.001; FST = -0.0001, P > 0.05). When comparing samples from Atlantic and Mediterranean they exhibited high and significant levels of genetic divergence (mean ΦST = 0.7171, FST = 0.0245, for both P < 0.001) regardless the genetic marker used. Furthermore, no shared haplotypes were found between Atlantic and Mediterranean populations. These results suggest very limited genetic exchange between Atlantic and Mediterranean populations of C. mediterraneus, likely due to the shallow bathymetry of the Strait of Gibraltar acting as a barrier to gene flow. This physical barrier not only prevents the direct interactions between the deep-living adults, but also must prevent interchange of pelagic early life stages between the two basins. According to Bayesian simulations it is likely that Atlantic and Mediterranean populations of C. mediterraneus were separated during the late Pleistocene, which is congruent with results for other deep-sea fish from the same region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Catarino
- MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, University of the Azores, Department of Oceanography and Fisheries, Horta, Azores, Portugal
- Department of Oceanography and Fisheries, University of the Azores, Horta, Azores, Portugal
| | | | - Per Erik Jorde
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gui M. Menezes
- MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, University of the Azores, Department of Oceanography and Fisheries, Horta, Azores, Portugal
- Department of Oceanography and Fisheries, University of the Azores, Horta, Azores, Portugal
| | | | - Francis Neat
- Marine Scotland-Science, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Halvor Knutsen
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen, Norway
- Centre for Coastal Research, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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Abstract
Michelle Gracia, Third Year Student Nurse (Adult), School of Health Studies, Gibraltar Health Authority.
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Rojo-Nieto E, Fernández-Maldonado C. Assessing trace elements in striped dolphins from the Strait of Gibraltar: Clues to link the bioaccumulation in the westernmost Mediterranean Sea area and nearest Atlantic Ocean. Chemosphere 2017; 170:41-50. [PMID: 27974270 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dolphins are considered sentinel species in the marine environment. The Strait of Gibraltar is the only passage between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, being the transitional region which connects these two basins and one of the most important routes of cetacean migration worldwide. In this work, eight trace elements (TE) were studied in 45 samples of liver, kidney and muscle, from 15 specimens stranded in this study area. The preliminary results show, among others, the patterns of distribution of the TE in the target organs studied, the influence of sex, length and developmental stage in these TE concentrations and the Se/Hg ratio. Subsequently, the results of TE concentrations in liver have being compared to previous data on S. coeruleoalba from the westernmost Mediterranean Sea and the nearest Atlantic Ocean. For some elements (e.g. for As), concentrations are similar to those obtained from Atlantic samples, despite in other cases (e.g. for Cd) results are lined up with those observed in Mediterranean studies. In addition, in the case of some TE (e.g. Se and Zn) the results are in the middle of those reported for both basins, reinforcing the idea of the Strait of Gibraltar being a transitional zone. Present study is the first research regarding this issue in this outstanding region, aiming to give insights of how this matchless area can help to link TE concentrations observed in these Atlantic and Mediterranean threatened species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rojo-Nieto
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Andalusian Center for Marine Science and Technology (CACYTMAR/INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea, University of Cádiz, Spain; Stranding-Supporting Network, DELPHIS - Ecologistas en Acción Cádiz, c/ San Alejandro s/n., Puerto Real, Spain.
