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Pecoraro AR, Hosfield BD, Li H, Shelley WC, Markel TA. Angiogenesis: A Cellular Response to Traumatic Injury. Shock 2021; 55:301-310. [PMID: 32826807 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The development of new vasculature plays a significant role in a number of chronic disease states, including neoplasm growth, peripheral arterial disease, and coronary artery disease, among many others. Traumatic injury and hemorrhage, however, is an immediate, often dramatic pathophysiologic insult that can also necessitate neovascularization to promote healing. Traditional understanding of angiogenesis involved resident endothelial cells branching outward from localized niches in the periphery. Additionally, there are a small number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells that participate directly in the process of neovessel formation. The bone marrow stores a relatively small number of so-called pro-angiogenic hematopoietic progenitor cells-that is, progenitor cells of a hematopoietic potential that differentiate into key structural cells and stimulate or otherwise support local cell growth/differentiation at the site of angiogenesis. Following injury, a number of cytokines and intercellular processes are activated or modulated to promote development of new vasculature. These processes initiate and maintain a robust response to vascular insult, allowing new vessels to canalize and anastomose and provide timely oxygen delivering to healing tissue. Ultimately as we better understand the key players in the process of angiogenesis we can look to develop novel techniques to promote healing following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Pecoraro
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Guo W, Bläsius FM, Greven J, Luo P, Wang W, Lübke C, Simon TP, Kobbe P, Tolba R, Hildebrand F, Horst K. Hematological and Chemical Profiles in a Porcine Model of Severe Multiple Trauma. Eur Surg Res 2020; 61:83-94. [PMID: 33022680 DOI: 10.1159/000510267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical chemistry and hematological tests are widely used to monitor the clinical course of several diseases. However, these parameters are sparse in large-animal models of multiple trauma (MT). Thus, we aimed to provide these missing data to improve future experimental setups in trauma research. METHODS Male pigs (German Landrace pigs) were randomized into either an MT group (n = 8) including blunt thoracic trauma, tibial fracture, and controlled hemorrhage or a sham group (n = 8) without any trauma. After trauma induction, all animals received intensive care treatment for 72 h under anesthesia, including mechanical ventilation and volume resuscitation. Blood and urine samples were obtained to measure common hematological and chemical parameters before trauma (0 h), after trauma (1.5 h), during resuscitation (2.5 h), after fracture stabilization (3.5 h), and at 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Statistical analyses were performed using a linear mixed model (group × time) and Welch's ANOVA. RESULTS MT led to a perceptible immunological reaction. Between groups, significantly different time courses of leukocyte counts (p = 0.034) and lymphocyte proportions (p = 0.001) were observed. Moreover, MT changed the time course of total protein (p = 0.006). Significantly lower concentrations compared to sham were found in MT at each single time point starting at 1.5 h to the end of the observation period (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that a traumatic insult leads to significant alterations in the immune system already shortly after trauma. Together with the additional catabolic reactions observed, these alterations might contribute to the occurrence of later complications. The presented data provide valid references for further experimental setups with prolonged observation times, especially in similar porcine models of MT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Guo
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Felix Marius Bläsius
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Johannes Greven
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany,
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weikang Wang
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cavan Lübke
- Department of Intensive Care and Intermediate Care, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim-Philipp Simon
- Department of Intensive Care and Intermediate Care, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Philipp Kobbe
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - René Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Hildebrand
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Klemens Horst
