87 PREDICTIVE VALIDITY OF SCREENING TOOLS USED BY A FRAILTY INTERVENTION TEAM IN AN IRISH EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT: A RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY

Background

Various screening tools exist to identify frail and at-risk older adults in the emergency department (ED). This can facilitate targeted assessment and management, leading to improve outcomes. This study evaluated the predictive validity of four screening tools used by an ED-based team of allied health professionals.

Methods

The Variable Indicative of Placement (VIP) tool, Think Frailty Tool, Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) and 4AT were administered to adults aged ≥75 years as part of assessment by the Frailty Intervention Therapy Team in an Irish ED. Outcomes were hospital admission; re-attendance within 28 or 90 days; and death within 28 or 365 days. Scores were dichotomised, and for each outcome, relative risks and sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were calculated.

Results

Over the six-month period, 429 individuals (median age:82 years) were assessed. Of these, 59% were VIP-positive, 81% screened at-risk of frailty on the Think Frailty Tool, 56% screened positive for frailty on the CFS, and 16% screened positive on the 4AT. Hospital admission, re-attendance at 28 and 90 days, and death within 28 and 365 days were 56%, 12%, 27%, 5%, and 23%, respectively. Positive screens on the VIP, Think Frailty Tool, CFS and 4AT were associated with significantly increased risk of hospital admission and death within 28 or 365 days (p < 0.05). Positive screens on the Think Frailty Tool and CFS were also associated with increased risk of 90-day re-attendance (p < 0.05). Of the four tools, the Think Frailty Tool had the highest sensitivity (86%–100%) for all outcomes. The CFS showed high sensitivity for detecting death within 28 or 365 days (95% and 84%, respectively), but lower sensitivity (68%–75%) for other outcomes. The 4AT demonstrated the lowest sensitivity for all outcomes (20%–46%).

Conclusion

The Think Frailty Tool and CFS were the most useful for predicting adverse outcomes in this group.

The effects of McConnell patellofemoral joint and tibial internal rotation limitation taping techniques in people with Patellofemoral pain syndrome

BACKGROUND

Taping is frequently used as part of the multi-modal management for patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). McConnell Patellofemoral Joint Taping (PFJT) and Tibial Internal Rotation Limitation Taping (TIRLT) are proposed to be useful adjuncts to the management of PFPS. However, it is unclear if TIRLT offers similar benefits to PFJT, and its effect on pain and lower limb kinematics have not been investigated previously.

RESEARCH QUESTION

What are the effects of TIRLT, PFJT and no taping on perceived pain and lower limb kinematics during a lunge and single leg squat (SLS) in people with PFPS?

METHODS

This cross-sectional study compared the effects of TIRLT, PFJT and no taping, on knee pain and lower limb kinematics during two pain-provoking movements in people with PFPS. Participants with PFPS (n = 23) performed a lunge and SLS under three randomised conditions: TIRLT, PFJT and no taping. The Codamotion system captured and analysed lower limb kinematic data in the sagittal, transverse and coronal planes. Peak knee pain intensity during the movement was assessed using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS).

RESULTS

Participants reported significantly less pain with the TIRLT and PFJT techniques compared with no tape during the lunge (p = 0.005 and p = 0.011, respectively) and SLS (p= 0.002 and p = 0.001, respectively). There was no evidence of altered lower limb kinematics accompanying pain reductions with either taping technique.

SIGNIFICANCE

Both forms of taping may be useful adjuncts as the short-term benefit of pain relief may enable participation in more active forms of rehabilitation.

Current concepts in joint pain in knee osteoarthritis

Joint pain attributable to osteoarthritis (OA) is complex and influenced by a myriad of factors beyond local joint pathology. Current practice continues to predominantly adopt a biomedical approach to OA despite emerging evidence of the importance of a more holistic approach. This paper will summarise evidence for the presence of multidimensional pain profiles in knee joint pain and the presence of subgroups characterized by systemic features such as psychological distress, high comorbidity load or sensitisation of the nervous system. These factors have the potential to influence patient outcomes making them relevant for clinicians and highlighting the necessity of a broader multifactorial approach to assessment and treatment. This review describes the current state of the evidence for treatments of people with knee OA-related pain, including those receiving strong recommendations from current clinical guidelines, namely exercise, weight loss, self-management advice and pharmacological approaches. Other pain-modulating treatment options are emerging such as sleep and psychological interventions, pain education and multisensory retraining. The evidence and rationale for these newer therapeutic approaches is discussed. Finally, this review will highlight some of the limitations of current international guidelines for the management of OA and make recommendations for future research.

