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Liu Y, VanAernum Z, Zhang Y, Gao X, Vlad M, Feng B, Cross R, Kilgore B, Newman A, Wang D, Schuessler HA, Richardson DD, Chadwick JS. LC-MS Approach to Decipher a Light Chain Chromatographic Peak Splitting of a Monoclonal Antibody. Pharm Res 2023; 40:3087-3098. [PMID: 37936013 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), like other protein therapeutics, are prone to various forms of degradation, some of which are difficult to distinguish from the native form yet may alter potency. A generalizable LC-MS approach was developed to enable quantitative analysis of isoAsp. In-depth understanding of product quality attributes (PQAs) enables optimization of the manufacturing process, better formulation selection, and decreases risk associated with product handling in the clinic or during shipment. METHODS Reversed-phase chromatographic peak splitting was observed when a mAb was exposed to elevated temperatures. Multiple LC-MS based methods were applied to identify the reason for peak splitting. The approach involved the use of complementary HPLC columns, multiple enzymatic digestions and different MS/MS ion dissociation methods. In addition, mAb potency was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The split peaks had identical masses, and the root cause of the peak splitting was identified as isomerization of an aspartic acid located in the complementarity-determining region (CDR) of the light chain. And the early eluting and late eluting peaks were collected and performed enzymatic digestion to confirm the isoAsp enrichment in the early eluting peak. In addition, decreased potency was observed in the same heat-stressed sample, and the increased isoAsp levels in the CDR correlate well with a decrease of potency. CONCLUSION Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has been utilized extensively to assess PQAs of biological therapeutics. In this study, a generalizable LC-MS-based approach was developed to enable identification and quantitation of the isoAsp-containing peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Liu
- ProtaGene US, Inc. was Formerly BioAnalytix Inc., 4 Burlington Woods Dr., Burlington, MA, 01803, USA.
| | - Zac VanAernum
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA.
| | - Yue Zhang
- ProtaGene US, Inc. was Formerly BioAnalytix Inc., 4 Burlington Woods Dr., Burlington, MA, 01803, USA
- Biogen, 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Xinliu Gao
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Mariana Vlad
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Bo Feng
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Robert Cross
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Bruce Kilgore
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Alice Newman
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Dongdong Wang
- ProtaGene US, Inc. was Formerly BioAnalytix Inc., 4 Burlington Woods Dr., Burlington, MA, 01803, USA
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, 35 Landsdowne St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Hillary A Schuessler
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Douglas D Richardson
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Jennifer S Chadwick
- ProtaGene US, Inc. was Formerly BioAnalytix Inc., 4 Burlington Woods Dr., Burlington, MA, 01803, USA
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Lippold S, Mistry K, Lenka S, Whang K, Liu P, Pitschi S, Kuhne F, Reusch D, Cadang L, Knaupp A, Izadi S, Dunkle A, Yang F, Schlothauer T. Function-structure approach reveals novel insights on the interplay of Immunoglobulin G 1 proteoforms and Fc gamma receptor IIa allotypes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1260446. [PMID: 37790943 PMCID: PMC10544997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Fc gamma receptor IIa (FcγRIIa) or CD32a has two major allotypes with a single amino acid difference at position 131 (histidine or arginine). Differences in FcγRIIa allotypes are known to impact immunological responses such as the clinical outcome of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). FcγRIIa is involved in antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), which is an important contributor to the mechanism-of-action of mAbs by driving phagocytic clearance of cancer cells. Hence, understanding the impact of individual mAb proteoforms on the binding to FcγRIIa, and its different allotypes, is crucial for defining meaningful critical quality attributes (CQAs). Here, we report a function-structure based approach guided by novel FcγRIIa affinity chromatography-mass spectrometry (AC-MS) assays to assess individual IgG1 proteoforms. This allowed to unravel allotype-specific differences of IgG1 proteoforms on FcγRIIa binding. FcγRIIa AC-MS confirmed and refined structure-function relationships of IgG1 glycoform interactions. For example, the positive impact of afucosylation was higher than galactosylation for FcγRIIa Arg compared to FcγRIIa His. Moreover, we observed FcγRIIa allotype-opposing and IgG1 proteoform integrity-dependent differences in the binding response of stress-induced IgG1 proteoforms comprising asparagine 325 deamidation. The FcγRIIa-allotype dependent binding differences resolved by AC-MS were in line with functional ADCP-surrogate bioassay models. The molecular basis of the observed allotype specificity and proteoform selectivity upon asparagine 325 deamidation was elucidated using molecular dynamics. The observed differences were attributed to the contributions of an inter-molecular salt bridge between IgG1 and FcγRIIa Arg and the contribution of an intra-molecular hydrophobic pocket in IgG1. Our work highlights the unprecedented structural and functional resolution of AC-MS approaches along with predictive biological significance of observed affinity differences within relevant cell-based methods. This makes FcγRIIa AC-MS an invaluable tool to streamline the CQA assessment of therapeutic mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Lippold
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Karishma Mistry
- Biological Technologies, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sunidhi Lenka
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, A Member of The Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kevin Whang
- Biological Technologies, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Peilu Liu
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sebastian Pitschi
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Felix Kuhne
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Technical Development Europe, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Lance Cadang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Alexander Knaupp
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Saeed Izadi
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, A Member of The Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Alexis Dunkle
- Biological Technologies, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Feng Yang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Tilman Schlothauer