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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Babu FS, LaPorte HM, Nassoiy SP, Majetschak M. Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 regulates lung endothelial barrier permeability during resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock. Physiol Res 2019; 68:675-679. [PMID: 31177801 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) agonists have been shown to protect lung endothelial barrier function in vitro. In vivo effects of CXCR4 modulation on lung endothelial permeability are unknown. Here we tested the effects of the CXCR4 agonist ubiquitin and the antagonist AMD3100 on lung vascular permeability and cytokine concentrations in a rat hemorrhage model. Animals were hemorrhaged (mean arterial blood pressure 30 mmHg for 30 min), treated with vehicle, ubiquitin (0.7 and 3.5 µmol/kg) or AMD3100 (3.5 µmol/kg), and resuscitated with crystalloids. Evans blue extravasation was employed to quantify lung vascular permeability. Ubiquitin dose-dependently reduced Evans blue extravasation into the lung. AMD3100 increased Evans blue extravasation. With AMD3100, TNFalpha levels in lung homogenates were increased; while TNFalpha levels were lower with ubiquitin, these differences did not reach statistical significance. Our findings suggest that CXCR4 regulates lung vascular permeability and further point towards CXCR4 as a drug target to confer lung protection during resuscitation from traumatic-hemorrhagic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Babu
- Department of Surgery, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA, and Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA,
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Nassoiy SP, Babu FS, LaPorte HM, Majetschak M. Pharmacological modulation of C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 influences development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after lung ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 45:16-26. [PMID: 28815665 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activation of C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) has been reported to result in lung protective effects in various experimental models. The effects of pharmacological CXCR4 modulation on the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) after lung injury, however, are unknown. Thus, we studied whether blockade and activation of CXCR4 influences development of ARDS in a unilateral lung ischaemia-reperfusion injury rat model. Anaesthetized, mechanically ventilated animals underwent right lung ischaemia (series 1, 30 minutes; series 2, 60 minutes) followed by reperfusion for 300 minutes. In series 1, animals were treated with vehicle or 0.7 μmol/kg of AMD3100 (CXCR4 antagonist) and in series 2 with vehicle, 0.7 or 3.5 μmol/kg ubiquitin (non-cognate CXCR4 agonist) within 5 minutes of reperfusion. AMD3100 significantly reduced PaO2 /FiO2 ratios, converted mild ARDS with vehicle treatment into moderate ARDS (PaO2 /FiO2 ratio<200) and increased histological lung injury. Ubiquitin dose-dependently increased PaO2 /FiO2 ratios, converted moderate-to-severe into mild-to-moderate ARDS and reduced protein content of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Measurements of cytokine levels (TNFα, IL-6, IL-10) in lung homogenates and BALF showed that AMD3100 reduced IL-10 levels in homogenates from post-ischaemic lungs, whereas ubiquitin dose-dependently increased IL-10 levels in BALF from post-ischaemic lungs. Our findings establish a cause-effect relationship for the effects of pharmacological CXCR4 modulation on the development of ARDS after lung ischaemia-reperfusion injury. These data further suggest CXCR4 as a new drug target to reduce the incidence and attenuate the severity of ARDS after lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Nassoiy
- Department of Surgery, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Favin S Babu
- Department of Surgery, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Heather M LaPorte
- Department of Surgery, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthias Majetschak
- Department of Surgery, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Albee LJ, Eby JM, Tripathi A, LaPorte HM, Gao X, Volkman BF, Gaponenko V, Majetschak M. α 1-Adrenergic Receptors Function Within Hetero-Oligomeric Complexes With Atypical Chemokine Receptor 3 and Chemokine (C-X-C motif) Receptor 4 in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.006575. [PMID: 28862946 PMCID: PMC5586474 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Recently, we provided evidence that α1‐adrenergic receptors (ARs) in vascular smooth muscle are regulated by chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) receptor (CXCR) 4 and atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3). While we showed that CXCR4 controls α1‐ARs through formation of heteromeric receptor complexes in human vascular smooth muscle cells (hVSMCs), the molecular basis underlying cross‐talk between ACKR3 and α1‐ARs is unknown. Methods and Results We show that ACKR3 agonists inhibit inositol trisphosphate production in hVSMCs on stimulation with phenylephrine. In proximity ligation assays and co‐immunoprecipitation experiments, we observed that recombinant and endogenous ACKR3 form heteromeric complexes with α1A/B/D‐AR. While small interfering RNA knockdown of ACKR3 in hVSMCs reduced α1B/D‐AR:ACKR3, CXCR4:ACKR3, and α1B/D‐AR:CXCR4 complexes, small interfering RNA knockdown of CXCR4 reduced α1B/D‐AR:ACKR3 heteromers. Phenylephrine‐induced inositol trisphosphate production