ID: 95: IL-33/ST2 TRIGGERING OF IL-9–SECRETING T CELLS: FROM PROTEOMICS TO THERAPEUTICS

As one of the most validated immunotherapies to date, allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is a potentially curative option for high-risk hematological malignancies, particularly acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The immunotherapeutic activity of allo-HCT is known as the graft-vs-leukemia (GVL) activity. However, GVL activity is often accompanied by T-cell reactivity to allo-antigens in normal host tissues, which leads to graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), another major cause of death after HCT. Therefore, there is a great unmet need to improve the current process of allo-HCT through increasing the GVL activity and decreasing GVHD. We have shown that an elevated plasma level of soluble (s)ST2 in HCT patients is a risk factor for severe GVHD. ST2 blockade reduces sST2-producing T cells while maintaining protective membrane (m)ST2-expressing T cells such as type 2 T cells and regulatory T cells during aGVHD. A novel IL-9 producing T helper subset, Th9, expresses mST2. Furthermore, Th9 cells and IL-9 producing CD8 cytotoxic (Tc9) cells have higher antitumor activity than Th1 and Tc1 cells in melanoma models. Interestingly, we found that the addition of IL-33 during T9 differentiation (T9IL-33) increased expression of mST2 and PU.1, a transcription factor that promotes IL-9 production in both CD4 and CD8 T cells. Adoptive transfer of T9IL-33 cells with bone marrow cells in a murine model of HCT resulted in less severe GVHD compared to transfer of T9IL-33 cells generated from ST2−/− or IL-9−/− T cells. Furthermore, cytolytic molecules implicated in anti-leukemic activity (granzyme B and perforin) were upregulated in WT T9IL-33 cells while ST2−/− T9IL-33 cells did not. WT T9IL-33 cells also exhibited higher anti-leukemic activity when cultured with a retrovirally transduced MLL-AF9 leukemic cells in comparison to ST2−/− T9IL-33 in in vitro cytolytic assays. In vivo GVL experiments with MLL-AF9 AML and adoptive transfer of T9IL-33 cells resulted in increased survival compared to syngeneic mice, allo-HCT mice transferred with T1 cells, or T9 cells or T9IL-33 cells generated from ST2−/− or IL-9−/− T cells. Human T9 cells are poorly studied. Here we demonstrate that IL-33 has the same impact on human T cells through enhancing IL-9 and Granzyme B production compared to T9 cells as well as demonstrated higher in vitro anti-leukemic cytolytic activity when incubated with MOLM14, an aggressive AML tumor cell line expressing FLT3/ITD mutations. Importantly, CD8α expression was upregulated in WT T9IL-33 (both CD4 and CD8) cells in comparison to ST2−/− T9IL-33 cells, and CD8α blockade with neutralizing antibody during allogeneic specific T9IL-33 differentiation reduced cytotoxicity of both murine T9IL-33, and human T9IL-33 cells as compared to the cell blocked with isotype control, suggesting that CD8α was associated with MHC-restricted cytolytic activity in T9IL-33 cells. Altogether, our observations demonstrated that adoptive transfer of T9IL-33 cells represents a promising cellular therapy following HCT.

Effects of tourists on Barbary macaques at Gibraltar

Interactions between tourists and Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) at Queen's Gate, Gibraltar, are described. Interaction rates are high, with 99.6 interactions/h at peak times. Macaques spend 13.2% of their day interacting with tourists and 41.9% inactive. An overall ratio of 3.2:1 between human-initiated and macaque-initiated interactions was found. Of interactions involving humans, 85% concerned tourists. Diurnal activity patterns of the macaques were adapted to tourist visitation patterns. Old animals initiated more food-related interactions than younger ones. Infants/juveniles were the commonest class in contacts with humans and vehicles. Interactions involving more than one macaque were rare. High interaction rates were recorded for mothers and babies.