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Wang P, Gao L, Ma T, Ye Z, Li Z. MicroRNA-1225-5p Promotes the Development of Fibrotic Cataracts via Keap1/Nrf2 Signaling. Curr Eye Res 2024; 49:591-604. [PMID: 38450708 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2024.2316712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fibrotic cataracts, including anterior subcapsular cataract (ASC) as well as posterior capsule opacification (PCO), are a common vision-threatening cause worldwide. Still, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate a miRNA-based pathway regulating the pathological fibrosis process of lens epithelium. METHODS Gain- and loss-of-function approaches, as well as multiple fibrosis models of the lens, were applied to validate the crucial role of two miR-1225 family members in the TGF-β2 induced PCO model of human LECs and injury-induced ASC model in mice. RESULTS Both miR-1225-3p and miR-1225-5p prominently stimulate the migration and EMT process of lens epithelial cells (LECs) in vitro as well as lens fibrosis in vivo. Moreover, we demonstrated that the underlying mechanism for these effects of miR-1225-5p is via directly targeting Keap1 to regulate Keap1/Nrf2 signaling. In addition, evidence showed that Keap1/Nrf2 signaling is activated in the TGF-β2 induced PCO model of human LECs and injury-induced ASC model in mice, and inhibition of the Nrf2 pathway can significantly reverse the process of LECs EMT as well as lens fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that blockade of miR-1225-5p prevents lens fibrosis via targeting Keap1 thereby inhibiting Nrf2 activation. The 'miR-1225-Keap1-Nrf2' signaling axis presumably holds therapeutic promise in the treatment of fibrotic cataracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peihong Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, the Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lixiong Gao
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, the Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianju Ma
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, the Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zi Ye
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, the Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, the Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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2
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Hagelaars MJ, Nikolic M, Vermeulen M, Dekker S, Bouten CVC, Loerakker S. A computational analysis of the role of integrins and Rho-GTPases in the emergence and disruption of apical-basal polarization in renal epithelial cells. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1012140. [PMID: 38768266 PMCID: PMC11142725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Apical-basal polarization in renal epithelial cells is crucial to renal function and an important trigger for tubule formation in kidney development. Loss of polarity can induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which can lead to kidney pathologies. Understanding the relative and combined roles of the involved proteins and their interactions that govern epithelial polarity may provide insights for controlling the process of polarization via chemical or mechanical manipulations in an in vitro or in vivo setting. Here, we developed a computational framework that integrates several known interactions between integrins, Rho-GTPases Rho, Rac and Cdc42, and polarity complexes Par and Scribble, to study their mutual roles in the emergence of polarization. The modeled protein interactions were shown to induce the emergence of polarized distributions of Rho-GTPases, which in turn led to the accumulation of apical and basal polarity complexes Par and Scribble at their respective poles, effectively recapitulating polarization. Our multiparametric sensitivity analysis suggested that polarization depends foremost on the mutual inhibition between Rac and Rho. Next, we used the computational framework to investigate the role of integrins and GTPases in the generation and disruption of polarization. We found that a minimum concentration of integrins is required to catalyze the process of polarization. Furthermore, loss of polarization was found to be only inducible via complete degradation of the Rho-GTPases Rho and Cdc42, suggesting that polarization is fairly stable once it is established. Comparison of our computational predictions against data from in vitro experiments in which we induced EMT in renal epithelial cells while quantifying the relative Rho-GTPase levels, displayed that EMT coincides with a large reduction in the Rho-GTPase Rho. Collectively, these results demonstrate the essential roles of integrins and Rho-GTPases in the establishment and disruption of apical-basal polarity and thereby provide handles for the in vitro or in vivo regulation of polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Hagelaars
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Milica Nikolic
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maud Vermeulen
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia Dekker
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn V. C. Bouten
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Loerakker
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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3
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Taiyab A, Belahlou Y, Wong V, Pandi S, Shekhar M, Chidambaranathan GP, West-Mays J. Understanding the Role of Yes-Associated Protein (YAP) Signaling in the Transformation of Lens Epithelial Cells (EMT) and Fibrosis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1767. [PMID: 38136638 PMCID: PMC10741558 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic cataracts, posterior capsular opacification (PCO), and anterior subcapsular cataracts (ASC) are mainly attributed to the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ)-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelial cells (LECs). Previous investigations from our laboratory have shown the novel role of non-canonical TGFβ signaling in the progression of EMT in LECs. In this study, we have identified YAP as a critical signaling molecule involved in lens fibrosis. The observed increase in nuclear YAP in capsules of human ASC patients points toward the involvement of YAP in lens fibrosis. In addition, the immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses on ocular sections from mice that overexpress TGFβ in the lens (TGFβtg) showed a co-expression of YAP and α-SMA in the fibrotic plaques when compared to wild-type littermate lenses, which do not. The incubation of rat lens explants with verteporfin, a YAP inhibitor, prevented a TGFβ-induced fiber-like phenotype, α-SMA, and fibronectin expression, as well as delocalization of E-cadherin and β-catenin. Finally, LECs co-incubated with TGFβ and YAP inhibitor did not exhibit an induction in matrix metalloproteinase 2 compared to those LECs treated with TGFβ alone. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that YAP is required for TGFβ-mediated lens EMT and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Taiyab
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (Y.B.); (V.W.)
| | - Yasmine Belahlou
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (Y.B.); (V.W.)
| | - Vanessa Wong
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (Y.B.); (V.W.)
| | - Saranya Pandi
- Department of Immunology and Stem Cell Biology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai 625020, Tamil Nadu, India; (S.P.); (G.P.C.)
| | - Madhu Shekhar
- Cataract and IOL Services, Aravind Eye Hospital and Post Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Madurai 625020, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Gowri Priya Chidambaranathan
- Department of Immunology and Stem Cell Biology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai 625020, Tamil Nadu, India; (S.P.); (G.P.C.)
| | - Judith West-Mays
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (Y.B.); (V.W.)
