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Perju A, Holzhausen F, Lauerer AM, Wongkaew N, Baeumner AJ. Flow-Through Carbon Nanofiber-Based Transducer for Inline Electrochemical Detection in Paper-Based Analytical Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:44641-44653. [PMID: 37704205 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Point-of-care (POC) devices are rapid, simple, portable, inexpensive, and convenient, but typically they only deliver qualitative results when used in the form of a lateral flow assay (LFA). Electrochemical detection could improve their sensitivity and ensure quantitative detection; however, a breakthrough in material-based technology is needed. We demonstrate a new concept in which electrodes are directly embedded within the lateral flow, enabling flow-through and hence interaction with the entire sample. This is accomplished through laser-induced carbon nanofibers (LCNFs) made by electrospinning Matrimid into nanofiber mats with subsequent pyrolyzing of electrode structures through a CO2 laser. Their highly porous 3D structure and superior graphene-like electrochemical properties are ideally suited for flow-through electrochemical LFA (EC-LFA), where the LCNFs are simply added in line with the other membranes. After optimization of the setup, biological binding assays typical for LFA diagnostics were successfully implemented, enabling the highly sensitive and quantitative detection of 137 pM DNA target sequences of a pathogenic organism that rivals the performance of pump-controlled microfluidic bioassays. This demonstrates that LCNF-based transducers can transform paper-based diagnostic tests to enable precise, quantitative analysis without reliance on cost-intensive read-out systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Perju
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Holzhausen
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Lauerer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nongnoot Wongkaew
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Antje J Baeumner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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2
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Galyamin D, Liébana S, Esquivel JP, Sabaté N. Immuno-battery: A single use self-powered immunosensor for REASSURED diagnostics. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 220:114868. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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3
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Cheng J, Yang G, Guo J, Liu S, Guo J. Integrated electrochemical lateral flow immunoassays (eLFIAs): recent advances. Analyst 2022; 147:554-570. [DOI: 10.1039/d1an01478a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Schematic of integrated electrochemical lateral flow immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Guopan Yang
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiuchuan Guo
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, P. R. China
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Jinhong Guo
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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4
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Perju A, Wongkaew N. Integrating high-performing electrochemical transducers in lateral flow assay. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021. [PMID: 33913001 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03301-y/published] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Lateral flow assays (LFAs) are the best-performing and best-known point-of-care tests worldwide. Over the last decade, they have experienced an increasing interest by researchers towards improving their analytical performance while maintaining their robust assay platform. Commercially, visual and optical detection strategies dominate, but it is especially the research on integrating electrochemical (EC) approaches that may have a chance to significantly improve an LFA's performance that is needed in order to detect analytes reliably at lower concentrations than currently possible. In fact, EC-LFAs offer advantages in terms of quantitative determination, low-cost, high sensitivity, and even simple, label-free strategies. Here, the various configurations of EC-LFAs published are summarized and critically evaluated. In short, most of them rely on applying conventional transducers, e.g., screen-printed electrode, to ensure reliability of the assay, and additional advances are afforded by the beneficial features of nanomaterials. It is predicted that these will be further implemented in EC-LFAs as high-performance transducers. Considering the low cost of point-of-care devices, it becomes even more important to also identify strategies that efficiently integrate nanomaterials into EC-LFAs in a high-throughput manner while maintaining their favorable analytical performance. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Perju
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nongnoot Wongkaew
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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5
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Perju A, Wongkaew N. Integrating high-performing electrochemical transducers in lateral flow assay. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5535-5549. [PMID: 33913001 PMCID: PMC8410735 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03301-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Lateral flow assays (LFAs) are the best-performing and best-known point-of-care tests worldwide. Over the last decade, they have experienced an increasing interest by researchers towards improving their analytical performance while maintaining their robust assay platform. Commercially, visual and optical detection strategies dominate, but it is especially the research on integrating electrochemical (EC) approaches that may have a chance to significantly improve an LFA’s performance that is needed in order to detect analytes reliably at lower concentrations than currently possible. In fact, EC-LFAs offer advantages in terms of quantitative determination, low-cost, high sensitivity, and even simple, label-free strategies. Here, the various configurations of EC-LFAs published are summarized and critically evaluated. In short, most of them rely on applying conventional transducers, e.g., screen-printed electrode, to ensure reliability of the assay, and additional advances are afforded by the beneficial features of nanomaterials. It is predicted that these will be further implemented in EC-LFAs as high-performance transducers. Considering the low cost of point-of-care devices, it becomes even more important to also identify strategies that efficiently integrate nanomaterials into EC-LFAs in a high-throughput manner while maintaining their favorable analytical performance. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Perju
