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O'Flaherty R, Trbojević-Akmačić I, Greville G, Rudd PM, Lauc G. The sweet spot for biologics: recent advances in characterization of biotherapeutic glycoproteins. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 15:13-29. [PMID: 29130774 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1404907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycosylation is recognized as a Critical Quality Attribute for therapeutic glycoproteins such as monoclonal antibodies, fusion proteins and therapeutic replacement enzymes. Hence, efficient and quantitative glycan analysis techniques have been increasingly important for their discovery, development and quality control. The aim of this review is to highlight relevant and recent advances in analytical technologies for characterization of biotherapeutic glycoproteins. Areas covered: The review gives an overview of the glycosylation trends of biotherapeutics approved in 2016 and 2017 by FDA. It describes current and novel analytical technologies for characterization of therapeutic glycoproteins and is explored in the context of released glycan, glycopeptide or intact glycoprotein analysis. Ultra performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis technologies are explored in this context. Expert commentary: There is a need for the biopharmaceutical industry to incorporate novel state of the art analytical technologies into existing and new therapeutic glycoprotein workflows for safer and more efficient biotherapeutics and for the improvement of future biotherapeutic design. Additionally, at present, there is no 'gold-standard' approach to address all the regulatory requirements and as such this will involve the use of orthogonal glycoanalytical technologies with a view to gain diagnostic information about the therapeutic glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róisín O'Flaherty
- a NIBRT GlycoScience Group , National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training , Blackrock, Co. Dublin , Ireland
| | | | - Gordon Greville
- a NIBRT GlycoScience Group , National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training , Blackrock, Co. Dublin , Ireland
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- a NIBRT GlycoScience Group , National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training , Blackrock, Co. Dublin , Ireland
| | - Gordan Lauc
- b Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory , 10000 , Zagreb , Croatia.,c Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
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Váradi C, Mittermayr S, Millán-Martín S, Bones J. Quantitative twoplex glycan analysis using 12C6 and 13C6 stable isotope 2-aminobenzoic acid labelling and capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:8691-8700. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9935-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Trbojević-Akmačić I, Vilaj M, Lauc G. High-throughput analysis of immunoglobulin G glycosylation. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:523-34. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2016.1174584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Capillary electrophoresis for total glycosaminoglycan analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:4617-26. [PMID: 24817364 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7859-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A capillary zone electrophoresis-laser-induced fluorescence detection (CZE-LIF) method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of disaccharides derived from heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate, hyaluronan, and keratan sulfate. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were first depolymerized with the mixture of GAG lyases (heparinase I, II, III and chondroitinase ABC and chondroitinase AC II) and GAG endohydrolase (keratinase II) and the resulting disaccharides were derivatized by reductive amination with 2-aminoacridone. Nineteen fluorescently labeled disaccharides were separated using 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.3) under reversed polarity at 25 kV. Using these conditions, all the disaccharides examined were baseline separated in less then 25 min. This CZE-LIF method gave good reproducibility for both migration time (≤1.03% for intraday and ≤4.4% for interday) and the peak area values (≤5.6% for intra- and ≤8.69% for interday). This CZE-LIF method was used for profiling and quantification of GAG derivative disaccharides in bovine cornea. The results show that the current CZE-LIF method offers fast, simple, sensitive, reproducible determination of disaccharides derived from total GAGs in a single run.
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Anumula KR. Single tag for total carbohydrate analysis. Anal Biochem 2014; 457:31-7. [PMID: 24769375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Anthranilic acid (2-aminobenzoic acid, 2-AA) has the remarkable property of reacting rapidly with every type of reducing carbohydrate. Reactivity of 2-AA with carbohydrates in aqueous solutions surpasses all other tags reported to date. This unique capability is attributed to the strategically located -COOH which accelerates Schiff base formation. Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides (N-, O-, and lipid linked and glycans in secretory fluids), glycosaminoglycans, and polysaccharides can be easily labeled with 2-AA. With 2-AA, labeling is simple in aqueous solutions containing proteins, peptides, buffer salts, and other ingredients (e.g., PNGase F, glycosidase, and transferase reaction mixtures). In contrast, other tags require relatively pure glycans for labeling in anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide-acetic acid medium. Acidic conditions are known to cause desialylation, thus requiring a great deal of attention to sample preparation. Simpler labeling is achieved with 2-AA within 30-60 min in mild acetate-borate buffered solution. 2-AA provides the highest sensitivity and resolution in chromatographic methods for carbohydrate analysis in a simple manner. Additionally, 2-AA is uniquely qualified for quantitative analysis by mass spectrometry in the negative mode. Analyses of 2-AA-labeled carbohydrates by electrophoresis and other techniques have been reported. Examples cited here demonstrate that 2-AA is the universal tag for total carbohydrate analysis.