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4
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Yang J, Liu J, Liang J, Li F, Wang W, Chen H, Xie X. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in age-associated thymic involution: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 92:102115. [PMID: 37922996 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The thymus is a critical immune organ with endocrine and immune functions that plays important roles in the physiological and pathological processes of the body. However, with aging, the thymus undergoes degenerative changes leading to decreased production and output of naive T cells and the secretion of thymic hormones and related cytokines, thereby promoting the occurrence and development of various age-associated diseases. Therefore, identifying essential processes that regulate age-associated thymic involution is crucial for long-term control of thymic involution and age-associated disease progression. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a well-established process involved in organ aging and functional impairment through tissue fibrosis in several organs, such as the heart and kidney. In the thymus, EMT promotes fibrosis and potentially adipogenesis, leading to thymic involution. This review focuses on the factors involved in thymic involution, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and hormones, from the perspective of EMT. Furthermore, current interventions for reversing age-associated thymic involution by targeting EMT-associated processes are summarized. Understanding the key mechanisms of thymic involution through EMT as an entry point may promote the development of new therapies and clinical agents to reverse thymic involution and age-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Yang
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Public Center of Experimental Technology, Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Juan Liu
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Public Center of Experimental Technology, Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Liang
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Public Center of Experimental Technology, Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fan Li
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Public Center of Experimental Technology, Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Public Center of Experimental Technology, Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Huan Chen
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Nucleic Acid Medicine of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Xiang Xie
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Public Center of Experimental Technology, Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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5
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Wu S, Luwor RB, Zhu HJ. Dynamics of transforming growth factor β signaling and therapeutic efficacy. Growth Factors 2023; 41:82-100. [PMID: 37229558 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2023.2215335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is a multifunctional cytokine, and its signalling responses are exerted via integrated intracellular pathways and complex regulatory mechanisms. Due to its high potency, TGFβ signalling is tightly controlled under normal circumstances, while its dysregulation in cancer favours metastasis. The recognised potential of TGFβ as a therapeutic target led to emerging development of anti-TGFβ reagents with preclinical success, yet these therapeutics failed to recapitulate their efficacy in experimental settings. In this review, possible reasons for this inconsistency are discussed, addressing the knowledge gap between theoretical and actual behaviours of TGFβ signalling. Previous studies on oncogenic cells have demonstrated the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of TGFβ signalling intensity. Under feedback mechanisms and exosomal ligand recycling, cancer cells may achieve cyclic TGFβ signalling to facilitate dissemination and colonisation. This challenges the current presumption of persistently high TGFβ signalling in cancer, pointing to a new direction of research on TGFβ-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Wu
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Rodney Brian Luwor
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, Australia
- Health, Innovation and Transformation Centre, Federation University, Ballarat, Australia
| | - Hong-Jian Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Liu S, Jin R, Zheng G, Wang Y, Li Q, Jin F, Li Y, Li T, Mao N, Wei Z, Li G, Fan Y, Xu H, Li S, Yang F. Ac-SDKP promotes KIF3A-mediated β-catenin suppression through a ciliary mechanism to constrain silica-induced epithelial-myofibroblast transition. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115411. [PMID: 37651800 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin family member 3 A (KIF3A) decrease have been reported in silicotic patients and rats. However, the detailed mechanisms of KIF3A in silicosis remain unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that KIF3A effectively blocked the expression of β-catenin and downstream myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF)-A/serum response factor (SRF) signaling, thus inhibiting silica-induced epithelial-myofibroblast transition (EMyT). Moreover, KIF3A was identified as a downstream mediator of an antifibrotic tetrapeptide N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP). Knockdown of KIF3A expression reactivated β-catenin/myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF)-A/serum response factor (SRF) signaling that was attenuated by Ac-SDKP in vitro. Collectively, our findings suggest that Ac-SDKP plays its anti-fibrosis role via KIF3A-mediated β-catenin suppression, at least in part, in both in vivo model of silicosis and in vitro model of EMyT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupeng Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Ruotong Jin
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Gaigai Zheng
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Yiyun Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Qian Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Fuyu Jin
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Yaqian Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Tian Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Na Mao
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Zhongqiu Wei
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Gengxu Li
- Clinical Medical College, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Yuhang Fan
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China; Health Science Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Shifeng Li
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, 100029 Beijing, China.
| | - Fang Yang
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis Research, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.