| | - Carolina Fernández-Maldonado
- Center for the Management of the Marine Environment (CEGMA), Andalusian Agency for Environment and Water, (Andalusian Environmental and Spatial Planning Council), Avda. Johan Gütemberg 1, Isla de la Cartuja, Sevilla, Spain
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García-Sánchez MJ, Delgado-Huertas A, Fernández JA, Flores-Moya A. Photosynthetic use of inorganic carbon in deep-water kelps from the Strait of Gibraltar. Photosynth Res 2016; 127:295-305. [PMID: 26275764 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0184-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of inorganic carbon assimilation were investigated in the four deep-water kelps inhabiting sea bottoms at the Strait of Gibraltar; these species are distributed at different depths (Saccorhiza polysiches at shallower waters, followed by Laminaria ochroleuca, then Phyllariopsis brevipes and, at the deepest bottoms, Phyllariopsis purpurascens). To elucidate the capacity to use HCO3(-) as a source of inorganic carbon for photosynthesis in the kelps, different experimental approaches were used. Specifically, we measured the irradiance-saturated gross photosynthetic rate versus pH at a constant dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration of 2 mM, the irradiance-saturated apparent photosynthesis (APS) rate versus DIC, the total and the extracellular carbonic anhydrase (CAext), the observed and the theoretical photosynthetic rates supported by the spontaneous dehydration of HCO3(-) to CO2, and the δ(13)C signature in tissues of the algae. While S. polyschides and L. ochroleuca showed photosynthetic activity at pH 9.5 (around 1.0 µmol O2 m(-2) s(-1)), the activity was close to zero in both species of Phyllariopsis. The APS versus DIC was almost saturated for the DIC values of natural seawater (2 mM) in S. polyschides and L. ochroleuca, but the relationship was linear in P. brevipes and P. purpurascens. The four species showed total and CAext activities but the inhibition of the CAext originated the observed photosynthetic rates at pH 8.0 to be similar to the theoretical rates that could be supported by the spontaneous dehydration of HCO3(-). The isotopic (13)C signatures ranged from -17.40 ± 1.81 to -21.11 ± 1.73 ‰ in the four species. Additionally, the δ(13)C signature was also measured in the deep-water Laminaria rodriguezii growing at 60-80 m, showing even a more negative value of -26.49 ± 1.25 ‰. All these results suggest that the four kelps can use HCO3(-) as external carbon source for photosynthesis mainly by the action of external CAext, but they also suggest that the species inhabiting shallower waters show a higher capacity than the smaller kelps living in deeper waters. In fact, the photosynthesis in the two Phyllariopsis species could be accomplished by the spontaneous dehydration of HCO3(-) to CO2. These differences in the capacity to use HCO3(-) in photosynthesis among species could be important considering the increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 predicted for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús García-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Fisiología Vegetal), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Delgado-Huertas
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Granada, 18100, Armilla, Spain
| | - José Antonio Fernández
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Fisiología Vegetal), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Flores-Moya
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
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Laming SR, Szafranski KM, Rodrigues CF, Gaudron SM, Cunha MR, Hilário A, Le Bris N, Duperron S. Fickle or Faithful: The Roles of Host and Environmental Context in Determining Symbiont Composition in Two Bathymodioline Mussels. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144307. [PMID: 26710314 PMCID: PMC4692436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean Sea and adjoining East Atlantic Ocean host a diverse array of small-sized mussels that predominantly live on sunken, decomposing organic remains. At least two of these, Idas modiolaeformis and Idas simpsoni, are known to engage in gill-associated symbioses; however, the composition, diversity and variability of these symbioses with changing habitat and location is poorly defined. The current study presents bacterial symbiont assemblage data, derived from 454 pyrosequencing carried out on replicate specimens of these two host species, collected across seven sample sites found in three oceanographic regions in the Mediterranean and East Atlantic. The presence of several bacterial OTUs in both the Mediterranean Sea and eastern Atlantic suggests that similar symbiont candidates occur on both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar. The results reveal markedly different symbiotic modes in the two species. Idas modiolaeformis displays high symbiont diversity and flexibility, with strong variation in symbiont composition from the East Mediterranean to the East Atlantic. Idas simpsoni displays low symbiont diversity but high symbiont fidelity, with a single dominant OTU occurring in all specimens analysed. These differences are argued to be a function of the host species, where subtle differences in host evolution, life-history and behaviour could partially explain the observed patterns. The variability in symbiont compositions, particularly in Idas modiolaeformis, is thought to be a function of the nature, context and location of the habitat from which symbiont candidates are sourced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven R. Laming
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR7208 Laboratoire biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (UPMC CNRS MNHM IRD CAEN), 7 quai St Bernard, Paris, France
- Departamento de Biologia and CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Kamil M. Szafranski
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR7208 Laboratoire biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (UPMC CNRS MNHM IRD CAEN), 7 quai St Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Clara F. Rodrigues
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR7208 Laboratoire biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (UPMC CNRS MNHM IRD CAEN), 7 quai St Bernard, Paris, France
- Departamento de Biologia and CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sylvie M. Gaudron
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR7208 Laboratoire biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (UPMC CNRS MNHM IRD CAEN), 7 quai St Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Marina R. Cunha
- Departamento de Biologia and CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Hilário
- Departamento de Biologia and CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nadine Le Bris
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Banyuls, UMR8222 Laboratoire d'Ecogéochimie des Environnements Benthiques (UPMC CNRS), Station marine de Banyuls, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Sébastien Duperron