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Puvirajesinghe TM, Turnbull JE. Glycomics approaches for the bioassay and structural analysis of heparin/heparan sulphates. Metabolites 2012; 2:1060-89. [PMID: 24957775 PMCID: PMC3901230 DOI: 10.3390/metabo2041060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycosaminoglycan heparan sulphate (HS) has a heterogeneous structure; evidence shows that specific structures may be responsible for specific functions in biological processes such as blood coagulation and regulation of growth factor signalling. This review summarises the different experimental tools and methods developed to provide more rapid methods for studying the structure and functions of HS. Rapid and sensitive methods for the facile purification of HS, from tissue and cell sources are reviewed. Data sets for the structural analysis are often complex and include multiple sample sets, therefore different software and tools have been developed for the analysis of different HS data sets. These can be readily applied to chromatographic data sets for the simplification of data (e.g., charge separation using strong anion exchange chromatography and from size separation using gel filtration techniques. Finally, following the sequencing of the human genome, research has rapidly advanced with the introduction of high throughput technologies to carry out simultaneous analyses of many samples. Microarrays to study macromolecular interactions (including glycan arrays) have paved the way for bioassay technologies which utilize cell arrays to study the effects of multiple macromolecules on cells. Glycan bioassay technologies are described in which immobilisation techniques for saccharides are exploited to develop a platform to probe cell responses such as signalling pathway activation. This review aims at reviewing available techniques and tools for the purification, analysis and bioassay of HS saccharides in biological systems using "glycomics" approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania M Puvirajesinghe
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 10039 Marseille, France.
| | - Jeremy E Turnbull
- Centre for Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
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Gou JY, Miller LM, Hou G, Yu XH, Chen XY, Liu CJ. Acetylesterase-mediated deacetylation of pectin impairs cell elongation, pollen germination, and plant reproduction. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:50-65. [PMID: 22247250 PMCID: PMC3289554 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.092411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is a major component of the primary cell wall of higher plants. Some galacturonyl residues in the backbone of pectinaceous polysaccharides are often O-acetylated at the C-2 or C-3 position, and the resulting acetylesters change dynamically during the growth and development of plants. The processes involve both enzymatic acetylation and deacetylation. Through genomic sequence analysis, we identified a pectin acetylesterase (PAE1) from black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa). Recombinant Pt PAE1 exhibited preferential activity in releasing the acetate moiety from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) and potato (Solanum tuberosum) pectin in vitro. Overexpressing Pt PAE1 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) decreased the level of acetyl esters of pectin but not of xylan. Deacetylation engendered differential changes in the composition and/or structure of cell wall polysaccharides that subsequently impaired the cellular elongation of floral styles and filaments, the germination of pollen grains, and the growth of pollen tubes. Consequently, plants overexpressing PAE1 exhibited severe male sterility. Furthermore, in contrast to the conventional view, PAE1-mediated deacetylation substantially lowered the digestibility of pectin. Our data suggest that pectin acetylesterase functions as an important structural regulator in planta by modulating the precise status of pectin acetylation to affect the remodeling and physiochemical properties of the cell wall's polysaccharides, thereby affecting cell extensibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ying Gou
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Lisa M. Miller
- National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Guichuan Hou
- Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina 28608-2027
| | - Xiao-Hong Yu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chang-Jun Liu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
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Abstract
The heparan sulfate (HS) family of glycosaminoglycans are highly complex and structurally diverse polysaccharides with information encoded within the chains that imparts the ability to bind selectively to a wide range of proteins-the "HS interactome"-and to regulate their biological activities. However, there are two key questions which need to be addressed; first, the extent of structural variation of expressed HS structures-the "heparanome"-in specific biological contexts and second, the degree of functional selectivity exerted by these structures in regulating biological processes. There is a clear need to develop more systematic and high throughput approaches in order to address these questions. Here, we describe a cohort of protocols for profiling different aspects of HS structure and activity, focusing particularly on disaccharide building blocks and larger oligosaccharide domains, the latter representing the functional units of HS chains. A range of other complementary methods in the literature are also discussed. Together these provide a new and more comprehensive toolkit to investigate HS structure and activity in a higher throughput manner in selected biological systems. The implementation of such a glycomics strategy will enable development of a systems biology view of HS structure-function relationships and help to resolve the significant puzzle of the extensive interactome of HS, which remains a key question in the glycobiology field. We anticipate that the next decade will see major advances in our understanding of the complex biology of HS.