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7
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Wang W, Huang W, Liu J, Zhang Z, Ji R, Wu C, Zhang J, Jiang X. Electric field promotes dermal fibroblast transdifferentiation through activation of RhoA/ROCK1 pathway. Int J Med Sci 2023; 20:1326-1335. [PMID: 37786441 PMCID: PMC10542021 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.86215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increased incidence of age-related and lifestyle-related diseases, chronic wounds are sweeping the world, where recent studies reveal that dysfunction of fibroblast plays an indispensable role. Endogenous electric field (EF) generated by skin wound disrupting an epithelial layer has been used as an alternative clinical treatment in chronic wound by modulating cellular behaviours, including fibroblasts transdifferentiation. Although many molecules and signaling pathways have been reported associated with fibroblasts transdifferentiation, studies investigating how the electric field affects the cellular pathways have been limited. For this purpose, a model of electric field treatment in vitro was established, where cells were randomly divided into control and electrified groups. The changes of protein expression and distribution were detected under different conditions, along with Zeiss imaging system observing the response of cells. Results showed that fibroblast transdifferentiation was accompanied by increased expression of a-SMA and extracellular matrix (COL-1 and COL-3) under the EF. Simultaneously, fibroblast transdifferentiation was also consistent with changes of cell arrangement and enhanced motility. Furthermore, we found that electric field activated RhoA signaling pathways activity. Y-27632, a RhoA inhibitor, which was used to treat fibroblasts, resulted in reduced transdifferentiation. The connection between electric field and RhoA signaling pathways is likely to be significant in modulating fibroblast transdifferentiation in acute injury and tissue remodeling, which provides an innovative idea for the molecular mechanism of EF in promoting chronic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Wanqi Huang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Department of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ran Ji
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jiaping Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xupin Jiang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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Di X, Gao X, Peng L, Ai J, Jin X, Qi S, Li H, Wang K, Luo D. Cellular mechanotransduction in health and diseases: from molecular mechanism to therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:282. [PMID: 37518181 PMCID: PMC10387486 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular mechanotransduction, a critical regulator of numerous biological processes, is the conversion from mechanical signals to biochemical signals regarding cell activities and metabolism. Typical mechanical cues in organisms include hydrostatic pressure, fluid shear stress, tensile force, extracellular matrix stiffness or tissue elasticity, and extracellular fluid viscosity. Mechanotransduction has been expected to trigger multiple biological processes, such as embryonic development, tissue repair and regeneration. However, prolonged excessive mechanical stimulation can result in pathological processes, such as multi-organ fibrosis, tumorigenesis, and cancer immunotherapy resistance. Although the associations between mechanical cues and normal tissue homeostasis or diseases have been identified, the regulatory mechanisms among different mechanical cues are not yet comprehensively illustrated, and no effective therapies are currently available targeting mechanical cue-related signaling. This review systematically summarizes the characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of typical mechanical cues in normal conditions and diseases with the updated evidence. The key effectors responding to mechanical stimulations are listed, such as Piezo channels, integrins, Yes-associated protein (YAP) /transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4). We also reviewed the key signaling pathways, therapeutic targets and cutting-edge clinical applications of diseases related to mechanical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingpeng Di
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoshuai Gao
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Liao Peng
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhong Ai
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xi Jin
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Shiqian Qi
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Kunjie Wang
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.
| | - Deyi Luo
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.
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9
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Basta MD, Petruk S, Mazo A, Walker JL. Fibrosis-the tale of H3K27 histone methyltransferases and demethylases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1193344. [PMID: 37476157 PMCID: PMC10354294 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1193344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis, or excessive scarring, is characterized by the emergence of alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA)-expressing myofibroblasts and the excessive accumulation of fibrotic extracellular matrix (ECM). Currently, there is a lack of effective treatment options for fibrosis, highlighting an unmet need to identify new therapeutic targets. The acquisition of a fibrotic phenotype is associated with changes in chromatin structure, a key determinant of gene transcription activation and repression. The major repressive histone mark, H3K27me3, has been linked to dynamic changes in gene expression in fibrosis through alterations in chromatin structure. H3K27-specific homologous histone methylase (HMT) enzymes, Enhancer of zeste 1 and 2 (EZH1, EZH2), which are the alternative subunits of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) and demethylase (KDM) enzymes, Ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat, X chromosome (UTX), and Lysine demethylase 6B (KDM6B), are responsible for regulating methylation status of H3K27me3. In this review, we explore how these key enzymes regulate chromatin structure to alter gene expression in fibrosis, highlighting them as attractive targets for the treatment of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan D. Basta
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Svetlana Petruk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alexander Mazo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Janice L. Walker
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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10
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Fujimoto T, Inoue-Mochita M, Inoue T. A ROCK inhibitor suppresses the transforming growth factor-beta-2-induced endothelial-mesenchymal transition in Schlemm's canal endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9655. [PMID: 37316554 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36808-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the normal eye, most of the aqueous humor drains through the trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal (SC). The concentration of transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-β2) is increased in the aqueous humor of primary open angle glaucoma patients. TGF-β2 increases outflow resistance by affecting the TM and SC, and endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) of SC cells is involved in these changes. Here, we investigated the effect of a ROCK inhibitor on TGF-β2-induced EndMT in SC cells. The ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 suppressed the TGF-β2-induced increase in the trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TER) and proliferation of SC cells. Y-27632 suppressed the expression of α-SMA, N-cadherin, and Snail, which are upregulated by TGF-β2. Moreover, TGF-β2 decreased mRNA levels of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 4 and increased those of the BMP antagonist gremlin (GREM1), but Y-27632 significantly suppressed these changes. Y-27632 also inhibited TGF-β2-induced phosphorylation of p-38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). BMP4 and the p-38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 suppressed the TGF-β2-induced TER elevation in SC cells. Moreover, SB203580 suppressed TGF-β2-induced upregulation of fibronectin, Snail, and GREM1. These results indicate that a ROCK inhibitor inhibited the TGF-β2-induced EndMT in SC cells, implying the involvement of p38 MAPK and BMP4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Fujimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Miyuki Inoue-Mochita
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Inoue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE To review information pertaining to secondary glaucoma following infant lensectomy and provide evidence to support the mechanism responsible for this condition. METHODS Reported risk factors and proposed mechanisms for infantile aphakic glaucoma are reviewed. Laboratory studies and clinical observations in affected patients with glaucoma are described. Evidence of postoperative anterior chamber fibrosis is reviewed and interpreted. RESULTS Clinical evidence demonstrated the development of anterior chamber fibrosis following infant cataract surgery. Laboratory studies showed liberated lens epithelial cell transition to fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS The review and assessment of laboratory and clinical evidence support the proposal that infantile aphakic glaucoma is caused, in part, by postoperative anterior chamber fibroization related to lens cell dispersion, cytokine activation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition with resultant filtration angle fibrosis and secondary loss of filtration function. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2022;59(4):236-242.].