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
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Fratz-Berilla EJ, Angart P, Graham RJ, Powers DN, Mohammad A, Kohnhorst C, Faison T, Velugula-Yellela SR, Trunfio N, Agarabi C. Impacts on product quality attributes of monoclonal antibodies produced in CHO cell bioreactor cultures during intentional mycoplasma contamination events. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2802-2815. [PMID: 32436993 PMCID: PMC7496122 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A mycoplasma contamination event in a biomanufacturing facility can result in costly cleanups and potential drug shortages. Mycoplasma may survive in mammalian cell cultures with only subtle changes to the culture and penetrate the standard 0.2‐µm filters used in the clarification of harvested cell culture fluid. Previously, we reported a study regarding the ability of Mycoplasma arginini to persist in a single‐use, perfusion rocking bioreactor system containing a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) DG44 cell line expressing a model monoclonal immunoglobulin G 1 (IgG1) antibody. Our previous work showed that M. arginini affects CHO cell growth profile, viability, nutrient consumption, oxygen use, and waste production at varying timepoints after M. arginini introduction to the culture. Careful evaluation of certain identified process parameters over time may be used to indicate mycoplasma contamination in CHO cell cultures in a bioreactor before detection from a traditional method. In this report, we studied the changes in the IgG1 product quality produced by CHO cells considered to be induced by the M. arginini contamination events. We observed changes in critical quality attributes correlated with the duration of contamination, including increased acidic charge variants and high mannose species, which were further modeled using principal component analysis to explore the relationships among M. arginini contamination, CHO cell growth and metabolites, and IgG1 product quality attributes. Finally, partial least square models using NIR spectral data were used to establish predictions of high levels (≥104 colony‐forming unit [CFU/ml]) of M. arginini contamination, but prediction of levels below 104 CFU/ml were not reliable. Contamination of CHO cells with M. arginini resulted in significant reduction of antibody product quality, highlighting the importance of rapid microbiological testing and mycoplasma testing during particularly long upstream bioprocesses to ensure product safety and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica J Fratz-Berilla
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Phillip Angart
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Ryan J Graham
- Division of Product Quality Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - David N Powers
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Adil Mohammad
- Division of Product Quality Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Talia Faison
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Sai Rashmika Velugula-Yellela
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Cyrus Agarabi
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Biotechnology Products, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Vallorz E, Sheth P, Myrdal P. Pressurized Metered Dose Inhaler Technology: Manufacturing. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:177. [PMID: 31037395 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1389-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
While first introduced in the 1950s, pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDIs) remain as a first line treatment of pulmonary conditions. With expanding applications of pMDIs beyond asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the development of therapies utilizing the pMDI platform will undoubtedly continue. Recent guidances and the introduction of quality by design initiatives further emphasize the requirement of formulators to understand the relationships between product attributes and production strategies and their impact on product performance. This review summarizes common manufacturing processes of pMDIs across multiple stages of the development cycle, from academia to commercial production, and provides insight as to the benefits and limitations of each process in regard to formulation type.
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O'Flaherty R, Trbojević-Akmačić I, Greville G, Rudd PM, Lauc G. The sweet spot for biologics: recent advances in characterization of biotherapeutic glycoproteins. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 15:13-29. [PMID: 29130774 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1404907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycosylation is recognized as a Critical Quality Attribute for therapeutic glycoproteins such as monoclonal antibodies, fusion proteins and therapeutic replacement enzymes. Hence, efficient and quantitative glycan analysis techniques have been increasingly important for their discovery, development and quality control. The aim of this review is to highlight relevant and recent advances in analytical technologies for characterization of biotherapeutic glycoproteins. Areas covered: The review gives an overview of the glycosylation trends of biotherapeutics approved in 2016 and 2017 by FDA. It describes current and novel analytical technologies for characterization of therapeutic glycoproteins and is explored in the context of released glycan, glycopeptide or intact glycoprotein analysis. Ultra performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis technologies are explored in this context. Expert commentary: There is a need for the biopharmaceutical industry to incorporate novel state of the art analytical technologies into existing and new therapeutic glycoprotein workflows for safer and more efficient biotherapeutics and for the improvement of future biotherapeutic design. Additionally, at present, there is no 'gold-standard' approach to address all the regulatory requirements and as such this will involve the use of orthogonal glycoanalytical technologies with a view to gain diagnostic information about the therapeutic glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róisín O'Flaherty
- a NIBRT GlycoScience Group , National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training , Blackrock, Co. Dublin , Ireland
| | | | - Gordon Greville
- a NIBRT GlycoScience Group , National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training , Blackrock, Co. Dublin , Ireland
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- a NIBRT GlycoScience Group , National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training , Blackrock, Co. Dublin , Ireland
| | - Gordan Lauc
- b Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory , 10000 , Zagreb , Croatia.,c Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
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