from hVSMCs was abolished after ACKR3 and CXCR4 small interfering RNA knockdown. Peptide analogs of transmembrane domains 2/4/7 of ACKR3 showed differential effects on heteromerization between ACKR3, α1A/B/D‐AR, and CXCR4. While the transmembrane domain 2 peptide interfered with α1B/D‐AR:ACKR3 and CXCR4:ACKR3 heteromerization, it increased heteromerization between CXCR4 and α1A/B‐AR. The transmembrane domain 2 peptide inhibited ACKR3 but did not affect α1b‐AR in β‐arrestin recruitment assays. Furthermore, the transmembrane domain 2 peptide inhibited phenylephrine‐induced inositol trisphosphate production in hVSMCs and attenuated phenylephrine‐induced constriction of mesenteric arteries. Conclusions α1‐ARs form hetero‐oligomeric complexes with the ACKR3:CXCR4 heteromer, which is required for α1B/D‐AR function, and activation of ACKR3 negatively regulates α1‐ARs. G protein–coupled receptor hetero‐oligomerization is a dynamic process, which depends on the relative abundance of available receptor partners. Endogenous α1‐ARs function within a network of hetero‐oligomeric receptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Albee
- Department of Surgery, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL
| | - Jonathan M Eby
- Department of Surgery, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL
| | - Abhishek Tripathi
- Department of Surgery, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL
| | - Heather M LaPorte
- Department of Surgery, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL
| | - Xianlong Gao
- Department of Surgery, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Vadim Gaponenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
| | - Matthias Majetschak
- Department of Surgery, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL .,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL
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Seemann S, Lupp A. Administration of AMD3100 in endotoxemia is associated with pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidative, and pro-apoptotic effects in vivo. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:68. [PMID: 27716214 PMCID: PMC5048674 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0286-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a multifunctional G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by its natural ligand, C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12). As a likely member of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-sensing complex, CXCR4 is involved in pro-inflammatory cytokine production and exhibits substantial chemo-attractive activity for various inflammatory cells. Here, we aimed to characterize the effects of CXCR4 blockade in systemic inflammation and to evaluate its impact on organ function. Furthermore, we investigated whether CXCR4 blockade exerts deleterious effects, thereby substantiating previous studies showing a beneficial outcome after treatment with CXCR4 agonists in endotoxemia. Methods The CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 was administered intraperitoneally to mice shortly after LPS treatment. After 24 h, health status was determined and serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), interferon gamma (IFN gamma), and nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured. We further assessed oxidative stress in the brain, kidney, and liver as well as liver biotransformation capacity. Finally, we utilized immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting in liver and spleen tissue to determine cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3), CD8, CD68, and TNF alpha expression patterns, and to assess the presence of various markers for apoptosis and oxidative stress. Results Mice treated with AMD3100 displayed impaired health status and showed enhanced serum levels of TNF alpha, IFN gamma and NO levels in endotoxemia. This compound also amplified LPS-induced oxidative stress in all tissues investigated and decreased liver biotransformation capacity in co-treated animals. Co-treatment with AMD3100 further inhibited expression of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf-2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and various cytochrome P450 enzymes, whereas it enhanced expression of CD3, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and TNF alpha, as well as the total number of neutrophils in liver tissue. Spleens from co-treated animals contained large numbers of erythrocytes and neutrophils, but fewer CD3+ cells, and demonstrated increased apoptosis in the white pulp. Conclusions AMD3100 administration in a mouse model of endotoxemia further impaired health status and liver function and mediated pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidative, and pro-apoptotic effects. This suggests that interruption of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis is deleterious in acute inflammation and confirms previous findings showing beneficial effects of CXCR4 agonists in endotoxemia, thereby more clearly elucidating the role of CXCR4 in inflammation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-016-0286-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semjon Seemann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Drackendorfer Str. 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