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR7208 Laboratoire biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (UPMC CNRS MNHM IRD CAEN), 7 quai St Bernard, Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Gil-López MJ, Segarra-Moragues JG, Ojeda F. Population genetic structure of a sandstone specialist and a generalist heath species at two levels of sandstone patchiness across the Strait of Gibraltar. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98602. [PMID: 24878545 PMCID: PMC4039479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many habitat specialist species are originally composed of small, discontinuous populations because their habitats are naturally fragmented or patchy. They may have suffered the long-term effects of natural patchiness. Mediterranean heathlands, a representative habitat in the Strait of Gibraltar region, are associated with nutrient-poor, acidic sandstone soils. Sandstone soil patches in the African side of the Strait (Tangier) are, in general, smaller and more scattered than in the European side (Algeciras). In this study, we analyze the effect of this sandstone patchiness on the population genetic diversity and structure of two Erica species from these Mediterranean heathlands that differ in their edaphic specificity, E. australis, sandstone specialist, and E. arborea, generalist. Average levels of within-population genetic diversity and gene flow between populations were significantly lower in Tangier (high sandstone patchiness) than in Algeciras (low patchiness) for the sandstone specialist, whereas no differences between both sides of the Strait were detected in the edaphic generalist. Since most endemic species in Mediterranean heathlands of the Strait of Gibraltar are sandstone specialists, these results highlight an increased vulnerability to loss of genetic diversity and local extinction of the heathland endemic flora in the Tangier side of the Strait of Gibraltar.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Gabriel Segarra-Moragues
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Ojeda
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
- * E-mail:
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26
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Reyes S. Dipping a toe into the specialist nursing pool. Br J Nurs 2014; 23:509. [PMID: 24851912 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2014.23.10.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Selina Reyes is a second-year nursing student in Gibraltar. Here she reflects on her first-year experiences of being introduced to various specialist nursing areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Reyes
- Second Year Student Nurse (Adult Field), School of Health Studies, Gibraltar Health Authority
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Sánchez-Garrido JC, Lafuente JG, Sammartino S, Naranjo C, de los Santos FJ, Álvarez Fanjul E. Meteorologically-driven circulation and flushing times of the Bay of Algeciras, Strait of Gibraltar. Mar Pollut Bull 2014; 80:97-106. [PMID: 24486040 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A primitive-equation model has been used to investigate the meteorologically-driven circulation of the Bay of Algeciras. It is shown that the mean circulation of Atlantic Water (AW) is characterized by an anticyclonic cell, while Mediterranean Water (MW) follows a preferred cyclonic pathway. Meteorological forcing distorts substantially the AW mean circulation pattern, and only modulates that of the MW. Winds drive a vertical circulation cell in the Atlantic layer consistent with Ekman dynamics, whereas the horizontal circulation pattern is markedly dependent on the swift Atlantic jet entering the Mediterranean and changes from clearly anticyclonic to cyclonic as the jet separates or approaches the strait's northern shoreline. This occurs through atmospheric pressure-driven acceleration/deceleration of the jet, in agreement with internal hydraulics theory predictions. It is also found that the renewal of AW is largely modulated by tides, with meteorological forcing playing a secondary role. The opposite applies to the renewal of MW.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C Sánchez-Garrido
- Physical Oceanography Group, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Jesús García Lafuente
- Physical Oceanography Group, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Simone Sammartino
- Physical Oceanography Group, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Cristina Naranjo
- Physical Oceanography Group, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Heistermann M, Brauch K, Möhle U, Pfefferle D, Dittami J, Hodges K. Female ovarian cycle phase affects the timing of male sexual activity in free-ranging Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) of Gibraltar. Am J Primatol 2008; 70:44-53. [PMID: 17577208 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although all macaques have a multimale multifemale mating system, the degree of promiscuity shown by the Barbary macaque is considered to be extreme in terms of both mating frequency and number of mating partners. How mating activity is distributed throughout the female menstrual cycle and whether or not copulations are concentrated around the fertile phase as in other members of the genus is, however, not known. To examine this, we collected data on rates of copulation throughout 29 ovarian cycles from 13 free-ranging females of the Gibraltar Barbary macaque population and related them to the time of ovulation and the female fertile phase as determined from fecal hormone analysis. In addition, patterns of male inspection of females and time spent in consortship, both indicators of female attractivity, were also analyzed. The results indicate that both mating behavior and female attractivity vary predictably with ovarian cycle stage. Rates of copulation were found to increase toward the time of ovulation, with a distinct peak of ejaculatory (but not non-ejaculatory) copulations occurring in the fertile phase. Additionally, we show that frequency of inspection of females by males and time spent in consortship were also highest during the fertile phase and that ejaculatory copulations and male pericopulatory behaviors were significantly correlated with levels of female sex hormones. Our findings indicate that the Barbary macaque shows a mating pattern during the cycle similar to that described for other members of the genus. More importantly, however, our study provides clear evidence that despite an extreme degree of promiscuity Barbary macaque males concentrate their reproductive effort to the fertile phase, implying that they are able to discern this period and that thus timing of ovulation is not concealed from them. Estrogen-related cues appear to be involved in the process of recognition of female reproductive status by males, but the exact nature of these cues and how male Barbary macaques use them remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heistermann
- Department of Reproductive Biology, German Primate Centre, Göttingen, Germany.