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Volpi N, Maccari F, Linhardt RJ. Quantitative capillary electrophoresis determination of oversulfated chondroitin sulfate as a contaminant in heparin preparations. Anal Biochem 2009; 388:140-5. [PMID: 19232311 PMCID: PMC4030564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple, accurate, and robust quantitative capillary electrophoresis (CE) method for the determination of oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) as a contaminant in heparin (Hep) preparations is described. After degradation of the polysaccharides by acidic hydrolysis, the hexosamines produced (i.e., GlcN from Hep and GalN from OSCS) were derivatized with anthranilic acid (AA) and separated by means of CE in approximately 10 min with high sensitivity detection at 214 nm (limit of detection [LOD] of approximately 200 pg). Furthermore, AA-derivatized GlcN and GalN showed quite similar molar absorptivity, allowing direct and simple quantification of OSCS in Hep samples. Moreover, a preliminary step of specific enzymatic treatment by using chondroitin ABC lyase may be applied for the specific elimination of interference in the analysis due to the possible presence in Hep samples of natural chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate impurities, making this analytical approach highly specific for OSCS contamination given that chondroitin ABC lyase is unable to act on this semisynthetic polymer. The CE method was validated for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD, and limit of quantification (LOQ). Due to the very high sensitivity of CE, as little as 1% OSCS contaminant in Hep sample could be detected and quantified. Finally, a contaminated raw Hep sample was found to contain 38.9% OSCS, whereas a formulated contaminated Hep was calculated to have 39.7% OSCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Volpi
- Department of Biologia Animale, Section of Biochemistry, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy.
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Volpi N. Capillary electrophoresis determination of glucosamine in nutraceutical formulations after labeling with anthranilic acid and UV detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:868-71. [PMID: 19200685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A new robust CE method for the determination of the glucosamine (GlcN) content in nutraceutical formulations is described after its derivatization with anthranilic acid (2-aminobenzoic acid, AA). The CE separation of derivatized GlcN with AA was performed on an uncoated fused-silica capillary tube (50 microm I.D.) using an operating pH 7.0 buffer of 150 mM boric acid/50 mM NaH2PO4 and UV detection at 214 nm. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ). The detector response for GlcN was linear over the selected concentration range from 240 to 2400 pg (40-400 microg/mL) with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.980. The intra- and inter-day variations (CV%) were between 0.5 and 0.9 for migration time, and between 2.8 and 4.3 for peak area, respectively. The LOD and the LOQ of the method were approximately 200 and 500 pg, respectively. The intra- and inter-day accuracy was estimated to range from 2.8% to 5.1%, while the percent recoveries of GlcN in formulations were calculated to be about 100% after simple centrifugation for 10 min, lyophilization and derivatization with AA. The CE method was applied to the determination of GlcN content, in the form of GlcN-hydrochloride or GlcN-sulfate, of several nutraceutical preparations in the presence of other ingredients, i.e. chondroitin sulfate, vitamin C and/or methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) as well as salts and other agents. The quantitative results obtained were in total conformity with the label claims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Volpi
- Department of Biologia Animale, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/d, 41100 Modena, Italy.