| | - Amelie Lupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Drackendorfer Str. 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
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Pharmacological targeting of chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 in porcine polytrauma and hemorrhage models. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2016; 80:102-10. [PMID: 26683396 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000000865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that chemokine receptor CXCR4 regulates vascular α1-adrenergic receptor function and that the noncognate CXCR4 agonist ubiquitin has therapeutic potential after trauma/hemorrhage. Pharmacologic properties of ubiquitin in large animal trauma models, however, are poorly characterized. Thus, the aims of the present study were to determine the effects of CXCR4 modulation on resuscitation requirements after polytrauma, to assess whether ubiquitin influences survival times after lethal polytrauma-hemorrhage, and to characterize its dose-effect profile in porcine models. METHODS Anesthetized pigs underwent polytrauma (PT, femur fractures/lung contusion) alone (Series 1) or PT/hemorrhage (PT/H) to a mean arterial blood pressure of 30 mmHg with subsequent fluid resuscitation (Series 2 and 3) or 40% blood volume hemorrhage within 15 minutes followed by 2.5% blood volume hemorrhage every 15 minutes without fluid resuscitation (Series 4). In Series 1, ubiquitin (175 and 350 nmol/kg), AMD3100 (CXCR4 antagonist, 350 nmol/kg), or vehicle treatment 60 minutes after PT was performed. In Series 2, ubiquitin (175, 875, and 1,750 nmol/kg) or vehicle treatment 60 minutes after PT/H was performed. In Series 3, ubiquitin (175 and 875 nmol/kg) or vehicle treatment at 60 and 180 minutes after PT/H was performed. In Series 4, ubiquitin (875 nmol/kg) or vehicle treatment 30 minutes after hemorrhage was performed. RESULTS In Series 1, resuscitation fluid requirements were significantly reduced by 40% with 350-nmol/kg ubiquitin and increased by 25% with AMD3100. In Series 2, median survival time was 190 minutes with vehicle, 260 minutes with 175-nmol/kg ubiquitin, and longer than 420 minutes with 875-nmol/kg and 1,750-nmol/kg ubiquitin (p < 0.05 vs. vehicle). In Series 3, median survival time was 288 minutes with vehicle and 336 minutes and longer than 420 minutes (p < 0.05 vs. vehicle) with 175-nmol/kg and 875-nmol/kg ubiquitin, respectively. In Series 4, median survival time was 147.5 minutes and 150 minutes with vehicle and ubiquitin, respectively (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION These findings further suggest CXCR4 as a drug target after PT/H. Ubiquitin treatment reduces resuscitation fluid requirements and provides survival benefits after PT/H. The pharmacological effects of ubiquitin treatment occur dose dependently.
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Seemann S, Lupp A. Administration of a CXCL12 Analog in Endotoxemia Is Associated with Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Oxidative and Cytoprotective Effects In Vivo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138389. [PMID: 26375818 PMCID: PMC4574197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is a multifunctional receptor which is activated by its natural ligand C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12). As CXCR4 is part of the lipopolysaccharide sensing complex and CXCL12 analogs are not well characterized in inflammation, we aimed to uncover the systemic effects of a CXCL12 analog in severe systemic inflammation and to evaluate its impact on endotoxin induced organ damages by using a sublethal LPS dose. Methods The plasma stable CXCL12 analog CTCE-0214D was synthesized and administered subcutaneously shortly before LPS treatment. After 24 hours, mice were sacrificed and blood was obtained for TNF alpha, IFN gamma and blood glucose evaluation. Oxidative stress in the liver and spleen was assessed and liver biotransformation capacity was determined. Finally, CXCR4, CXCL12 and TLR4 expression patterns in liver, spleen and thymus tissue as well as the presence of different markers for apoptosis and oxidative stress were determined by means of immunohistochemistry. Results CTCE-0214D distinctly reduced the LPS mediated effects on TNF alpha, IFN gamma, ALAT and blood glucose levels. It attenuated oxidative stress in the liver and spleen tissue and enhanced liver biotransformation capacity unambiguously. Furthermore, in all three organs investigated, CTCE-0214D diminished the LPS induced expression of CXCR4, CXCL12, TLR4, NF-κB, cleaved caspase-3 and gp91 phox, whereas heme oxygenase 1 expression and activity was induced above average. Additionally, TUNEL staining revealed anti-apoptotic effects of CTCE-0214D. Conclusions In summary, CTCE-0214D displayed anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and cytoprotective features. It attenuated reactive oxygen species, induced heme oxygenase 1 activity and mitigated apoptosis. Thus, the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis seems to be a promising target in the treatment of acute systemic inflammation, especially when accompanied by a hepatic dysfunction and an excessive production of free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semjon Seemann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Amelie Lupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Job F, Settele F, Lorey S, Rundfeldt C, Baumann L, Beck-Sickinger AG, Haupts U, Lilie H, Bosse-Doenecke E. Ubiquitin is a versatile scaffold protein for the generation of molecules with de novo binding and advantageous drug-like properties. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:579-93. [PMID: 26258013 PMCID: PMC4522466 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the search for effective therapeutic strategies, protein-based biologicals are under intense development. While monoclonal antibodies represent the majority of these drugs, other innovative approaches are exploring the use of scaffold proteins for the creation of binding molecules with tailor-made properties. Ubiquitin is especially suited for this strategy due to several key characteristics. Ubiquitin is a natural serum protein, 100% conserved across the mammalian class and possesses high thermal, structural and proteolytic stability. Because of its small size and lack of posttranslational modifications, it can be easily produced in Escherichia coli. In this work we provide evidence that ubiquitin is safe as tested experimentally in vivo. In contrast to previously published results, we show that, in our hands, ubiquitin does not act as a functional ligand of the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Cellular assays based on different signaling pathways of the receptor were conducted with the natural agonist SDF-1 as a benchmark. In none of the assays could a response to ubiquitin treatment be elicited. Furthermore, intravenous application to mice at high concentrations did not induce any detectable effect on cytokine levels or hematological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Job
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology/Technical Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Florian Settele
- Scil Proteins GmbH, Heinrich-Damerow-Straße 1, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Susan Lorey
- Scil Proteins GmbH, Heinrich-Damerow-Straße 1, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Chris Rundfeldt
- Scil Proteins GmbH, Heinrich-Damerow-Straße 1, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Lars Baumann
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Haupts
- Scil Proteins GmbH, Heinrich-Damerow-Straße 1, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Hauke Lilie
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology/Technical Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Eva Bosse-Doenecke
- Scil Proteins GmbH, Heinrich-Damerow-Straße 1, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 345 4780 365; fax: +49 345 27996 332.
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Tripathi A, Vana PG, Chavan TS, Brueggemann LI, Byron KL, Tarasova NI, Volkman BF, Gaponenko V, Majetschak M. Heteromerization of chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 with α1A/B-adrenergic receptors controls α1-adrenergic receptor function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E1659-68. [PMID: 25775528 PMCID: PMC4386352 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1417564112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) contributes to the regulation of blood pressure through interactions with α1-adrenergic receptors (ARs) in vascular smooth muscle. The underlying molecular mechanisms, however, are unknown. Using proximity ligation assays to visualize single-molecule interactions, we detected that α1A/B-ARs associate with CXCR4 on the cell surface of rat and human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Furthermore, α1A/B-AR could be coimmunoprecipitated with CXCR4 in a HeLa expression system and in human VSMC. A peptide derived from the second transmembrane helix of CXCR4 induced chemical shift changes in the NMR spectrum of CXCR4 in membranes, disturbed the association between α1A/B-AR and CXCR4, and inhibited Ca(2+) mobilization, myosin light chain (MLC) 2 phosphorylation, and contraction of VSMC upon α1-AR activation. CXCR4 silencing reduced α1A/B-AR:CXCR4 heteromeric complexes in VSMC and abolished phenylephrine-induced Ca(2+) fluxes and MLC2 phosphorylation. Treatment of rats with CXCR4 agonists (CXCL12, ubiquitin) reduced the EC50 of the phenylephrine-induced blood pressure response three- to fourfold. These observations suggest that disruption of the quaternary structure of α1A/B-AR:CXCR4 heteromeric complexes by targeting transmembrane helix 2 of CXCR4 and depletion of the heteromeric receptor complexes by CXCR4 knockdown inhibit α1-AR-mediated function in VSMC and that activation of CXCR4 enhances the potency of α1-AR agonists. Our findings extend the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating α1-AR and provide an example of the importance of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) heteromerization for GPCR function. Compounds targeting the α1A/B-AR:CXCR4 interaction could provide an alternative pharmacological approach to modulate blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Tripathi