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Abstract
It is well established that grooming underpins sociality in group-living primates, and a number of studies have documented the stress-reducing effects of being groomed. In this study, we quantified grooming behaviour and physiological stress (assessed by faecal glucocorticoid analysis) in free-ranging Barbary macaques, Macaca sylvanus. Our results indicate that it is the giving rather than the receiving of grooming that is associated with lower stress levels. These findings shed important new light on the benefits of this key behaviour in primate social life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Shutt
- Centre for Research in Evolutionary Anthropology, School of Human and Life Sciences, Roehampton UniversityHolybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, UK
| | - Ann MacLarnon
- Centre for Research in Evolutionary Anthropology, School of Human and Life Sciences, Roehampton UniversityHolybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, UK
- Author for correspondence ()
| | - Michael Heistermann
- Department of Reproductive Biology, German Primate CentreKellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stuart Semple
- Centre for Research in Evolutionary Anthropology, School of Human and Life Sciences, Roehampton UniversityHolybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, UK
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Abstract
Attempts to place Palaeolithic finds within a precise climatic framework are complicated by both uncertainty over the radiocarbon calibration beyond about 21,500 14C years bp and the absence of a master calendar chronology for climate events from reference archives such as Greenland ice cores or speleothems. Here we present an alternative approach, in which 14C dates of interest are mapped directly onto the palaeoclimate record of the Cariaco Basin by means of its 14C series, circumventing calendar age model and correlation uncertainties, and placing dated events in the millennial-scale climate context of the last glacial period. This is applied to different sets of dates from levels with Mousterian artefacts, presumably produced by late Neanderthals, from Gorham's Cave in Gibraltar: first, generally accepted estimates of about 32,000 14C years bp for the uppermost Mousterian levels; second, a possible extended Middle Palaeolithic occupation until about 28,000 14C years bp; and third, more contentious evidence for persistence until about 24,000 14C years bp. This study shows that the three sets translate to different scenarios on the role of climate in Neanderthal extinction. The first two correspond to intervals of general climatic instability between stadials and interstadials that characterized most of the Middle Pleniglacial and are not coeval with Heinrich Events. In contrast, if accepted, the youngest date indicates that late Neanderthals may have persisted up to the onset of a major environmental shift, which included an expansion in global ice volume and an increased latitudinal temperature gradient. More generally, our radiocarbon climatostratigraphic approach can be applied to any 'snapshot' date from discontinuous records in a variety of deposits and can become a powerful tool in evaluating the climatic signature of critical intervals in Late Pleistocene human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Tzedakis
- Earth and Biosphere Institute, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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Finlayson C, Pacheco FG, Rodríguez-Vidal J, Fa DA, Gutierrez López JM, Santiago Pérez A, Finlayson G, Allue E, Baena Preysler J, Cáceres I, Carrión JS, Fernández Jalvo Y, Gleed-Owen CP, Jimenez Espejo FJ, López P, López Sáez JA, Riquelme Cantal JA, Sánchez Marco A, Guzman FG, Brown K, Fuentes N, Valarino CA, Villalpando A, Stringer CB, Martinez Ruiz F, Sakamoto T. Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe. Nature 2006; 443:850-3. [PMID: 16971951 DOI: 10.1038/nature05195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The late survival of archaic hominin populations and their long contemporaneity with modern humans is now clear for southeast Asia. In Europe the extinction of the Neanderthals, firmly associated with Mousterian technology, has received much attention, and evidence of their survival after 35 kyr bp has recently been put in doubt. Here we present data, based on a high-resolution record of human occupation from Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar, that establish the survival of a population of Neanderthals to 28 kyr bp. These Neanderthals survived in the southernmost point of Europe, within a particular physiographic context, and are the last currently recorded anywhere. Our results show that the Neanderthals survived in isolated refuges well after the arrival of modern humans in Europe.