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nongnoot Wongkaew
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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6
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YASUKAWA T. Biosensors Using an Antibody as a Recognition Element. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:359-360. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.highlights1904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Mimura M, Tomita S, Kurita R, Shiraki K. Array-based Generation of Response Patterns with Common Fluorescent Dyes for Identification of Proteins and Cells. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:99-102. [PMID: 29806617 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18sdn01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A differential array consisting of commercially available common fluorescent dyes was constructed for the identification of proteins and human cancer cells. Fluorescence of dyes was differently altered by mixing with proteins and human cancer cells, generating response patterns that are unique to the analytes. Linear discriminant analysis of the obtained patterns enabled the accurate identification of eight proteins and three human cancer cells. As this system can be easily prepared, it would offer a unique opportunity for array-based differential biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Mimura
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba.,Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) and DAILAB
| | - Shunsuke Tomita
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) and DAILAB
| | - Ryoji Kurita
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba.,Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) and DAILAB
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8
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Ilacas G, Gomez FA. Microfluidic Paper-based Analytical Devices (μPADs): Miniaturization and Enzyme Storage Studies. ANAL SCI 2018; 35:379-384. [PMID: 30531127 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18p444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the design and development of miniaturized microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) for biological assays and enzyme storage instruments. Here, a glucose assay utilizing glucose oxidase (GOx), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and potassium iodide (KI) is used as the model system. The efficacy of the miniaturized devices is further examined by assessing the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Two types of μPADs were developed: one, "strip" chips of detection zones of area 0.5, 0.1 cm2 and, two, "grid" chips of detection zone 0.05 cm2. The devices are easily fabricated via a wax printing process whereby lines of wax are deposited onto chromatographic paper and heated to create rows of hydrophobic barriers. The "strip" chips were subjected to three different temperature environments (-20, 0, and 20°C) over 30 days and glucose assays conducted at intermittent times yielding a correlation between corrected average inverse yellow intensity, days, and glucose concentration. Calculated and experimentally derived color intensity values for 1, 4, and 9 mM glucose concentrations after a 7-day storage study showed a good correlation (0.89 - 15.76% error). Both types of μPADs are effective platforms as potential point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices and display minimal enzyme denaturation. μPADs of this size show promise as alternative devices for resource-limited regions and especially those areas where materials and instrumentation are not always available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grenalynn Ilacas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University
| | - Frank A Gomez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University
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9
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Economou A, Kokkinos C, Prodromidis M. Flexible plastic, paper and textile lab-on-a chip platforms for electrochemical biosensing. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1812-1830. [PMID: 29855637 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00025e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Flexible biosensors represent an increasingly important and rapidly developing field of research. Flexible materials offer several advantages as supports of biosensing platforms in terms of flexibility, weight, conformability, portability, cost, disposability and scope for integration. On the other hand, electrochemical detection is perfectly suited to flexible biosensing devices. The present paper reviews the field of integrated electrochemical bionsensors fabricated on flexible materials (plastic, paper and textiles) which are used as functional base substrates. The vast majority of electrochemical flexible lab-on-a-chip (LOC) biosensing devices are based on plastic supports in a single or layered configuration. Among these, wearable devices are perhaps the ones that most vividly demonstrate the utility of the concept of flexible biosensors while diagnostic cards represent the state-of-the art in terms of integration and functionality. Another important type of flexible biosensors utilize paper as a functional support material enabling the fabrication of low-cost and disposable paper-based devices operating on the lateral flow, drop-casting or folding (origami) principles. Finally, textile-based biosensors are beginning to emerge enabling real-time measurements in the working environment or in wound care applications. This review is timely due to the significant advances that have taken place over the last few years in the area of LOC biosensors and aims to direct the readers to emerging trends in this field.
