1
|
Zhang Y, He J, Shen L, Wang T, Yang J, Li Y, Wang Y, Quan D. Brain-targeted delivery of obidoxime, using aptamer-modified liposomes, for detoxification of organophosphorus compounds. J Control Release 2020; 329:1117-1128. [PMID: 33096123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Effective intracerebral delivery acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivator is key for the acute organophosphorus (OPs) poison treatment. However, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts the transport of these drugs from blood into the brain. Herein, we developed transferrin receptor (TfR) aptamer-functionalized liposomes (Apt-LP) that could deliver AChE reactivator (obidoxime) across the BBB to act against paraoxon (POX) poisoning. The aptamer had strong affinity for TfR and was modified with 3'-inverted deoxythymidine (dT) to improve serum stability. The uptake of Apt-LP by bEnd.3 cells was significantly higher than that of non-targeting liposomes. The ability of Apt-LP to penetrate intact BBB was confirmed in in vitro BBB mice model and in vivo biodistribution studies. Treatment of POX-poisoned mice with Apt-LP-LuH-6 reactivated 18% of the brain AChE activity and prevented brain damage to some extent. Taken together, these results showed that Apt-LP may be used as a promising brain-targeted drug delivery system against OPs toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yadan Zhang
- Academy of Military Medical Science, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Counter Measures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Junlin He
- Academy of Military Medical Science, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Counter Measures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Liao Shen
- Academy of Military Medical Science, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Counter Measures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Academy of Military Medical Science, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Counter Measures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Academy of Military Medical Science, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Counter Measures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yao Li
- Academy of Military Medical Science, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Counter Measures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yongan Wang
- Academy of Military Medical Science, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Counter Measures, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Dongqin Quan
- Academy of Military Medical Science, Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Counter Measures, Beijing 100850, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gorecki L, Soukup O, Kucera T, Malinak D, Jun D, Kuca K, Musilek K, Korabecny J. Oxime K203: a drug candidate for the treatment of tabun intoxication. Arch Toxicol 2018; 93:673-691. [PMID: 30564897 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2377-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
For over 60 years, researchers across the world have sought to deal with poisoning by nerve agents, the most toxic and lethal chemical weapons. To date, there is no efficient causal antidote with sufficient effect. Every trialed compound fails to fulfil one or more criteria (e.g. reactivation potency, broad reactivation profile). In this recent contribution, we focused our attention to one of the promising compounds, namely the bis-pyridinium reactivator K203. The oxime K203 is very often cited as the best reactivator against tabun poisoning. Herein, we provide all the available literature data in comprehensive and critical review to address whether K203 could be considered as a new drug candidate against organophosphorus poisoning with the stress on tabun. We describe its development from the historical point of view and review all available in vitro as well as in vivo data to date. K203 is easily accessible by a relatively simple two-step synthesis. It is well accommodated in the enzyme active gorge of acetylcholinesterase providing suitable interactions for reactivation, as shown by molecular docking simulations. According to a literature survey, in vitro data for tabun-inhibited AChE are extraordinary. However, in vivo efficiency remains unconvincing. The K203 toxicity profile did not show any perturbations compared to clinically used standards; on the other hand versatility of K203 does not exceed currently available oximes. In summary, K203 does not seem to address current issues associated with the organophosphorus poisoning, especially the broad profile against all nerve agents. However, its reviewed efficacy entitles K203 to be considered as a backup or tentative replacement for obidoxime and trimedoxime, currently only available anti-tabun drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Gorecki
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kucera
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic. .,Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic. .,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kuca K, Karasova JZ, Soukup O, Kassa J, Novotna E, Sepsova V, Horova A, Pejchal J, Hrabinova M, Vodakova E, Jun D, Nepovimova E, Valis M, Musilek K. Development of small bisquaternary cholinesterase inhibitors as drugs for pre-treatment of nerve agent poisonings. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:505-512. [PMID: 29563775 PMCID: PMC5849933 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s133038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Intoxication by nerve agents could be prevented by using small acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (eg, pyridostigmine) for potentially exposed personnel. However, the serious side effects of currently used drugs led to research of novel potent molecules for prophylaxis of organophosphorus intoxication. Methods The molecular design, molecular docking, chemical synthesis, in vitro methods (enzyme inhibition, cytotoxicity, and nicotinic receptors modulation), and in vivo methods (acute toxicity and prophylactic effect) were used to study bispyridinium, bisquinolinium, bisisoquinolinium, and pyridinium-quinolinium/isoquinolinium molecules presented in this study. Results The studied molecules showed non-competitive inhibitory ability towards human acetylcholinesterase in vitro that was further confirmed by molecular modelling studies. Several compounds were selected for further studies. First, their cytotoxicity, nicotinic receptors modulation, and acute toxicity (lethal dose for 50% of laboratory animals [LD50]; mice and rats) were tested to evaluate their safety with promising results. Furthermore, their blood levels were measured to select the appropriate time for prophylactic administration. Finally, the protective ratio of selected compounds against soman-induced toxicity was determined when selected compounds were found similarly potent or only slightly better to standard pyridostigmine. Conclusion The presented small bisquaternary molecules did not show overall benefit in prophylaxis of soman-induced in vivo toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove.,Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove
| | - Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove
| | - Jiri Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence
| | - Eva Novotna
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove
| | - Vendula Sepsova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence
| | - Anna Horova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence
| | - Martina Hrabinova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence
| | - Eva Vodakova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove
| | - Daniel Jun
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove.,Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove
| | - Martin Valis
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove.,Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Calas AG, Dias J, Rousseau C, Arboléas M, Touvrey-Loiodice M, Mercey G, Jean L, Renard PY, Nachon F. An easy method for the determination of active concentrations of cholinesterase reactivators in blood samples: Application to the efficacy assessment of non quaternary reactivators compared to HI-6 and pralidoxime in VX-poisoned mice. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 267:11-16. [PMID: 26972668 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agents, like VX, are highly toxic due to their strong inhibition potency against acetylcholinesterase (AChE). AChE inhibited by VX can be reactivated using powerful nucleophilic molecules, most commonly oximes, which are one major component of the emergency treatment in case of nerve agent intoxication. We present here a comparative in vivo study on Swiss mice of four reactivators: HI-6, pralidoxime and two uncharged derivatives of 3-hydroxy-2-pyridinaldoxime that should more easily cross the blood-brain barrier and display a significant central nervous system activity. The reactivability kinetic profile of the oximes is established following intraperitoneal injection in healthy mice, using an original and fast enzymatic method based on the reactivation potential of oxime-containing plasma samples. HI-6 displays the highest reactivation potential whatever the conditions, followed by pralidoxime and the two non quaternary reactivators at the dose of 50 mg/kg bw. But these three last reactivators display equivalent reactivation potential at the same dose of 100 μmol/kg bw. Maximal reactivation potential closely correlates to surviving test results of VX intoxicated mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André-Guilhem Calas
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge Cédex, France; COGNition and ACtion Group, UMR 8257, CNRS-MD-UPV, Centre universitaire des Saints-Pères, Paris, France.
| | - José Dias
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge Cédex, France
| | - Catherine Rousseau
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge Cédex, France; COGNition and ACtion Group, UMR 8257, CNRS-MD-UPV, Centre universitaire des Saints-Pères, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Arboléas
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge Cédex, France
| | | | - Guillaume Mercey
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Ludovic Jean
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Renard
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Florian Nachon
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge Cédex, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Krishnan JKS, Arun P, Appu AP, Vijayakumar N, Figueiredo TH, Braga MFM, Baskota S, Olsen CH, Farkas N, Dagata J, Frey WH, Moffett JR, Namboodiri AMA. Intranasal delivery of obidoxime to the brain prevents mortality and CNS damage from organophosphate poisoning. Neurotoxicology 2016; 53:64-73. [PMID: 26751814 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intranasal delivery is an emerging method for bypassing the blood brain barrier (BBB) and targeting therapeutics to the CNS. Oximes are used to counteract the effects of organophosphate poisoning, but they do not readily cross the BBB. Therefore, they cannot effectively counteract the central neuropathologies caused by cholinergic over-activation when administered peripherally. For these reasons we examined intranasal administration of oximes in an animal model of severe organophosphate poisoning to determine their effectiveness in reducing mortality and seizure-induced neuronal degeneration. Using the paraoxon model of organophosphate poisoning, we administered the standard treatment (intramuscular pralidoxime plus atropine sulphate) to all animals and then compared the effectiveness of intranasal application of obidoxime (OBD) to saline in the control groups. Intranasally administered OBD was effective in partially reducing paraoxon-induced acetylcholinesterase inhibition in the brain and substantially reduced seizure severity and duration. Further, intranasal OBD completely prevented mortality, which was 41% in the animals given standard treatment plus intranasal saline. Fluoro-Jade-B staining revealed extensive neuronal degeneration in the surviving saline-treated animals 24h after paraoxon administration, whereas no detectable degenerating neurons were observed in any of the animals given intranasal OBD 30min before or 5min after paraoxon administration. These findings demonstrate that intranasally administered oximes bypass the BBB more effectively than those administered peripherally and provide an effective method for protecting the brain from organophosphates. The addition of intranasally administered oximes to the current treatment regimen for organophosphate poisoning would improve efficacy, reducing both brain damage and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jishnu K S Krishnan
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, and Neurosciences Program, USUHS, Bethesda, 20814 MD, United States
| | - Peethambaran Arun
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, and Neurosciences Program, USUHS, Bethesda, 20814 MD, United States
| | - Abhilash P Appu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, and Neurosciences Program, USUHS, Bethesda, 20814 MD, United States
| | - Nivetha Vijayakumar
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, and Neurosciences Program, USUHS, Bethesda, 20814 MD, United States
| | - Taíza H Figueiredo
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, and Neurosciences Program, USUHS, Bethesda, 20814 MD, United States
| | - Maria F M Braga
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, and Neurosciences Program, USUHS, Bethesda, 20814 MD, United States
| | - Sudikshya Baskota
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, and Neurosciences Program, USUHS, Bethesda, 20814 MD, United States
| | - Cara H Olsen
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, USUHS Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Natalia Farkas
- Section on Metrology, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - John Dagata
- Section on Metrology, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - William H Frey
- Center for Memory & Aging, Regions Hospital, Health Partners Institute for Education and Research, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - John R Moffett
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, and Neurosciences Program, USUHS, Bethesda, 20814 MD, United States
| | - Aryan M A Namboodiri
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, and Neurosciences Program, USUHS, Bethesda, 20814 MD, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Radulescu M, Kuca K, Musilek K, David V. Structural modifications of dicationic acetylcholinesterase reactivators studied under ion-pairing mechanism in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:3024-32. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Medeea Radulescu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Bucharest; Bucharest Romania
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Center; University Hospital; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; University of Hradec Kralove; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Victor David
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Bucharest; Bucharest Romania
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Žďárová Karasová J, Zemek F, Kassa J, Kuča K. Entry of oxime K027 into the different parts of rat brain: Comparison with obidoxime and oxime HI-6. J Appl Biomed 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
|
8
|
Acetylcholinesterase reactivators (HI-6, obidoxime, trimedoxime, K027, K075, K127, K203, K282): structural evaluation of human serum albumin binding and absorption kinetics. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:16076-86. [PMID: 23917882 PMCID: PMC3759900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140816076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivators (oximes) are compounds predominantly targeting the active site of the enzyme. Toxic effects of organophosphates nerve agents (OPNAs) are primarily related to their covalent binding to AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), critical detoxification enzymes in the blood and in the central nervous system (CNS). After exposure to OPNAs, accumulation of acetylcholine (ACh) overstimulates receptors and blocks neuromuscular junction transmission resulting in CNS toxicity. Current efforts at treatments for OPNA exposure are focused on non-quaternary reactivators, monoisonitrosoacetone oximes (MINA), and diacylmonoxime reactivators (DAM). However, so far only quaternary oximes have been approved for use in cases of OPNA intoxication. Five acetylcholinesterase reactivator candidates (K027, K075, K127, K203, K282) are presented here, together with pharmacokinetic data (plasma concentration, human serum albumin binding potency). Pharmacokinetic curves based on intramuscular application of the tested compounds are given, with binding information and an evaluation of structural relationships. Human Serum Albumin (HSA) binding studies have not yet been performed on any acetylcholinesterase reactivators, and correlations between structure, concentration curves and binding are vital for further development. HSA bindings of the tested compounds were 1% (HI-6), 7% (obidoxime), 6% (trimedoxime), and 5%, 10%, 4%, 15%, and 12% for K027, K075, K127, K203, and K282, respectively.
