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Numata H, Shintani Y. Diapause in Univoltine and Semivoltine Life Cycles. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 68:257-276. [PMID: 36198404 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-101047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although it is generally more adaptive for insects to produce additional generations than to have longer life cycles, some insects produce one or fewer generations per year (univoltine or semivoltine life cycles, respectively). Some insects with the potential to produce multiple generations per year produce a univoltine life cycle in response to environmental conditions. Obligatory univoltine insects have a single long diapause or multiple diapauses in different seasons. Semivoltine insects have multiple diapauses in different years, a prolonged diapause for more than a year, or diapause controlled by a circannual rhythm. Diapause in these insects greatly varies among species both in the physiological mechanism and in the evolutionary background, and there is no general rule defining it. In this review, we survey the physiological control of univoltine and semivoltine insects' diapause and discuss the adaptive significance of the long life cycles. Although constraints such as slow development are sometimes responsible for these life cycles, the benefits of these life cycles can be explained by bet-hedging in many cases. We also discuss the effect of climate warming on these life cycles as a future area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideharu Numata
- Institute for the Future of Human Society, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan;
| | - Yoshinori Shintani
- Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Environmental and Horticultural Sciences, Minami Kyushu University, Miyakonojo, Japan;
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Stevenson TJ, Visser ME, Arnold W, Barrett P, Biello S, Dawson A, Denlinger DL, Dominoni D, Ebling FJ, Elton S, Evans N, Ferguson HM, Foster RG, Hau M, Haydon DT, Hazlerigg DG, Heideman P, Hopcraft JGC, Jonsson NN, Kronfeld-Schor N, Kumar V, Lincoln GA, MacLeod R, Martin SAM, Martinez-Bakker M, Nelson RJ, Reed T, Robinson JE, Rock D, Schwartz WJ, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tauber E, Thackeray SJ, Umstatter C, Yoshimura T, Helm B. Disrupted seasonal biology impacts health, food security and ecosystems. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:20151453. [PMID: 26468242 PMCID: PMC4633868 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The rhythm of life on earth is shaped by seasonal changes in the environment. Plants and animals show profound annual cycles in physiology, health, morphology, behaviour and demography in response to environmental cues. Seasonal biology impacts ecosystems and agriculture, with consequences for humans and biodiversity. Human populations show robust annual rhythms in health and well-being, and the birth month can have lasting effects that persist throughout life. This review emphasizes the need for a better understanding of seasonal biology against the backdrop of its rapidly progressing disruption through climate change, human lifestyles and other anthropogenic impact. Climate change is modifying annual rhythms to which numerous organisms have adapted, with potential consequences for industries relating to health, ecosystems and food security. Disconcertingly, human lifestyles under artificial conditions of eternal summer provide the most extreme example for disconnect from natural seasons, making humans vulnerable to increased morbidity and mortality. In this review, we introduce scenarios of seasonal disruption, highlight key aspects of seasonal biology and summarize from biomedical, anthropological, veterinary, agricultural and environmental perspectives the recent evidence for seasonal desynchronization between environmental factors and internal rhythms. Because annual rhythms are pervasive across biological systems, they provide a common framework for trans-disciplinary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Stevenson
- Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - M E Visser
- Department of Animal Ecology, Nederlands Instituut voor Ecologie, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - W Arnold
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Barrett
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - S Biello
- School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - A Dawson
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | - D L Denlinger
- Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - D Dominoni
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - F J Ebling
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - S Elton
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - N Evans
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - H M Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - R G Foster
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Hau
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - D T Haydon
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - D G Hazlerigg
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway
| | - P Heideman
- Department of Biology, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - J G C Hopcraft
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - N N Jonsson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - V Kumar
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - G A Lincoln
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R MacLeod
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - S A M Martin
- Department of Animal Ecology, Nederlands Instituut voor Ecologie, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Martinez-Bakker
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - R J Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - T Reed
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Development Centre, University of College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - J E Robinson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - D Rock
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - W J Schwartz
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - I Steffan-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - E Tauber
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - S J Thackeray
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - C Umstatter
- Agroscope, Tanikon, CH-8356 Ettenhausen, Switzerland
| | - T Yoshimura
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, University of Nagoya, Nagoya, Japan
| | - B Helm
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Deveson ED, Woodman JD. Embryonic diapause in the Australian plague locust relative to parental experience of cumulative photophase decline. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 70:1-7. [PMID: 25158025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Australian plague locust Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker) exhibits facultative embryonic diapause during autumn. To approximate natural photoperiod changes during late summer and autumn, locust nymphs were reared under different total declines in laboratory photophase (-0.5, -0.75, -1.0, -1.25, -1.5, -1.75, -2 h each lowered in 15 min steps) in a 24 h photoperiod to quantify any effect on the subsequent production of diapause eggs. Induction of diapause eggs was significantly affected by accumulated photoperiod decline experienced by the parental generation throughout all development stages from mid-instar nymph to fledgling adult. The incidence of embryonic diapause ranged from nil at -0.5 h to 86.6% diapause at -2 h. Continued declines in photoperiod for post-teneral locusts (transitioned from -1h until fledging to -1.75 h) produced a further increase in the proportion of diapause eggs. The results were unaffected by time spent at any given photoperiod, despite a previously indicated maximal inductive photoperiod of 13.5h being used as the mid-point of all treatments. Implications for the seasonal timing processes of photoperiodism in C. terminifera, which has a high migratory capacity and a latitudinal cline in the timing of diapause egg production across a broad geographic range, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Deveson
- Australian Plague Locust Commission, Australian Government Department of Agriculture, GPO Box 858, Canberra 2601, Australia; Fenner School of Environment and Society, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia.