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Nakano M, Higo D, Arai E, Nakagawa T, Kakehi K, Taniguchi N, Kondo A. Capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for rapid and sensitive N-glycan analysis of glycoproteins as 9-fluorenylmethyl derivatives. Glycobiology 2008; 19:135-43. [PMID: 18955373 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that most protein therapeutics such as monoclonal antibody pharmaceuticals and other biopharmaceuticals including cancer biomarkers are glycoproteins, and thus the development of high-throughput and sensitive analytical methods for glycans is essential in terms of their determination and quality control. We previously reported a novel alternative labeling method for glycans involving 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (Fmoc-Cl) instead of the conventional reductive amination procedure. The derivatives were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Kamoda S, Nakano M, Ishikawa R, Suzuki S, Kakehi K. 2005. Rapid and sensitive screening of N-glycans as 9-fluorenylmethyl derivatives by high-performance liquid chromatography: A method which can recover free oligosaccharides after analysis. J Proteome Res. 4:146-152). This method was rapid and simple; however, it was time-consuming in terms of analysis by HPLC and did not provide so much information such as the detailed structures and mass numbers of glycans. Here we have developed a high-throughput and highly sensitive method. It comprises three steps, i.e., release of glycans, derivatization with Fmoc, and capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (CE-ESI MS) analysis. We analyzed several glycoproteins such as fetuin, alpha1 acid glycoprotein, IgG, and transferrin in order to validate this method. We were able to analyze the above glycoproteins with the three-step procedure within only 5 h, which provided detailed N-glycan patterns. Moreover, the MS/MS analysis allowed identification of the N-glycan structures. As novel applications, the method was employed for the analysis of N-glycans derived from monoclonal antibody pharmaceuticals and also from alpha-fetoprotein; the latter is known as one of the tumor markers of hepatocellular carcinomas. We were able to easily and rapidly determine the detailed structures of the N-glycans. The present method is very useful for the analysis of large numbers of samples such as a routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Nakano
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW 2109, Australia
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Bao Y, Newburg DS. Capillary electrophoresis of acidic oligosaccharides from human milk. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:2508-15. [PMID: 18512675 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interest in defining the array of oligosaccharides of human milk has been increasing. Pathogens that bind glycans on their host mucosal surfaces may be inhibited by human milk oligosaccharides. It has been postulated that acidic oligosaccharides in human milk may inhibit binding by pathogens that bind acidic glycans in the gut, but testing this hypothesis requires their reliable quantification in milk. Sialyloligosaccharides of human milk have been quantified by HPLC and CE. A recent CE technique uses the MEKC mode with direct detection at 205 nm to resolve and quantify, in the native form, the 12 most dominant sialyloligosaccharides of human milk in a single 35-min run. The method gives a linear response from 39 to 2500 microg/mL with a coefficient of variation between 2 to 9% and accuracy from 93 to 109%. This was used to detect variation in expression of specific sialyloligosaccharides in milk. Individual sialyloligosaccharide concentrations in milk differ among individual donors and between less and more mature milk. Thus, CE can be used to measure variation in sialyloligosaccharide expression in milk, and thereby test the relationship of this variation-to-variation in risk of specific diseases in breastfed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwu Bao
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Meyer A, Höffler S, Fischer K. Anion-exchange chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method development for the environmental analysis of aliphatic polyhydroxy carboxylic acids. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1170:62-72. [PMID: 17915229 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
For environmental analytical purposes, an anion-exchange chromatography-electrospray ionization MS method was developed enabling the identification and quantification of 18 aliphatic (poly)hydroxy (poly)carboxylic acids including sugar and uronic acids. The initially incomplete separation could be partially improved for specific analyte combinations adding borate, the zwitter ionic MES, or an alkylglycoside to the NaOH gradient supplied with the Dionex IonPac AS-11 HC column. Despite the incomplete separation, reproducible and sensitive identification and quantification is possible with MS detection in the selected ion-monitoring mode. Applying an internal standard for the compensation of the sensitivity drift of the detector, linear calibration functions were calculated for all analytes. Limits of detection spanned between 18 and 71 microgL(-1) which could be further improved for some more hydrophobic analytes by post-column addition of MeOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Meyer
- Department of Analytical and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty VI - Geography/Geosciences, University of Trier, Campus II, Behringstrasse 21, D-54296 Trier, Germany
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