Collapse
|
9
|
Tsuji M, Mori Y, Kanda H, Ito T, Hidaka T, Kakamu T, Kumagai T, Hayakawa T, Osaki Y, Fukushima T. Development of simple HPLC/UV with a column-switching method for the determination of nicotine and cotinine in hair samples. Health (London) 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2013.54091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
10
|
Pharmacokinetics of acetylcholinesterase reactivator K203 and consequent evaluation of low molecular weight antioxidants/markers of oxidative stress. J Appl Biomed 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/v10136-011-0015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
11
|
Bajgar J, Hajek P, Kassa J, Slizova D, Krs O, Karasova JZ, Fusek J, Capek L, Voicu VA. Combined approach to demonstrate acetylcholinesterase activity changes in the rat brain following tabun intoxication and its treatment. Toxicol Mech Methods 2011; 22:60-6. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2011.596231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
12
|
Pohanka M, Novotny L, Zdarova-Karasova J, Bandouchova H, Zemek F, Hrabinova M, Misik J, Kuca K, Bajgar J, Zitka O, Cernei N, Kizek R, Pikula J. Asoxime (HI-6) impact on dogs after one and tenfold therapeutic doses: assessment of adverse effects, distribution, and oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 32:75-81. [PMID: 21787733 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Asoxime (HI-6) is a well known oxime reactivator used for counteracting intoxication by nerve agents. It is able to reactivate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibited even by sarin or soman. The present experiment was aimed to determine markers of oxidative stress represented by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and antioxidants represented by ferric reducing antioxidant power, reduced and oxidized glutathione in a Beagle dog model. Two groups of dogs were intramuscularly exposed to single (11.4 mg/kg.b.wt.) or tenfold (114 mg/kg.b.wt.) human therapeutically doses of HI-6. HI-6 affinity for AChE in vitro was evaluated in a separate experiment. Complete serum biochemistry and pharmacokinetics were also performed with significant alteration in blood urea nitrogen, creatine phosphokinase, glucose and triglycerides. Blood samples were collected before HI-6 application and after 30, 60, and 120 min. The overall HI-6 impact on organism is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Karasova JZ, Chladek J, Hroch M, Josef F, Hnidkova D, Kuca K. Pharmacokinetic study of two acetylcholinesterase reactivators, trimedoxime and newly synthesized oxime K027, in rat plasma. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 33:18-23. [PMID: 21717485 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
K027 [1-(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-3-(4-carbamoylpyridinium)-propane dibromide] is a promising new reactivator of organophosphate- or organophosphonate-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with low acute toxicity and broad spectrum efficacy. The aim of the present study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of both compounds. Male Wistar rats (body weight = 320 ± 10 g) were administered a single intramuscular dose of K027 (22.07 mg kg(-1)) and an equimolar dose of trimedoxime. Blood was collected at various time intervals until 180 min. Plasma samples were analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC with ultraviolet (UV) detection. The recovery of both oximes from the plasma was approximately 90% and a linear relationship (R(2) > 0.998) was observed between the peak areas and concentrations of calibrated standards in the range 1-100 µg ml(-1). Near-identical plasma profiles were obtained for both compounds. No differences were found in the mean ± SD values of C(max) (18.6 ± 2.5 vs 20.0 ± 6.3 µg ml(-1), P = 0.72) and AUC(0-180min) (2290 ± 304 vs 2269 ± 197 min µg ml(-1), P = 0.84). However, the percentage coefficient of variation of the first-order rate constant of absorption (k(a)) was 3-fold higher (P < 0.01) providing evidence for more erratic absorption of intramuscular trimedoxime as compared with K027. In conclusion, oxime K027 might have superior pK properties that may be translated in its faster absorption and subsequent tissue distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Defence University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Partition of bispyridinium oximes (trimedoxime and K074) administered in therapeutic doses into different parts of the rat brain. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:1082-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
15
|
Tabun-inhibited rat tissue and blood cholinesterases and their reactivation with the combination of trimedoxime and HI-6 in vivo. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 187:287-90. [PMID: 20167212 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Up to now, intensive attempts to synthesize a universal reactivator able to reactivate cholinesterases inhibited by all types of nerve agents/organophosphates were not successful. Therefore, another approach using a combination of two reactivators differently reactivating enzyme was used: in rats poisoned with tabun and treated with combination of atropine (fixed dose) and different doses of trimedoxime and HI-6, changes of acetylcholinesterase activities (blood, diaphragm and different parts of the brain) were studied. An increase of AChE activity was observed following trimedoxime treatment depending on its dose; HI-6 had very low effect. Combination of both oximes showed potentiation of their reactivation efficacy; this potentiation was expressed for peripheral AChE (blood, diaphragm) and some parts of the brain (pontomedullar area, frontal cortex); AChE in the basal ganglia was relatively resistant. These observations suggest that the action of combination of oximes in vivo is different from that observed in vitro.
Collapse
|