| | - James D Woodman
- Australian Plague Locust Commission, Australian Government Department of Agriculture, GPO Box 858, Canberra 2601, Australia
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Rani S, Kumar V. Avian circannual systems: persistence and sex differences. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 190:61-7. [PMID: 23631901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Birds show adaptation in their physiology and behavior to daily and seasonal periodicities in the environment. A circannual clock system gates seasonal events in birds to happen at the most appropriate time of the year, since a mistiming will delay the event until the arrival of the favorable time next year. The circannual clocks, the self-sustained endogenous system, are expressed under aperiodic conditions with a period close to 12months. In stonechats, it has been shown that circannual rhythms in testicular and molt cycles persist for 12years; this suggests that circannual clocks are functional throughout the life of an individual. Circannual rhythms are synchronized with both the photoperiodic and non-photoperiodic cues, and a synchronized circannual rhythm provides information on annual timing of the physiological event. The integration of rigid circannual timekeeping with the cyclic environment ensures phenotypic plasticity that is required for successful survival of a species in its habitat. There can be however sex differences in the circannual rhythm characteristics and in the relationship between circannual rhythms and external environment. In few cases that have been investigated, females appear playing a larger role in defining the breeding season in the year in relation to the environment. There is no evidence for the involvement of circadian clock in the generation of circannual rhythms. Therefore, future researches need to focus on finding molecular gears that possibly form the neuroendocrine loop and are translated into a seasonal event. Here, we briefly review limited information that is available on circannual rhythms and their relationship with the external environment from a few bird species, inhabiting tropical and temperate environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Rani
- Department of Zoology, DST-IRHPA Center for Excellence in Biological Rhythms Research, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226 007, India.
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Matsuno T, Kawasaki Y, Numata H. Small geographic variation in photoperiodic entrainment of the circannual rhythm in the varied carpet beetle, Anthrenus verbasci. Zoolog Sci 2013; 30:304-10. [PMID: 23537241 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.30.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The circannual pupation rhythm of Anthrenus verbasci is entrained to an environmental cycle by changes in photoperiod. Exposure of larvae reared under short-day conditions to long days induced a clear phase delay of the circannual rhythm. There was no notable difference in the initial phase or period of the circannual rhythm among four geographically distinct populations of A. verbasci in Japan: Takanabe (32.1°N), Osaka (34.7°N), Sendai (38.3°N), and Sapporo (43.1°N) populations. The range of photoperiodic changes effective for phase delay in the circannual pupation rhythm was compared among the four populations. Although larvae did not show a typical threshold response, but responded quantitatively to the photophase duration in intermediate conditions, the critical daylengths were calculated as those under which the pupation was delayed by 50%: 12.8 h in the Takanabe population, 13.2 h in the Osaka population, and 13.6 h in the Sendai and Sapporo populations. Thus, the critical daylength for entrainment of the circannual rhythm in A. verbasci was correlated to the habitat latitude, but the differences among the populations were much smaller than those reported in photoperiodism for induction of diapause in various insects. Consequently, the difference in the pupation time among the four geographic populations was very small under the natural photoperiod in Osaka at 20°C, and absent under the natural photoperiod and temperature in Osaka. These results suggest that A. verbasci survives and successfully produces the next generation in different geographic regions without changing the parameters of the circannual rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Matsuno
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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Miyazaki Y, Nisimura T, Numata H. Circannual rhythm in the varied carpet beetle, Anthrenus verbasci. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2012; 199:439-456. [PMID: 22877680 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59427-3.00025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although circannual rhythms controlling different physiological processes and various aspects of behavior have been reported in numerous organisms, our understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms is still quite limited. We examined the mechanisms controlling the circannual pupation rhythm of the varied carpet beetle, Anthrenus verbasci. This rhythm is self-sustainable, exhibits temperature compensation of the periodicity, and is entrainable to environmental changes. In addition, the circannual phase response curves to a photoperiod pulse display Type 0 or Type 1 resetting, depending on the duration of the pulse. Thus, we infer that this rhythm is derived from a self-sustaining biological oscillator with a period of about a year, that is, a circannual clock, analogous to the circadian clock. Further, a circadian clock appears to mediate photoperiodic time measurement for phase resetting of the circannual clock. Based on these results and previous research performed in other organisms, we discuss the general characteristics of the physiological mechanisms underpinning circannual rhythmicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Miyazaki
- Faculty of Clinical Education, Ashiya University, Hyogo, Japan
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Bradshaw WE, Holzapfel CM. Light, time, and the physiology of biotic response to rapid climate change in animals. Annu Rev Physiol 2010; 72:147-66. [PMID: 20148671 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Examination of temperate and polar regions of Earth shows that the nonbiological world is exquisitely sensitive to the direct effects of temperature, whereas the biological world is largely organized by light. Herein, we discuss the use of day length by animals at physiological and genetic levels, beginning with a comparative experimental study that shows the preeminent role of light in determining fitness in seasonal environments. Typically, at seasonally appropriate times, light initiates a cascade of physiological events mediating the input and interpretation of day length to the output of specific hormones that ultimately determine whether animals prepare to develop, reproduce, hibernate, enter dormancy, or migrate. The mechanisms that form the basis of seasonal time keeping and their adjustment during climate change are reviewed at the physiological and genetic levels. Future avenues for research are proposed that span basic questions from how animals transition from dependency on tropical cues to temperate cues during range expansions, to more applied questions of species survival and conservation biology during periods of climatic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Bradshaw
- Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5289, USA.
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