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Dong XIN, Spindler BD, Kim M, Stein A, Bühlmann P. Spontaneous Mesoporosity-Driven Sequestration of Ionic Liquids from Silicone-Based Reference Electrode Membranes. ACS Sens 2023; 8:1774-1781. [PMID: 37043696 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanopore-driven sequestration of ionic liquids from a silicone membrane is presented, a phenomenon that has not been reported previously. Reference electrodes with ionic liquid doped polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) reference membranes and colloid-imprinted mesoporous carbon (CIM) as solid contact are not functional unless special attention is paid to the porosity of the solid contact. In the fabrication of such reference electrodes, a solution of a hydroxyl-terminated silicone oligomer, ionic liquid, cross-linking reagent, and polymerization catalyst is deposited on top of the carbon layer, rapidly filling the pores of the CIM carbon. The catalyzed polymerization curing of the silicone quickly results in cross-linking of the hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane oligomers, forming structures that are too large to penetrate the CIM carbon pores. Therefore, as solvent evaporation from the top of freshly prepared membranes drives the diffusional transport of solvent toward that membrane surface, the solvent molecules that leave the CIM carbon pores can only be replaced by the ionic liquid. This depletes the ionic liquid in the reference membrane that overlies the CIM carbon solid contact and increases the membrane resistance by up to 3 orders of magnitude, rendering the devices dysfunctional. This problem can be avoided by presaturating the CIM carbon with ionic liquid prior to the deposition of the solution that contains the silicone oligomers and ionic liquid. Alternatively, a high amount of ionic liquid can be added into the membrane solution to account for the size-selective sequestration of ionic liquid into the carbon pores. Either way, a wide variety of ionic liquids can be used to prepare PDMS-based reference electrodes with CIM carbon as a solid contact. A similar depletion of the K+ ionophore BME-44 from ion-selective silicone membranes was observed too, highlighting that the depletion of active ingredients from polymeric ion-selective and reference membranes due to interactions with high surface area solid contacts may be a more common phenomenon that so far has been overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin I N Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Brian D Spindler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Minog Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Andreas Stein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Kakiuchi T, Kawamoto T, Yamazaki T, Yamamoto M. Potentiometric properties of the electrochemical cells equipped with ionic liquid salt bridge and its application to determine the solubility of the ionic liquid and the mean activity coefficients of the chloride salt of the ionic liquid-constituent cation in water. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Single ion activity coefficients of chloride ions in aqueous sodium chloride and magnesium chloride estimated potentiometrically based on ionic liquid salt bridge at 298 K. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.106953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Single-ion activity: a nonthermodynamically measurable quantity. J Solid State Electrochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-020-04758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Chen XV, Stein A, Bühlmann P. Reference Electrodes Based on Ionic Liquid-Doped Reference Membranes with Biocompatible Silicone Matrixes. ACS Sens 2020; 5:1717-1725. [PMID: 32366104 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Many reference electrodes with an ionic liquid-doped reference membrane contain a plasticizer that can gradually leach out into the sample. However, because many common plasticizers are known to be endocrine disruptors and may induce inflammatory reactions, they are preferably avoided for wearable or implantable sensors. Therefore, this work tested polymeric reference electrode membranes prepared by solvent casting from seven commercially available biocompatible silicones that are widely used in implantable devices. Only reference electrodes with membranes consisting of poly(3,3,3-trifluoropropylmethylsiloxane) (Fluorosilicone 1) and one of several 1-methyl-3-alkylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ionic liquids provided a stable and sample-independent potential in electrolyte solutions spanning the range of electrolyte concentrations in human blood, with more hydrophobic ionic liquids performing better. Over 8 days at 37 °C in artificial blood electrolyte solutions, the reference membranes doped with 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide exhibited a potential drift as low as 20 μV/h. In 10% animal serum, a 112 μV/h drift was observed over 5.8 days. The other six silicone materials doped with an ionic liquid either failed to form self-standing membranes or did not provide a sample-independent potential in the ionic concentration range tested. In case of the functional reference electrodes, differential scanning calorimetry confirmed good miscibility between the ionic liquid and the polymer matrix, whereas the poor miscibility of four polymer matrixes and the ionic liquids-as confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry-correlated with an undesirable sample dependence of the reference potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin V. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Andreas Stein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Gao W, Zdrachek E, Xie X, Bakker E. A Solid‐State Reference Electrode Based on a Self‐Referencing Pulstrode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:2294-2298. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Gao
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
- Department of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Elena Zdrachek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
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Gao W, Zdrachek E, Xie X, Bakker E. A Solid‐State Reference Electrode Based on a Self‐Referencing Pulstrode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Gao
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
- Department of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Elena Zdrachek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
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Lindner E, Guzinski M, Khan TA, Pendley BD. Reference Electrodes with Ionic Liquid Salt Bridge: When Will These Innovative Novel Reference Electrodes Gain Broad Acceptance? ACS Sens 2019; 4:549-561. [PMID: 30762347 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we raise questions that researchers have to ask if they intend to replace a conventional reference electrode with an ionic liquid-based reference electrode and try to answer these questions based on our experiences and literature data. Among these questions, the most important is which ionic liquid should be used. However, beyond the chemical composition of the ionic liquid, to realize all the potential benefits of ionic-liquid based reference electrodes, there are additional, equally important considerations. Through examples we will show the importance of the (i) purity of the ionic liquid and the consequences of deviations from its stoichiometric salt composition, (ii) form of implementation of the ionic liquid-based reference electrode membrane (free-flowing salt bridge, or ionic liquid embedded in a membrane), (iii) membrane/gelling agent material and its composition, and (iv) experimental conditions (steady state or flowing conditions) under which it will be used. Finally, we recommend methods to test the performance criteria of the ionic liquid-based reference electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernő Lindner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Marcin Guzinski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Taskia A. Khan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Bradford D. Pendley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
