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Jourdan J, Bundschuh M, Copilaș-Ciocianu D, Fišer C, Grabowski M, Hupało K, Jemec Kokalj A, Kabus J, Römbke J, Soose LJ, Oehlmann J. Cryptic Species in Ecotoxicology. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:1889-1914. [PMID: 37314101 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The advent of genetic methods has led to the discovery of an increasing number of species that previously could not be distinguished from each other on the basis of morphological characteristics. Even though there has been an exponential growth of publications on cryptic species, such species are rarely considered in ecotoxicology. Thus, the particular question of ecological differentiation and the sensitivity of closely related cryptic species is rarely addressed. Tackling this question, however, is of key importance for evolutionary ecology, conservation biology, and, in particular, regulatory ecotoxicology. At the same time, the use of species with (known or unknown) cryptic diversity might be a reason for the lack of reproducibility of ecotoxicological experiments and implies a false extrapolation of the findings. Our critical review includes a database and literature search through which we investigated how many of the species most frequently used in ecotoxicological assessments show evidence of cryptic diversity. We found a high proportion of reports indicating overlooked species diversity, especially in invertebrates. In terrestrial and aquatic realms, at least 67% and 54% of commonly used species, respectively, were identified as cryptic species complexes. The issue is less prominent in vertebrates, in which we found evidence for cryptic species complexes in 27% of aquatic and 6.7% of terrestrial vertebrates. We further exemplified why different evolutionary histories may significantly determine cryptic species' ecology and sensitivity to pollutants. This in turn may have a major impact on the results of ecotoxicological tests and, consequently, the outcome of environmental risk assessments. Finally, we provide a brief guideline on how to deal practically with cryptic diversity in ecotoxicological studies in general and its implementation in risk assessment procedures in particular. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1889-1914. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Jourdan
- Department of Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Denis Copilaș-Ciocianu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology of Hydrobionts, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Cene Fišer
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Michał Grabowski
- Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Kamil Hupało
- Department of Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anita Jemec Kokalj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jana Kabus
- Department of Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörg Römbke
- ECT Oekotoxikologie, Flörsheim am Main, Germany
| | - Laura J Soose
- Department of Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Department of Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Krieg CP, Chambers SM. The ecology and physiology of fern gametophytes: A methodological synthesis. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2022; 10:e11464. [PMID: 35495196 PMCID: PMC9039797 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
All green plants alternate between the gametophyte and sporophyte life stages, but only seed-free vascular plants (ferns and lycophytes) have independent, free-living gametophytes. Fern and lycophyte gametophytes are significantly reduced in size and morphological complexity relative to their sporophytic counterparts and have often been overlooked in ecological and physiological studies. Understanding the ecological and physiological factors that directly impact this life stage is of critical importance because the ultimate existence of a sporophyte is dependent upon successful fertilization in the gametophyte generation. Furthermore, previous research has shown that the dual nature of the life cycle and the high dispersibility of spores can result in different geographic patterns between gametophytes and their respective sporophytes. This variation in distribution patterns likely exacerbates the separation of selective pressures acting on gametophyte and sporophyte generations, and can uniquely impact a species' ecology and physiology. Here, we provide a review of historical and contemporary methodologies used to examine ecological and physiological aspects of fern gametophytes, as well as those that allow for comparisons between the two generations. We conclude by suggesting methodological approaches to answer currently outstanding questions. We hope that the information covered herein will serve as a guide to current researchers and stimulate future discoveries in fern gametophyte ecology and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sally M. Chambers
- Department of BotanyMarie Selby Botanical GardensSarasotaFlorida34236USA
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Leal BSS, Chaves CJN, Graciano VA, Boury C, Huacre LAP, Heuertz M, Palma-Silva C. Evidence of local adaptation despite strong drift in a Neotropical patchily distributed bromeliad. Heredity (Edinb) 2021; 127:203-218. [PMID: 33953353 PMCID: PMC8322333 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-021-00442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Both genetic drift and divergent selection are predicted to be drivers of population differentiation across patchy habitats, but the extent to which these forces act on natural populations to shape traits is strongly affected by species' ecological features. In this study, we infer the genomic structure of Pitcairnia lanuginosa, a widespread herbaceous perennial plant with a patchy distribution. We sampled populations in the Brazilian Cerrado and the Central Andean Yungas and discovered and genotyped SNP markers using double-digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing. In