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Möhle U, Heistermann M, Dittami J, Reinberg V, Wallner B, Hodges JK. Patterns of anogenital swelling size and their endocrine correlates during ovulatory cycles and early pregnancy in free-ranging barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) of Gibraltar. Am J Primatol 2006; 66:351-68. [PMID: 16104035 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In macaques and other cercopithecoid primates, large anogenital swellings (AS) are generally found only in those species in which reproduction is not seasonally restricted. In this respect, the Barbary macaque is unusual because while it shows a marked degree of reproductive seasonality, it also exhibits a striking, exaggerated swelling of the circumanal region and labia. Information on the characteristics of AS in female Barbary macaques is limited in that it is largely based on semiquantitative assessments of swelling size, and there are no data on endocrine parameters associated with AS during ovulatory cycles or early pregnancy. In the present study, we combined quantitative measurements of four swelling size parameters (AS width, height, and depth, and labial width) using a video-imaging technique with fecal estrogen and progestagen determinations in free-ranging females of the Gibraltar Barbary macaque population to 1) characterize the pattern of AS throughout the mating season and early gestation, and 2) examine the relationships among changes in swelling size and endocrine parameters. The patterns of all four swelling parameters correlated significantly with one another, although measures of AS depth and labial width were difficult to obtain. Using the product of AS height and width, the data demonstrate that the occurrence of AS is highly seasonal, with pronounced cyclical changes during the mating season and early pregnancy. Furthermore, the swelling cycles are characterized by progressive size increases from the early to the late follicular phase, in association with an elevated estrogen:progestagen (E:P) ratio, with ovulation occurring during the maximum swelling phase. The results also demonstrated a conspicuous postconception increase in swelling between days 18-30 of gestation. The postconception swellings were on average 80% of the size of that of the conception cycles, and were preceded by a large increase in fecal estrogen levels and the E:P ratio. This is the first study to characterize swelling patterns and their endocrine correlates during ovarian cycles and early pregnancy in naturally reproducing female Barbary macaques. The data provide a solid basis for further studies to explore sociosexual behavioral patterns and the functional significance of AS in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Möhle
- Department of Reproductive Biology, German Primate Centre, Goettingen, Germany
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Abstract
An in-depth understanding of the contexts and patterns of human-macaque interactions can play an important role in assessing and managing the potential for pathogen transmission. The Padangtegal Monkey Forest in Bali, Indonesia, and the Upper Rock Nature Reserve in Gibraltar are two sites that have been relatively well studied in regard to human-macaque interactions. This article presents an overview of interaction patterns between humans and macaques at these sites along with a description of the cultural, demographic, and contextual differences between local and nonlocal humans at the sites. Differences in these two sites' interaction patterns included bite rates, the role of food in aggressive interactions, and the context in which the interactions took place. Similarities included overrepresentation by adult male macaques in interactions and a substantial impact by local cultural and demographic factors. These similarities and differences are interpreted as resulting from differences in macaque species and behaviors, and human demography, culture, and behavioral patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Fuentes
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA.