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12
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Lin CY, Hsieh YS, Chu SC, Hsu LS, Huang SC, Chen PN. Reduction of invasion and cell stemness and induction of apoptotic cell death by Cinnamomum cassia extracts on human osteosarcoma cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:1261-1274. [PMID: 35146896 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamomum cassia possesses antioxidative activity and induces the apoptotic properties of various cancer types. However, its effect on osteosarcoma invasion and cancer stemness remains ambiguous. Here, we examined the molecular evidence of the anti-invasive effects of ethanoic C. cassia extracts (CCE). Invasion and migration were obviously suppressed after the expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and matrix metalloprotein 2 in human osteosarcoma 143B cells were downregulated. CCE reversed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by transforming growth factor β1 and downregulated mesenchymal markers, such as snail-1 and RhoA. CCE suppressed self-renewal property and the expression of stemness genes (aldehyde dehydrogenase, Nanog, and CD44) in the 143B cells. CCE suppressed cell viability, reduced the colony formation of osteosarcoma cancer cells, and induced apoptotic cell death in the 143B cells, as indicated by caspase-9 activation. The xenograft tumor model of immunodeficient BALB/c nude mice showed that CCE administered in vivo through oral gavage inhibited the growth of implanted 143B cells. These findings indicated that CCE inhibited the invasion, migration, and cancer stemness of the 143B cells. CCE reduced proliferation of 143B cell possibly because of the activation of caspase-9 and the consequent apoptosis, suggesting that CCE is a potential anticancer supplement for osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Yin Lin
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Shou Hsieh
- Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chen Chu
- Institute and Department of Food Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Sung Hsu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chien Huang
- Department of Health Industry Technology Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ni Chen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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13
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Taiyab A, West-Mays J. Lens Fibrosis: Understanding the Dynamics of Cell Adhesion Signaling in Lens Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:886053. [PMID: 35656546 PMCID: PMC9152183 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.886053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the ocular lens perturbs cell-cell and cell-capsule/basement membrane interactions leading to a myriad of interconnected signaling events. These events include cell-adhesion and growth factor-mediated signaling pathways that can ultimately result in the induction and progression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelial cells and fibrosis. Since the lens is avascular, consisting of a single layer of epithelial cells on its anterior surface and encased in a matrix rich capsule, it is one of the most simple and desired systems to investigate injury-induced signaling pathways that contribute to EMT and fibrosis. In this review, we will discuss the role of key cell-adhesion and mechanotransduction related signaling pathways that regulate EMT and fibrosis in the lens.
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14
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Basu A, Paul MK, Alioscha-Perez M, Grosberg A, Sahli H, Dubinett SM, Weiss S. Statistical parametrization of cell cytoskeleton reveals lung cancer cytoskeletal phenotype with partial EMT signature. Commun Biol 2022; 5:407. [PMID: 35501466 PMCID: PMC9061773 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is a multi-step process that involves cytoskeletal rearrangement. Here, developing and using an image quantification tool, Statistical Parametrization of Cell Cytoskeleton (SPOCC), we have identified an intermediate EMT state with a specific cytoskeletal signature. We have been able to partition EMT into two steps: (1) initial formation of transverse arcs and dorsal stress fibers and (2) their subsequent conversion to ventral stress fibers with a concurrent alignment of fibers. Using the Orientational Order Parameter (OOP) as a figure of merit, we have been able to track EMT progression in live cells as well as characterize and quantify their cytoskeletal response to drugs. SPOCC has improved throughput and is non-destructive, making it a viable candidate for studying a broad range of biological processes. Further, owing to the increased stiffness (and by inference invasiveness) of the intermediate EMT phenotype compared to mesenchymal cells, our work can be instrumental in aiding the search for future treatment strategies that combat metastasis by specifically targeting the fiber alignment process. A computational method for automated quantification of actin stress fiber alignment in fluorescence images of cultured cells is presented, used to detect changes in stress fiber organization during EMT, with pathways regulating actin dynamics manipulated leading to the discovery of a cytoskeletal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkaprabha Basu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Manash K Paul
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angles, CA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mitchel Alioscha-Perez
- Electronics and Informatics Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Anna Grosberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hichem Sahli
- Electronics and Informatics Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Steven M Dubinett
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angles, CA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shimon Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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15