addition, we analyzed ecophysiological traits obtained from a common garden experiment and compared patterns of phenotypic and genetic divergence (PST-FST comparisons) in a subset of populations from the Cerrado. Our results from molecular analyses pointed to extremely low genetic diversity and a remarkable population differentiation, supporting a major role of genetic drift. Approximately 0.3% of genotyped SNPs were flagged as differentiation outliers by at least two distinct methods, and Bayesian generalized linear mixed models revealed a signature of isolation by environment in addition to isolation by distance for high-differentiation outlier SNPs among the Cerrado populations. PST-FST comparisons suggested divergent selection on two ecophysiological traits linked to drought tolerance. We showed that these traits vary among populations, although without any particular macro-spatial pattern, suggesting local adaptation to differences in micro-habitats. Our study shows that selection might be a relevant force, particularly for traits involved in drought stress, even for populations experiencing strong drift, which improves our knowledge on eco-evolutionary processes acting on non-continuously distributed species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Simões Santos Leal
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Cleber Juliano Neves Chaves
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Vanessa Araujo Graciano
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Christophe Boury
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XINRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Biogeco, Cestas France
| | - Luis Alberto Pillaca Huacre
- grid.10800.390000 0001 2107 4576Departamento de Ecología, Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Myriam Heuertz
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XINRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Biogeco, Cestas France
| | - Clarisse Palma-Silva
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo Brazil ,grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Cao X, Zhao J, Li C, Zhu S, Hao Y, Cheng Y, Wu H. Morphological and skeletal comparison and ecological adaptability of Mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi and big-eye Mandarin fish Siniperca kneri. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zaidi AA, Mattern BC, Claes P, McEcoy B, Hughes C, Shriver MD. Investigating the case of human nose shape and climate adaptation. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006616. [PMID: 28301464 PMCID: PMC5354252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary reasons for variation in nose shape across human populations have been subject to continuing debate. An import function of the nose and nasal cavity is to condition inspired air before it reaches the lower respiratory tract. For this reason, it is thought the observed differences in nose shape among populations are not simply the result of genetic drift, but may be adaptations to climate. To address the question of whether local adaptation to climate is responsible for nose shape divergence across populations, we use Qst–Fst comparisons to show that nares width and alar base width are more differentiated across populations than expected under genetic drift alone. To test whether this differentiation is due to climate adaptation, we compared the spatial distribution of these variables with the global distribution of temperature, absolute humidity, and relative humidity. We find that width of the nares is correlated with temperature and absolute humidity, but not with relative humidity. We conclude that some aspects of nose shape may indeed have been driven by local adaptation to climate. However, we think that this is a simplified explanation of a very complex evolutionary history, which possibly also involved other non-neutral forces such as sexual selection. The study of human adaptation is essential to our understanding of disease etiology. Evolutionary investigations into why certain disease phenotypes such as sickle-cell anemia and lactose intolerance occur at different rates in different populations have led to a better understanding of the genetic and environmental risk factors involved. Similarly, research into the geographical distribution of skin pigmentation continues to yield important clues regarding risk of vitamin D deficiency and skin cancer. Here, we investigate whether variation in the shape of the external nose across populations has been driven by regional differences in climate. We find that variation in both nares width and alar base width appear to have experienced accelerated divergence across human populations. We also find that the geospatial distribution of nares width is correlated with temperature, and absolute humidity, but not with relative humidity. Our results support the claim that local adaptation to climate may have had a role in the evolution of nose shape differences across human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arslan A. Zaidi
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Genetics, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: , (AAZ); (MDS)
| | - Brooke C. Mattern
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Peter Claes
- Department of Electrical Engineering–KU Leuven, ESAT/PSI—UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brian McEcoy
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cris Hughes
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- Carl R. Woese Institute of Genomic Biology, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Shriver
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Genetics, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: , (AAZ); (MDS)
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Ke F, Wang Y, Yang CS, Xu C. Molecular cloning and antibacterial activity of hepcidin from Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus). ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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