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - P Geoff Vana
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - Tanmay S Chavan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Lioubov I Brueggemann
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - Kenneth L Byron
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - Nadya I Tarasova
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226; and
| | - Vadim Gaponenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Matthias Majetschak
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153;
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Bach HH, Wong YM, Tripathi A, Nevins AM, Gamelli RL, Volkman BF, Byron KL, Majetschak M. Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 and atypical chemokine receptor 3 regulate vascular α₁-adrenergic receptor function. Mol Med 2014; 20:435-47. [PMID: 25032954 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor (CXCR) 4 and atypical chemokine receptor (ACKR) 3 ligands have been reported to modulate cardiovascular function in various disease models. The underlying mechanisms, however, remain unknown. Thus, it was the aim of the present study to determine how pharmacological modulation of CXCR4 and ACKR3 regulate cardiovascular function. In vivo administration of TC14012, a CXCR4 antagonist and ACKR3 agonist, caused cardiovascular collapse in normal animals. During the cardiovascular stress response to hemorrhagic shock, ubiquitin, a CXCR4 agonist, stabilized blood pressure, whereas coactivation of CXCR4 and ACKR3 with CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), or blockade of CXCR4 with AMD3100 showed opposite effects. While CXCR4 and ACKR3 ligands did not affect myocardial function, they selectively altered vascular reactivity upon α1-adrenergic receptor (AR) activation in pressure myography experiments. CXCR4 activation with ubiquitin enhanced α1-AR-mediated vasoconstriction, whereas ACKR3 activation with various natural and synthetic ligands antagonized α1-AR-mediated vasoconstriction. The opposing effects of CXCR4 and ACKR3 activation by CXCL12 could be dissected pharmacologically. CXCR4 and ACKR3 ligands did not affect vasoconstriction upon activation of voltage-operated Ca(2+) channels or endothelin receptors. Effects of CXCR4 and ACKR3 agonists on vascular α1-AR responsiveness were independent of the endothelium. These findings suggest that CXCR4 and ACKR3 modulate α1-AR reactivity in vascular smooth muscle and regulate hemodynamics in normal and pathological conditions. Our observations point toward CXCR4 and ACKR3 as new pharmacological targets to control vasoreactivity and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold H Bach
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yee M Wong
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Abhishek Tripathi
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Amanda M Nevins
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Richard L Gamelli
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kenneth L Byron
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Matthias Majetschak
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
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12
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Ramana LN, Anand AR, Sethuraman S, Krishnan UM. Targeting strategies for delivery of anti-HIV drugs. J Control Release 2014; 192:271-83. [PMID: 25119469 PMCID: PMC7114626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection remains a significant cause of mortality globally. Though antiretroviral therapy has significantly reduced AIDS-related morbidity and mortality, there are several drawbacks in the current therapy, including toxicity, drug–drug interactions, development of drug resistance, necessity for long-term drug therapy, poor bio-availability and lack of access to tissues and reservoirs. To circumvent these problems, recent anti-HIV therapeutic research has focused on improving drug delivery systems through drug delivery targeted specifically to host cells infected with HIV or could potentially get infected with HIV. In this regard, several surface molecules of both viral and host cell origin have been described in recent years, that would enable targeted drug delivery in HIV infection. In the present review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the need for novel drug delivery systems, and the successes and challenges in the identification of novel viral and host-cell molecules for the targeted drug delivery of anti-HIV drugs. Such targeted anti-retroviral drug delivery approaches could pave the way for effective treatment and eradication of HIV from the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Narashimhan Ramana
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India; School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | | | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India; School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India; School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India.