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Fu J, Hu X. Simvastatin alleviates epithelial‑mesenchymal transition and oxidative stress of high glucose‑induced lens epithelial cells in vitro by inhibiting RhoA/ROCK signaling. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:420. [PMID: 35601076 PMCID: PMC9117960 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cataracts (DC) is one of the main causes of blindness among patients with diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of simvastatin on lens epithelial cells in DC and the underlying mechanism. The viability of SRA01/04 cells treated with different concentrations of simvastatin was detected using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay before and after high glucose (HG) treatment. The expression levels of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), proteins associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), in addition to RhoA, Rho-associated kinases (ROCK)1 and ROCK2, proteins related to RhoA/ROCK signaling, were also measured in SRA01/04 cells treated with HG and simvastatin, with or without U46619, using western blot analysis. DCFH-DA dyes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH)/glutathione disulfide (GSSG) kits were used to measure the levels of oxidative stress parameters in SRA01/04 cells treated with HG and simvastatin with or without U46619. The cell viability of SRA01/04 cells treated with simvastatin was found to be significantly elevated after HG treatment. The protein expression levels of E-cadherin were increased but those of N-cadherin, Vimentin and α-SMA decreased after HG and simvastatin treatment, and this was reversed by U46619. The levels of SOD and GSH-GSSG were found to be increased whereas reactive oxygen species levels were decreased, effects that were reversed by U46619. Additionally, the protein expression levels of RhoA, ROCK1 and ROCK2 were markedly decreased. These findings provided evidence that simvastatin increased HG-induced SRA01/04 cell viability and exerted inhibitory effects on EMT and oxidative stress that occurs during DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Yueqing, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325608, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojie Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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16
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Menko AS, Romisher A, Walker JL. The Pro-fibrotic Response of Mesenchymal Leader Cells to Lens Wounding Involves Hyaluronic Acid, Its Receptor RHAMM, and Vimentin. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:862423. [PMID: 35386200 PMCID: PMC8977891 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.862423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic Acid/Hyaluronan (HA) is a major component of the provisional matrix deposited by cells post-wounding with roles both in regulating cell migration to repair a wound and in promoting a fibrotic outcome to wounding. Both are mediated through its receptors CD44 and RHAMM. We now showed that HA is present in the provisional matrix assembled on the substrate surface in a lens post-cataract surgery explant wound model in which mesenchymal leader cells populate the wound edges to direct migration of the lens epithelium across the adjacent culture substrate onto which this matrix is assembled. Inhibiting HA expression with 4-MU blocked assembly of FN-EDA and collagen I by the wound-responsive mesenchymal leader cells and their migration. These cells express both the HA receptors CD44 and RHAMM. CD44 co-localized with HA at their cell-cell interfaces. RHAMM was predominant in the lamellipodial protrusions extended by the mesenchymal cells at the leading edge, and along HA fibrils organized on the substrate surface. Within a few days post-lens wounding the leader cells are induced to transition to αSMA+ myofibroblasts. Since HA/RHAMM is implicated in both cell migration and inducing fibrosis we examined the impact of blocking HA synthesis on myofibroblast emergence and discovered that it was dependent on HA. While RHAMM has not been previously linked to the intermediate filament protein vimentin, our studies with these explant cultures have shown that vimentin in the cells’ lamellipodial protrusions regulate their transition to myofibroblast. PLA studies now revealed that RHAMM was complexed with both HA and vimentin in the lamellipodial protrusions of leader cells, implicating this HA/RHAMM/vimentin complex in the regulation of leader cell function post-wounding, both in promoting cell migration and in the transition of these cells to myofibroblasts. These results increase our understanding of how the post-wounding matrix environment interacts with receptor/cytoskeletal complexes to determine whether injury outcomes are regenerative or fibrotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sue Menko
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alison Romisher
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Janice L Walker
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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17
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Inhibition of ROCK2 kinase activity improved behavioral deficits and reduced neuron damage in a DEACMP rat model. Brain Res Bull 2022; 180:24-30. [PMID: 34990732 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The main pathological changes that occur in delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning (DEACMP) are extensive demyelination of brain white matter and neuron damage. Previous studies suggested that demyelination and neuron injury are related to activating the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway. Inhibition of the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway can alleviate neuron injury and promote myelin repair. This study utilized a DEACMP model in which rats were prepared by space injection of CO gas intraperitoneally (CO group), and the association between the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway and DEACMP was investigated. The ROCK2 kinase inhibitor Y-27632 was used to prevent the effects of the DEACMP model to elucidate its protective mechanism. The results demonstrated that the cognitive and motor functions were significantly impaired, and the GFAP, NSE, RhoA, and ROCK2 protein levels were significantly increased in the CO group within three weeks after the model was established. After Y-27632 intervention, the cognitive and motor functions of the CO+Y-27632 group were significantly improved within three weeks after the model was established. In the CO+Y-27632 group, the RhoA, ROCK2, GFAP, and NSE (indicating neuron injury) protein levels decreased significantly, and the MBP protein levels (indicating myelin repair) increased significantly within three weeks after the model was established. These results suggested that the pathogenesis of DEACMP was associated with activation of the Rho/ROCK pathway and that Y-27632 inhibited ROCK2 kinase activity in the CO exposed rats, resulting in improved behavioral deficits, reduced neuron damage, and promotion of myelin repair. Therefore, Y-27632 might be a potentially effective drug for the treatment of DEACMP-induced brain damage.