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Abstract
The Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus) is the earliest offshoot of the genus Macaca and the only extant African representative, all other species being Asiatic. Once distributed throughout North Africa, M. sylvanus is now restricted to isolated forest fragments in Algeria and Morocco. The species is threatened; the maximum total wild population size is estimated at 10,000 individuals. Relationships among surviving wild subpopulations in Algeria (96 samples) and Morocco (116 samples) were examined by using 468-bp sequences from hypervariable region I of the mitochondrial DNA control region. Twenty-four different haplotypes were identified, differing by 1-26 mutational steps (0.2-5.6%) and 1 insertion. With one exception (attributable to secondary introduction in coastal Morocco), Algerian and Moroccan haplotypes are clearly distinct. However, whereas Moroccan subpopulations show little divergence in hypervariable region I sequences and little correspondence with geographical distribution, there is a deep division between two main subpopulations in Algeria and one marked secondary division, with haplotypes generally matching geographical distribution. Accepting an origin of the genus Macaca of 5.5 million years ago, the Moroccan population and the two main Algerian subpopulations diverged approximately 1.6 million years ago. Distinction between Moroccan and Algerian haplotypes permitted analysis of the origin of the Gibraltar colony of Barbary macaques (68 samples; 30% of the population). It is generally held that the present Gibraltar population descended from a dozen individuals imported during World War II. However, the Gibraltar sample was found to include Algerian and Moroccan haplotypes separated by at least 16 mutational steps, revealing a dual origin of the founding females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Modolo
- Anthropologisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Gantenbein B, Largiadèr CR. The phylogeographic importance of the Strait of Gibraltar as a gene flow barrier in terrestrial arthropods: a case study with the scorpion Buthus occitanus as model organism. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2003; 28:119-30. [PMID: 12801475 DOI: 10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The phylogenetic relationship between Buthus occitanus populations across the Strait of Gibraltar was investigated using nuclear 18S/ITS-1 DNA sequences and mitochondrial 16S and COI DNA sequences. All analyses showed that the European samples are highly separated from North African samples, and also suggest the existence of three main groups within this species complex, i.e., an European, an Atlas (=Moroccan samples) and a Tell-Atlas group (=Tunisian samples). The European clade was subdivided into three distinct subclades. The application of a previous calibration of the molecular clock of another buthid species suggested that most of the detected mitochondrial DNA lineages including the European lineages are about three times older than the re-opening of the Gibraltar Strait, and consequently, that other and older vicariant events are responsible for the observed phylogeographic structure of this species complex. Concerning the Moroccan samples, a discordance between nuclear and mitochondrial gene markers was observed. The 18S/ITS-1 gene tree could not resolve the phylogenetic relationships among the Moroccan B. occitanus subspecies and the closely related species B. atlantis, whereas mitochondrial genes suggested the co-existence of several old phylogenetic lineages in Morocco. We hypothesized that this difference may be explained by male-biased gene flow and gene conversion at the tandemly repeated 18S/ITS-1 gene regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gantenbein
- The University of Edinburgh, Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology (ICAPB), Ashworth Laboratories, West Mains Road, EH9 3JT, Edinburgh, UK.
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Melvin J. Midwifery in Gibraltar: the lived experience. RCM Midwives 2003; 6:264-6. [PMID: 12830628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
This article is based on personal and clinical experiences and observations during a two-week elective placement at a small, local maternity unit in Gibraltar. Training in a large multicultural and ethnically diverse hospital proved very different to the environment of St Bernard's Hospital in Gibraltar. The positive, almost idealistic midwifery care observed instilled hope about a midwifery career and the future of midwifery in the UK. It is hoped that this article will inspire other students.
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Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, Oefner PJ, Underhill PA, Bertranpetit J. High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68:1019-29. [PMID: 11254456 PMCID: PMC1275654 DOI: 10.1086/319521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2000] [Accepted: 02/14/2001] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we have analyzed 44 Y-chromosome biallelic polymorphisms in population samples from northwestern (NW) Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, which allowed us to place each chromosome unequivocally in a phylogenetic tree based on >150 polymorphisms. The most striking results are that contemporary NW African and Iberian populations were found to have originated from distinctly different patrilineages and that the Strait of Gibraltar seems to have acted as a strong (although not complete) barrier to gene flow. In NW African populations, an Upper Paleolithic colonization that probably had its origin in eastern Africa contributed 75% of the current gene pool. In comparison, approximately 78% of contemporary Iberian Y chromosomes originated in an Upper Paleolithic expansion from western Asia, along the northern rim of the Mediterranean basin. Smaller contributions to these gene pools (constituting 13% of Y chromosomes in NW Africa and 10% of Y chromosomes in Iberia) came from the Middle East during the Neolithic and, during subsequent gene flow, from Sub-Saharan to NW Africa. Finally, bidirectional gene flow across the Strait of Gibraltar has been detected: the genetic contribution of European Y chromosomes to the NW African gene pool is estimated at 4%, and NW African populations may have contributed 7% of Iberian Y chromosomes. The Islamic rule of Spain, which began in a.d. 711 and lasted almost 8 centuries, left only a minor contribution to the current Iberian Y-chromosome pool. The high-resolution analysis of the Y chromosome allows us to separate successive migratory components and to precisely quantify each historical layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bosch
- Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona; Stanford DNA Sequencing and Technology Center, Palo Alto, CA; and Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Francesc Calafell
- Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona; Stanford DNA Sequencing and Technology Center, Palo Alto, CA; and Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - David Comas
- Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona; Stanford DNA Sequencing and Technology Center, Palo Alto, CA; and Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Peter J. Oefner
- Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona; Stanford DNA Sequencing and Technology Center, Palo Alto, CA; and Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Peter A. Underhill
- Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona; Stanford DNA Sequencing and Technology Center, Palo Alto, CA; and Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Jaume Bertranpetit
- Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona; Stanford DNA Sequencing and Technology Center, Palo Alto, CA; and Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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42
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Alvarez Y, Mateo JA, Andreu AC, Díaz-Paniagua C, Diez A, Bautista JM. Mitochondrial DNA haplotyping of Testudo graeca on both continental sides of the Straits of Gibraltar. J Hered 2000; 91:39-41. [PMID: 10739123 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/91.1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Testudo graeca is an endangered species of tortoise that inhabits Mediterranean areas of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Western populations are found on both sides of the Straits of Gibraltar. The effects of geographical isolation on genetic divergence were assessed by the sequence analysis of two mitochondrial DNA regions of the 12S rRNA and cytochrome b genes. Four different haplotypes were identified. A single haplotype was shared by all Spanish and some east Moroccan specimens. Two haplotypes were unique to the west Moroccan T. graeca populations and allowed the clear discrimination between individual specimens found west of the Moulouya River. Phylogenetic analysis based on the estimation of nucleotide sequence distances of the haplotypes suggests an African origin for the Spanish populations and a subspecies status for the west Moroccan pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Alvarez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Spain
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León Vintró L, Mitchell PI, Condren OM, Downes AB, Papucci C, Delfanti R. Vertical and horizontal fluxes of plutonium and americium in the western Mediterranean and the Strait of Gibraltar. Sci Total Environ 1999; 237-238:77-91. [PMID: 10568267 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
New data on the vertical distributions of plutonium and americium in the waters of the western Mediterranean and the Strait of Gibraltar are examined in terms of the processes governing their delivery to, transport in and removal from the water column within the basin. Residence times for plutonium and americium in surface waters of approximately 15 and approximately 3 years, respectively, are deduced, and it is shown that by the mid 1990s only approximately 35% of the 239,240Pu and approximately 5% of the 241Am deposited as weapons fallout still resided in the water column. Present 239,240Pu inventories in the water column and the underlying sediments are estimated to be approximately 25 TBq and approximately 40 TBq, respectively, which reconcile well with the time-integrated fallout deposition in this zone, taken to be approximately 69 TBq. The data show that there are significant net outward fluxes of plutonium and americium from the basin through the Strait of Gibraltar at the present time. These appear to be compensated by net inward fluxes of similar magnitude through the Strait of Sicily. Thus, the time-integrated fallout deposition in the western basin can be accounted for satisfactorily in terms of present water column and sediment inventories. Enhanced scavenging on the continental shelves, as evidenced by the appreciably higher transuranic concentrations in shelf sediments, supports this contention.
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Affiliation(s)
- L León Vintró
- Department of Experimental Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
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44
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45
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Abudarham S. 'Bilinguality' in dual language schoolchildren and its implications. Int J Lang Commun Disord 1998; 33 Suppl:494-499. [PMID: 10343743 DOI: 10.3109/13682829809179474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As part of a doctoral investigation, the receptive lexical proficiency of 392 Dual Language (DL) primary school children in Gibraltar was studied. Using the resultant data, the subjects' lexical proficiency was measured in their first language (L1) Gibraltarian Spanish (Yanito) and in their second language (L2) English. Their bilinguality was also calculated. This paper focuses on the results of several analyses conducted to calculate the subjects' bilinguality. The results of these analyses are reported and some of their practical implications briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Abudarham
- School of Health and Policy Studies, University of Central England, Birmingham.