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13
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Lorey S, Fiedler E, Kunert A, Nerkamp J, Lange C, Fiedler M, Bosse-Doenecke E, Meysing M, Gloser M, Rundfeldt C, Rauchhaus U, Hänssgen I, Göttler T, Steuernagel A, Fiedler U, Haupts U. Novel ubiquitin-derived high affinity binding proteins with tumor targeting properties. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:8493-507. [PMID: 24474690 PMCID: PMC3961674 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.519884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting effector molecules to tumor cells is a promising mode of action for cancer therapy and diagnostics. Binding proteins with high affinity and specificity for a tumor target that carry effector molecules such as toxins, cytokines, or radiolabels to their intended site of action are required for these applications. In order to yield high tumor accumulation while maintaining low levels in healthy tissues and blood, the half-life of such conjugates needs to be in an optimal range. Scaffold-based binding molecules are small proteins with high affinity and short systemic circulation. Due to their low molecular complexity, they are well suited for combination with effector molecules as well as half-life extension technologies yielding therapeutics with half-lives adapted to the specific therapy. We have identified ubiquitin as an ideal scaffold protein due to its outstanding biophysical and biochemical properties. Based on a dimeric ubiquitin library, high affinity and specific binding molecules, so-called Affilin® molecules, have been selected against the extradomain B of fibronectin, a target almost exclusively expressed in tumor tissues. Extradomain B-binding molecules feature high thermal and serum stability as well as strong in vitro target binding and in vivo tumor accumulation. Application of several half-life extension technologies results in molecules of largely unaffected affinity but significantly prolonged in vivo half-life and tumor retention. Our results demonstrate the utility of ubiquitin as a scaffold for the generation of high affinity binders in a modular fashion, which can be combined with effector molecules and half-life extension technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Lorey
- From Scil Proteins GmbH, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 1, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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14
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Tripathi A, Saini V, Marchese A, Volkman BF, Tang WJ, Majetschak M. Modulation of the CXC chemokine receptor 4 agonist activity of ubiquitin through C-terminal protein modification. Biochemistry 2013; 52:4184-92. [PMID: 23697661 DOI: 10.1021/bi400254f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular ubiquitin has recently been described as a CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR) 4 agonist. Studies on the structure-function relationship suggested that the C-terminus of ubiquitin facilitates CXCR4 activation. It remains unknown, however, whether C-terminal processing of ubiquitin could be biologically relevant and whether modifications of the ubiquitin C-terminus can modulate CXCR4 activation. We show that C-terminal truncated ubiquitin antagonizes ubiquitin and stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α induced effects on cell signaling and function. Reduction of cell surface expression of insulin degrading enzyme (IDE), which cleaves the C-terminal di-Gly of ubiquitin, enhances ubiquitin induced reduction of cAMP levels in BV2 and THP-1 cells, but does not influence changes in cAMP levels in response to SDF-1α. Reduction of cell surface IDE expression in THP-1 cells also increases the chemotactic activity of ubiquitin. As compared with native ubiquitin, C-terminal Tyr extension of ubiquitin results in reduced CXCR4 mediated effects on cellular cAMP levels and abolishes chemotactic activity. Replacement of C-terminal di-Gly of ubiquitin with di-Val or di-Arg enhances CXCR4 mediated effects on cAMP levels and the di-Arg substitution exerts increased chemotactic activity, when compared with wild type ubiquitin. The chemotactic activities of the di-Val and di-Arg mutants and their effects on cAMP levels can be antagonized with C-terminal truncated ubiquitin. These data suggest that the development of CXCR4 ligands with enhanced agonist activities is possible and that C-terminal processing of ubiquitin could constitute a biological mechanism, which regulates termination of receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Tripathi
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
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