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18
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Song M, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Kong M, Han S, Wang C, Wang Y, Xu D, Tu Q, Zhu K, Sun C, Li G, Zhao H, Ma X. Inhibition of RhoA/MRTF-A signaling alleviates nucleus pulposus fibrosis induced by mechanical stress overload. Connect Tissue Res 2022; 63:53-68. [PMID: 34420462 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2021.1952193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/AIM : Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is the leading cause of lower back pain, and clinically useful drugs for IDD are unavailable. Mechanical stress overload-induced fibrosis plays a critical role in IDD. RhoA/MRTF-A signaling is known to regulate tissue fibrosis; however, the effect of RhoA/MRTF-A on the development of IDD is unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS : The expression of aggrecan, collagen I, collagen II, MMP-12, CTGF, and MRTF-A in nucleus pulposus (NP) samples from IDD patients and controls was detected by immunohistochemical staining. Primary nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) were isolated and cultured to establish an overload strain model treated with or without CCG-1423. The protein levels of RhoA, ROCK2, MRTF-A, CTGF, and MMP-12 as well as fibrosis-associated proteins were detected by western blotting and immunofluorescence. RESULTS : Collagen I, MMP-12, and CTGF were significantly upregulated, and aggrecan and collagen II were significantly downregulated in the IDD samples. The cellular localization of MRTF-A was associated with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. Overloaded strain enhanced the nuclear translocation of MRTF-A and changed the NPC morphology from spindle-shaped to long strips. Additional experiments showed that RhoA, ROCK2, MRTF-A, SRF, MMP-12, and CTGF were upregulated; however, aggrecan and collagen II were downregulated in NPCs under overload strain. CCG-1423, a RhoA/MRTF-A pathway inhibitor, reversed strain-induced fibrosis. CONCLUSION : Mechanical stress activates RhoA/MRTF-A signaling to promote extracellular matrix (ECM) degeneration in the NP, which is associated with the development of IDD. Our findings suggest that the RhoA/MRTF-A inhibitor CCG-1423 can alleviate NPC degeneration caused by overload stress and has potential as a therapeutic agent for IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiong Song
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiran Zhang
- Shandong Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng Kong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuo Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Derong Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qihao Tu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chong Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuexiao Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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19
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Chang EL, Emmel DK, Teng CC, Sarrafpour S, Liu J. Anterior Subcapsular Cataract Formation With Long-term Topical Netarsudil Treatment for Glaucoma. J Glaucoma 2022; 31:60-63. [PMID: 34731868 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000001956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to describe anterior subcapsular cataract development in patients on long-term topical netarsudil use. PATIENTS AND METHODS This clinical observational study summarizes a similar cataract pattern demonstrated in a series of patients from a single physician practice and a university-based outpatient clinic during their routine clinical follow-up visits from October 2020 to August 2021. All patients have been using topical netarsudil once daily for at least 15 months. No anterior capsular changes have been observed in any patient at the time when netarsudil was initiated. RESULTS Five eyes from 4 patients between the ages of 41 and 61 and 1 eye from a patient aged 84 were found to develop anterior subcapsular opacities 15 to 37 months after beginning netarsudil. These cataracts were overall small, 1 to 3 mm, round, oval or ring-shaped, central or paracentral with mild density. No other risk factors for cataract development apart from age were found in these patients. CONCLUSION Patients on long-term netarsudil should be monitored for potential development of anterior subcapsular cataracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen L Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven
| | | | - Christopher C Teng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven
| | - Soshian Sarrafpour
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven
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20
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Basta MD, Paulson H, Walker JL. The local wound environment is a key determinant of the outcome of TGFβ signaling on the fibrotic response of CD44 + leader cells in an ex vivo post-cataract-surgery model. Exp Eye Res 2021; 213:108829. [PMID: 34774488 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) has a role in regulating the normal and pathological response to wound healing, yet how it shifts from a pro-repair to a pro-fibrotic function within the wound environment is still unclear. Using a clinically relevant ex vivo post-cataract surgery model that mimics the lens fibrotic disease posterior capsule opacification (PCO), we investigated the influence of two distinct wound environments on shaping the TGFβ-mediated injury response of CD44+ vimentin-rich leader cells. The substantial fibrotic response of this cell population occurred within a rigid wound environment under the control of endogenous TGFβ. However, TGFβ was dispensable for the role of leader cells in wound healing on the endogenous basement membrane wound environment, where repair occurs in the absence of a major fibrotic outcome. A difference between leader cell function in these distinct environments was their cell surface expression of the latent TGFβ activator, αvβ3 integrin. This receptor is exclusively found on this CD44+ cell population when they localize to the leading edge of the rigid wound environment. Providing exogenous TGFβ to bypass any differences in the ability of the leader cells to sustain activation of TGFβ in different environments revealed their inherent ability to induce pro-fibrotic reactions on the basement membrane wound environment. Furthermore, exposure of the leader cells in the rigid wound environment to TGFβ led to an accelerated fibrotic response including the earlier appearance of pro-collagen + cells, alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA)+ myofibroblasts, and increased fibrotic matrix production. Collectively, these findings show the influence of the local wound environment on the extent and severity of TGFβ-induced fibrotic responses. These findings have important implications for understanding the development of the lens fibrotic disease PCO in response to cataract surgery wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan D Basta
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Heather Paulson
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Janice L Walker
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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21
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Liu ZZ(G, Taiyab A, West-Mays JA. MMP9 Differentially Regulates Proteins Involved in Actin Polymerization and Cell Migration during TGF-β-Induced EMT in the Lens. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111988. [PMID: 34769418 PMCID: PMC8584335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic cataracts have been attributed to transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Using mouse knockout (KO) models, our laboratory has identified MMP9 as a crucial protein in the TGF-β-induced EMT process. In this study, we further revealed an absence of alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and filamentous-actin (F-actin) stress fibers in MMP9KO mouse lens epithelial cell explants (LECs). Expression analysis using NanoString revealed no marked differences in αSMA (ACTA2) and beta-actin (β-actin) (ACTB) mRNA between the lenses of TGF-β-overexpressing (TGF-βtg) mice and TGF-βtg mice on a MMP9KO background. We subsequently conducted a protein array that revealed differential regulation of proteins known to be involved in actin polymerization and cell migration in TGF-β-treated MMP9KO mouse LECs when compared to untreated controls. Immunofluorescence analyses using rat LECs and the novel MMP9-specific inhibitor, JNJ0966, revealed similar differential regulation of cortactin, FAK, LIMK1 and MLC2 as observed in the array. Finally, a reduction in the nuclear localization of MRTF-A, a master regulator of cytoskeletal remodeling during EMT, was observed in rat LECs co-treated with JNJ0966 and TGF-β. In conclusion, MMP9 deficiency results in differential regulation of proteins involved in actin polymerization and cell migration, and this in turn prevents TGF-β-induced EMT in the lens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Judith A. West-Mays