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Kudo Y, Shibata M, Nomura S, Ogawa N. Application of a pH Electrode Incorporating an Ionic Liquid Salt Bridge to the Measurement of Rainwater Samples. ANAL SCI 2018; 33:739-742. [PMID: 28603197 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A pH electrode incorporating a reference electrode different from that in conventional electrodes was applied to the measurement of rainwater pH. The reference electrode utilizes a recently proposed ionic liquid salt bridge instead of a conventional potassium chloride salt bridge. The response time of this electrode was remarkably improved in rain sample pH measurements compared to that of conventional pH electrodes. In addition, the measured pH values of rain samples seemed to be more accurate with this electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yota Kudo
- Graduate School of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University
| | | | | | - Nobuaki Ogawa
- Graduate School of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University
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Rahimi N, Doroodmand MM, Ghahremani A. Fabrication of a novel casein phosphopeptides/multi-walled carbon nanotubes/micro hybrid resin as mixed matrix membrane-junction reference electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Yamada A, Mohri S, Nakamura M, Naruse K. A simple method for decreasing the liquid junction potential in a flow-through-type differential pH sensor probe consisting of pH-FETs by exerting spatiotemporal control of the liquid junction. SENSORS 2015; 15:7898-912. [PMID: 25835300 PMCID: PMC4431306 DOI: 10.3390/s150407898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The liquid junction potential (LJP), the phenomenon that occurs when two electrolyte solutions of different composition come into contact, prevents accurate measurements in potentiometry. The effect of the LJP is usually remarkable in measurements of diluted solutions with low buffering capacities or low ion concentrations. Our group has constructed a simple method to eliminate the LJP by exerting spatiotemporal control of a liquid junction (LJ) formed between two solutions, a sample solution and a baseline solution (BLS), in a flow-through-type differential pH sensor probe. The method was contrived based on microfluidics. The sensor probe is a differential measurement system composed of two ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs) and one Ag/AgCl electrode. With our new method, the border region of the sample solution and BLS is vibrated in order to mix solutions and suppress the overshoot after the sample solution is suctioned into the sensor probe. Compared to the conventional method without vibration, our method shortened the settling time from over two min to 15 s and reduced the measurement error by 86% to within 0.060 pH. This new method will be useful for improving the response characteristics and decreasing the measurement error of many apparatuses that use LJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yamada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa Cho, Toyota City, Aichi Prefecture 470-0392, Japan.
- Cardiovascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama Prefecture 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Mohri
- Cardiovascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama Prefecture 700-8558, Japan.
- First Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki-City, Okayama Prefecture 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Michihiro Nakamura
- Cardiovascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama Prefecture 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Keiji Naruse
- Cardiovascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama Prefecture 700-8558, Japan.
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Zou XU, Chen LD, Lai CZ, Bühlmann P. Ionic Liquid Reference Electrodes With a Well-Controlled Co(II)/Co(III) Redox Buffer as Solid Contact. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Shvartsev B, Cohn G, Shasha H, Eichel RA, Ein-Eli Y. Reference electrode assembly and its use in the study of fluorohydrogenate ionic liquid silicon electrochemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:17837-45. [PMID: 24045638 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52661e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Silicon electrochemistry in fluorohydrogenate ionic liquids is partly hampered owing to the incapability of producing an accurate and reproducible potential measurement due to a lack of appropriate reference electrodes. This research work describes a simple assembly of a stable external reference electrode enabling accurate studies of silicon electrochemistry in fluorohydrogenate ionic liquids. The electrode configuration is based on the ferrocene/ferrocenium (Fc|Fc(+)) couple dissolved in the EMIm(HF)(2.3)F (1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium fluorohydrogenate)/Carbopol 941 gel. A stable potential of 2.5 wt% Carbopol-based electrode was measured versus a calomel reference electrode at 250 ± 3 mV. By utilizing the constructed electrode, an intensive electrochemical investigation on n-type silicon in EMIm(HF)(2.3)F was conducted. Flat-band and open circuit potentials were measured, along with Si-air half- and full-cell electrochemical measurements. A suggested mechanism for the n-type Si dissolution process in the EMIm(HF)(2.3)F electrolyte, without illumination, is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Shvartsev
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israeli Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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Shibata M, Kato M, Iwamoto Y, Nomura S, Kakiuchi T. Potentiometric determination of pH values of dilute sulfuric acid solutions with glass combination electrode equipped with ionic liquid salt bridge. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zou XU, Bühlmann P. Current Pulse Based Reference Electrodes Without Liquid Junctions. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3817-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400507j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu U. Zou
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis,
Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis,
Minnesota 55455, United States
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Zhang T, Lai CZ, Fierke MA, Stein A, Bühlmann P. Advantages and Limitations of Reference Electrodes with an Ionic Liquid Junction and Three-Dimensionally Ordered Macroporous Carbon as Solid Contact. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7771-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3011507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zhang
- College of Chemical
Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Chun-Ze Lai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Melissa A. Fierke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Andreas Stein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Gan S, Zhou M, Zhang J, Zhong L, Ulstrup J, Niu L. Ion Transfer Voltammetry Associated with Two Polarizable Interfaces Within Water and Moderately Hydrophobic Ionic Liquid Systems. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle W. Kimmel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, VU Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235-1822
| | - Gabriel LeBlanc
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, VU Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235-1822
| | - Mika E. Meschievitz
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, VU Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235-1822
| | - David E. Cliffel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, VU Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235-1822
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Kakiuchi T. Salt bridge in electroanalytical chemistry: past, present, and future. J Solid State Electrochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-011-1373-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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