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Abudarham S. Language dominance in dual language children--do we need to bother assessing it? Int J Lang Commun Disord 1998; 33 Suppl:488-493. [PMID: 10343742 DOI: 10.3109/13682829809179473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As part of a doctoral investigation, the receptive lexical proficiency of 392 Dual Language (DL) primary school children in Gibraltar was studied. Using the resultant data, the subjects' lexical proficiency was measured in Gibraltarian Spanish (Yanito) their first language (L1) and in English their second language (L2). Their receptive lexical dominance was also calculated. This paper focuses on the results of analyses conducted to calculate the subjects' receptive lexical dominance and dominance shift over the years. The results of these analyses are reported and some implications briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Abudarham
- School of Health and Policy Studies, University of Central England, Birmingham.
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47
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Sawchuk LA, Burke SD, Benady S. Assessing the impact of adolescent pregnancy and the premarital conception stress complex on birth weight among young mothers in Gibraltar's civilian community. J Adolesc Health 1997; 21:259-66. [PMID: 9304458 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-139x(97)00114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to assess the impact of young maternal age and the timing of conception on birth weight among primiparous women living in Gibraltar. METHODS The data for this study were derived from a population of 295 primiparous women who gave birth under 25 years of age. Only married women who had no previous maternal history and delivered live singleton newborns between 1980 and 1984 were included. The confounding effects of gestation length, sex, and socio-economic status on birth weight were taken into account using the multivariate technique of multiple classification analysis. A conception timing variable was constructed and partitioned into four groups which represented the separate and joint effects of maternal age and prenuptial stress on birth weight. RESULTS The overall mean birth weight was 3344.15 g. After controlling for the specified factors and covariate, the infants of older mother (> 19) who conceived after marriage weighed 57.78 g above the referent group mean. Older mothers who conceived a child before marriage delivered infants weighing 75.67 below the grand mean. Young mother (< 20) who conceived within marriage had infants who weighed 37.32 g less than the grand mean. Infants delivered by young mothers who conceived before marriage weighed 133.66 g less than the overall mean birth weight. The only significant group difference detected within the conception timing variable was between young mothers who conceived before marriage versus older mothers who conceived after marriage. CONCLUSIONS Premarital conception is identified as a risk factor for lower infant birth weights among mothers under 20 years of age. This study emphasizes the need to take into account the effects of culturally mediated behavior on the pregnancy experience of young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Sawchuk
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
A historical based enquiry of colonial Gibraltar at the turn of the 19th century was conducted in order to assess what factors gave rise to residential variation of pre-reproductive mortality. Gibraltar's unusual configuration of a port city, garrison town, and commercial centre at the tip of the Iberian peninsula offers a unique opportunity to examine the interplay of ecology, demographic and socio-economic factors on childhood mortality. Communal living under the patio system and the sharing of essential resources were characteristic features of life on the Rock. Using the residential district as the focus of enquiry, stepwise regression results for the period 1879-81, designated as a period of 'low ecological stress', indicated that the number of gallons of potable water per person captured a significant amount of variability in mortality. During the year 1878, a serious shortfall in rainfall was associated with lower life expectancy, a change in the seasonal pattern of mortality, and elevated rates of death attributable to the diarrhea complex. Under this period of 'high ecological stress', the percentage of servants in the household, a proxy for wealth/status, proved to be the single most important factor accounting for 46.6% of the variation in the death rate under 15. Analysis of mortality at the patio level revealed that residents of buildings of two household units had lower mortality than residents living in smaller or larger dwellings, particularly in the period of high ecological stress. The complex pattern of mortality at the district and patio level is explained in terms of the development of residential preferences and decentralized nature of vital resources, such as the water support system and food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Sawchuk
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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49
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Abstract
Interactions between tourists and Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) at Queen's Gate, Gibraltar, are described. Interaction rates are high, with 99.6 interactions/h at peak times. Macaques spend 13.2% of their day interacting with tourists and 41.9% inactive. An overall ratio of 3.2:1 between human-initiated and macaque-initiated interactions was found. Of interactions involving humans, 85% concerned tourists. Diurnal activity patterns of the macaques were adapted to tourist visitation patterns. Old animals initiated more food-related interactions than younger ones. Infants/juveniles were the commonest class in contacts with humans and vehicles. Interactions involving more than one macaque were rare. High interaction rates were recorded for mothers and babies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H O'Leary
- Ecology and Conservation Unit, University College London, UK
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50
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Abstract
In one year 55 patients presented to the casualty department of St Bernard's Hospital, Gibraltar, with a primate bite. The implications of such wounds on the health of these patients is contrasted with the morbidity and mortality associated with primate bites in the African subcontinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Campbell
- Department of Surgery, St Bernard's Hospital, Gibraltar
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