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(905)-525-9140 (ext. 26237); Fax: +1-(905)-525-7400
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22
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Karnam S, Maddala R, Stiber JA, Rao PV. Drebrin, an actin-binding protein, is required for lens morphogenesis and growth. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1600-1617. [PMID: 33896079 PMCID: PMC8542647 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lens morphogenesis, architecture, and clarity are known to be critically dependent on actin cytoskeleton organization and cell adhesive interactions. There is limited knowledge, however regarding the identity and role of key proteins regulating actin cytoskeletal organization in the lens. This study investigated the role of drebrin, a developmentally regulated actin-binding protein, in mouse lens development by generating and characterizing a conditional knockout (cKO) mouse model using the Cre-LoxP recombination approach. RESULTS Drebrin E, a splice variant of DBN1 is a predominant isoform expressed in the mouse lens and exhibits a maturation-dependent downregulation. Drebrin co-distributes with actin in both epithelium and fibers. Conditional deficiency (both haploinsufficiency and complete absence) of drebrin results in disrupted lens morphogenesis leading to cataract and microphthalmia. The drebrin cKO lens reveals a dramatic decrease in epithelial height and width, E-cadherin, and proliferation, and increased apoptotic cell death and expression of α-smooth muscle actin, together with severely impaired fiber cell organization, polarity, and cell-cell adhesion. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the requirement of drebrin in lens development and growth, with drebrin deficiency leading to impaired lens morphogenesis and microphthalmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Karnam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC. USA
| | - Rupalatha Maddala
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC. USA
| | - Jonathan A Stiber
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC. USA
| | - Ponugoti V Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC. USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC. USA
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23
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Yuan Y, Zhu C, Liu M, Ke B. Comparative proteome analysis of form-deprivation myopia in sclera with iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics. Mol Vis 2021; 27:494-505. [PMID: 34526757 PMCID: PMC8410231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Scleral remodeling plays a key role in axial elongation in myopia. The aim of the present study was to identify the proteomics changes and specific signaling networks to gain insight into the molecular basis of scleral remodeling in myopic eyes. Methods Guinea pig form-deprivation myopia was induced with a translucent diffuser on a random eye for 4 weeks, while the other eye served as the contralateral control group. The axial length and refraction were measured at the beginning and end of the treatment. The proteins were extracted from the sclerae of each group and prepared for quantitative isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labeling combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. The coexpression networks and protein functions were analyzed using Gene Ontology (GO) and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting were performed to confirm the authenticity and accuracy of the iTRAQ results. Results After 4 weeks, the form-deprivation eyes developed significant degrees of myopia, and the axial length increased statistically significantly (p<0.05). A total of 2,579 unique proteins with <1% false discovery rate (FDR) were identified. Furthermore, 56 proteins were found to be upregulated, and 84 proteins were found to be downregulated, with a threshold of a 1.2-fold change and p<0.05 in the myopia group, when compared to the control group. Further bioinformatics analysis indicated that 44 of 140 differentially expressed proteins were involved in cellular movement and cellular assembly and organization. The qRT-PCR or western blotting results confirmed that myosin IIB, ACTIN3, and cellular cytoskeletons were downregulated, while RhoA and RAP1A were upregulated in the sclera in myopic eyes. These results were consistent with the proteomics results. Conclusions Proteomics and bioinformatics results can be helpful for identifying proteins and providing new insights for better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying scleral remodeling. These results revealed that the proteins associated with cellular movement and cellular assembly and organization are altered during the development of myopia. Furthermore, RhoA plays a key role in the pathways involved in cellular movement and cellular assembly and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, China,Shanghai engineering center for visual science and photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingming Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, China,Shanghai engineering center for precise diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Bilian Ke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, China
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Xie J, Ning Q, Zhang H, Ni S, Ye J. RhoA/ROCK Signaling Regulates TGF-β1-Induced Fibrotic Effects in Human Pterygium Fibroblasts through MRTF-A. Curr Eye Res 2021; 47:196-205. [PMID: 34323621 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2021.1962363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The overexpression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) after surgical excision often leads to excessive fibrosis, indicating the recurrence of pterygium. The aims of the present in vitro study were to investigate the role of RhoA/ROCK signaling in regulating fibrotic effects of primary human pterygium fibroblasts (HPFs), as well as to explore the possible mechanisms of these effects. METHODS Pterygium samples were obtained from surgery, and profibrotic activation was induced by TGF-β1. Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay; cell migration was detected by wound healing assay; quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot were used to detect the effects of TGF-β1 and the role of RhoA/ROCK signaling in the synthesis of alpha-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA), type I and III collagen (COL1 and COL3), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) in HPFs. The changes of signaling pathways were detected by Western blot; and pharmaceutical inhibition of RhoA/ROCK signaling and its downstream MRFT-A/SRF transcription pathway were used to assess their possible mechanism in HPFs fibrosis. RESULTS ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 decreased TGF-β1-induced cell proliferation and migration, reduced the TGF-β1-induced expression of profibrotic markers in HPFs, and suppressed TGF-β1-induced nuclear accumulation of Myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTF-A) as well as accompanied elevation of F/G-actin ratio in HPFs. MRTF-A/Serum response factor (SRF) inhibitor CCG-100602 attenuated the TGF-β1-induced α-SMA expression and reduced myofibroblast activation in HPFs. CONCLUSIONS RhoA/ROCK signaling played a pivotal role in TGF-β1-induced fibrosis and myofibroblast activation in HPFs at least in part by inactivating the downstream MRTF-A/SRF transcriptional pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Xie
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingyao Ning
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huina Zhang
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Ni
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juan Ye
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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25