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Piyanan T, Athipornchai A, Henry CS, Sameenoi Y. An Instrument-free Detection of Antioxidant Activity Using Paper-based Analytical Devices Coated with Nanoceria. ANAL SCI 2018; 34:97-102. [PMID: 29321466 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.34.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This work reports a portable distance-based detection paper device that has a thermometer-like shape for rapid, instrument-free determination of antioxidant activity using a nanoceria assay. The assay is based on partial reduction of cerium ion from Ce4+ to Ce3+ on nanoceria deposited along the detection channel by antioxidants present in food, giving highly reactive oxidation products. Either these products or the parent antioxidant compounds could then bind to the OH-rich ceria nanoparticles and generate charge transfer ceria-antioxidant complexes resulting in a yellow to brown color change. The distance of the brown color on the detection channel is directly proportional to antioxidant activity, and can be easily measured using an integrated ruler without the need of any external sophisticated instrument for detection. The paper sensor has been studied for the analysis of common antioxidants and its performance was validated against traditional antioxidant assays for 11 tea sample analyses. Using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient method, the antioxidant activity of tea samples obtained from the paper device correlated with the traditional assay at the 95% confidence level. The developed sensor provided a high recovery and tolerance limit and was stable for 50 days both when stored at ambient and low temperature (6 and -20°C). The results demonstrated that the developed paper device is an alternative to allow for fast, simple, instrument-free, cheap, portable and high-throughput screening of antioxidant activity analysis in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirada Piyanan
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Burapha University
| | - Anan Athipornchai
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Burapha University
| | | | - Yupaporn Sameenoi
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Burapha University
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11
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Asano H, Shiraishi Y. Microfluidic Paper-based Analytical Device for the Determination of Hexavalent Chromium by Photolithographic Fabrication Using a Photomask Printed with 3D Printer. ANAL SCI 2018; 34:71-74. [PMID: 29321462 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.34.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This article describes a simple and inexpensive microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) for the determination of hexavalent chromium (CrVI) in water samples. The μPADs were fabricated on paper by photolithography using a photomask printed with a 3D printer and functionalized with reagents for a colorimetric assay. In the μPAD, CrVI reacts with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide to form a violet-colored complex. Images of μPADs were captured with a digital camera; then the red, green, and blue color intensity of each detection zone were measured using images processing software. The green intensity analysis was the best sensitive among the RGB color. A linear working range (40 - 400 ppm; R2 = 0.981) between the CrVI and green intensity was obtained with a detection limit of 30 ppm. All of the recoveries were between 94 and 109% in recovery studies on water samples, and good results were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Asano
- Center for Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamaguchi
| | - Yukihide Shiraishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Yamaguchi
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12
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Shimada Y, Kaneta T. Highly Sensitive Paper-based Analytical Devices with the Introduction of a Large-Volume Sample via Continuous Flow. ANAL SCI 2018; 34:65-70. [PMID: 29321460 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.34.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of continuous flow in paper-based analytical devices (PADs) was challenging because of the large-volume introduction that was created; but this allowed for the development of novel types of PADs for preconcentration, separation, and sensitive detection. In this study, pump-free continuous flow was applied to a distance-based PAD for the determination of iron ions. Continuous flow enabled the introduction of a volume that exceeded what was necessary to fill the hydrophilic channel of a PAD. Thus, this continuous-flow method significantly improved both the limits of detection (LOD) and the limits of quantification (LOQ) for a distance-based PAD by increasing the sample volume that could be introduced into the PAD. The values for LOD and LOQ were 20 and 26 ppb, respectively, which were more than 150-times lower than that obtained using a small sample volume (50 μL), and were comparable to those of inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. The continuous-flow technique was applicable to the determination of iron ions at levels of several tens of ppb in natural water without preconcentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhi Shimada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
| | - Takashi Kaneta
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
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13
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Goya K, Fuchiwaki Y. Paper-like Surface Microstructure Fabricated on a Polymer Surface by Femtosecond Laser Machining. ANAL SCI 2018; 34:33-38. [PMID: 29321454 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.34.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the precise control of fluid flow using femtosecond (FS) laser-induced microstructures. A microgroove structure inscribed on a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) substrate functions as a superhydrophilic membrane similar to paper. We first estimated the flow rate for pure water on microgrooves fabricated at various laser fluences in the range from 9.2 to 100.8 J/cm2. The results showed that the flow rate could be tuned in the range from 0.30 to 12.07 μL/s by varying the laser irradiation parameters. The fluid flow was reproducible, with a calculated relative standard deviation (RSD%) of less than 8% in the flow rate. We then fabricated a microfilter for blood separation and estimated its filtration ability using artificial blood containing resin microparticles. This method would be useful in a technology related to a paper-based diagnostic device for precise reagent manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Goya
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
| | - Yusuke Fuchiwaki
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
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KOMATSU T, MAEKI M, ISHIDA A, TANI H, TOKESHI M. Characteristics of Microfluidic Paper-based Analytical Devices Fabricated by Four Different Methods. ANAL SCI 2018; 34:39-44. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.34.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi KOMATSU
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University
| | - Masatoshi MAEKI
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University
| | - Akihiko ISHIDA
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University
| | - Hirofumi TANI
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University
| | - Manabu TOKESHI
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University
- ImPACT Research Centre for Advanced Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University
- Innovative Research Centre for Preventive Medical Engineering, Nagoya University
- Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Hisamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University
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