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Chen Y, Wu B, He JF, Chen J, Kang ZW, Liu D, Luo J, Fang K, Leng X, Tian H, Xu J, Jin C, Zhang J, Wang J, Zhang J, Ou Q, Lu L, Gao F, Xu GT. Effectively Intervening Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells With a Combination of ROCK and TGF-β Signaling Inhibitors. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:21. [PMID: 33861322 PMCID: PMC8083104 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.4.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is a key pathological event in proliferative retinal diseases such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). This study aimed to explore a new method to reverse EMT in RPE cells to develop an improved therapy for proliferative retinal diseases. Methods In vitro, human embryonic stem cell-derived RPE cells were passaged and cultured at low density for an extended period of time to establish an EMT model. At different stages of EMT after treatment with known molecules or combinations of molecules, the morphology was examined, transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) was measured, and expression of RPE- and EMT-related genes were examined with RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. In vivo, a rat model of EMT in RPE cells was established via subretinal injection of dispase. Retinal function was examined by electroretinography (ERG), and retinal morphology was examined. Results EMT of RPE cells was effectively induced by prolonged low-density culture. After EMT occurred, only the combination of the Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y27632 and the TGF-β receptor inhibitor RepSox (RY treatment) effectively suppressed and reversed the EMT process, even in cells in an intermediate state of EMT. In dispase-treated Sprague-Dawley rats, RY treatment maintained the morphology of RPE cells and the retina and preserved retinal function. Conclusions RY treatment might promote mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), the inverse process of EMT, to maintain the epithelial-like morphology and function of RPE cells. This combined RY therapy could be a new strategy for treating proliferative retinal diseases, especially those involving EMT of RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Tongji Eye Institute, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Binxin Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Tongji Eye Institute, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Feng He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Tongji Eye Institute, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi Wei Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Tongji Eye Institute, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Tongji Eye Institute, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Tongji Eye Institute, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kexin Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Tongji Eye Institute, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxu Leng
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Tongji Eye Institute, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibin Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Tongji Eye Institute, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingying Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Tongji Eye Institute, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caixia Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Tongji Eye Institute, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieping Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Tongji Eye Institute, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Tongji Eye Institute, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingfa Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Tongji Eye Institute, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingjian Ou
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Tongji Eye Institute, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixia Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Tongji Eye Institute, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Furong Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Tongji Eye Institute, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Tong Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Tongji Eye Institute, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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26
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Li G, Lee C, Read AT, Wang K, Ha J, Kuhn M, Navarro I, Cui J, Young K, Gorijavolu R, Sulchek T, Kopczynski C, Farsiu S, Samples J, Challa P, Ethier CR, Stamer WD. Anti-fibrotic activity of a rho-kinase inhibitor restores outflow function and intraocular pressure homeostasis. eLife 2021; 10:60831. [PMID: 33783352 PMCID: PMC8009676 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are widely used as an ophthalmic medication. A common, sight-threatening adverse event of glucocorticoid usage is ocular hypertension, caused by dysfunction of the conventional outflow pathway. We report that netarsudil, a rho-kinase inhibitor, decreased glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension in patients whose intraocular pressures were poorly controlled by standard medications. Mechanistic studies in our established mouse model of glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension show that netarsudil both prevented and reduced intraocular pressure elevation. Further, netarsudil attenuated characteristic steroid-induced pathologies as assessed by quantification of outflow function and tissue stiffness, and morphological and immunohistochemical indicators of tissue fibrosis. Thus, rho-kinase inhibitors act directly on conventional outflow cells to prevent or attenuate fibrotic disease processes in glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension in an immune-privileged environment. Moreover, these data motivate the need for a randomized prospective clinical study to determine whether netarsudil is indeed superior to first-line anti-glaucoma drugs in lowering steroid-induced ocular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Chanyoung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - A Thomas Read
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Jungmin Ha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States
| | - Megan Kuhn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Iris Navarro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Jenny Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Katherine Young
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Rahul Gorijavolu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Todd Sulchek
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States
| | | | - Sina Farsiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - John Samples
- Washington State University Floyd Elson School of Medicine, Spokane, United States
| | - Pratap Challa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - C Ross Ethier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, United States
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27
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Chen X, Wang Y, Tian J, Shao Y, Zhu B, Wang J, Hua Z. Quantitative Chemical Proteomics Reveals Resveratrol Inhibition of A549 Cell Migration Through Binding Multiple Targets to Regulate Cytoskeletal Remodeling and Suppress EMT. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:636213. [PMID: 33867987 PMCID: PMC8044895 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.636213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV), a health-promoting natural product, has been shown to affect various cellular processes in tumor cells. However, the specific protein targets of RSV and the mechanism of action (MOA) of its anticancer effect remain elusive. In this study, the pharmacological activity of RSV was first evaluated in A549 cells, and the results showed that RSV significantly inhibited A549 cell migration but did not affect cell viability. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, a quantitative chemical proteomics approach was employed to identify the protein targets of RSV. A total of 38 target proteins were identified, and proteomic analysis showed that the targets were mainly involved in cytoskeletal remodeling and EMT, which were verified by subsequent in vitro and in vivo assays. In conclusion, RSV inhibits A549 cell migration by binding to multiple targets to regulate cytoskeletal remodeling and suppress EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine and College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yutong Wang
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine and College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Tian
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine and College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yurou Shao
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine and College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine and College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zichun Hua
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine and College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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28
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Pascual AS, Rapanan JL, Uppalapati CK, Cooper KE, Leyva KJ, Hull EE. Dual inhibition of TGFβR and ROCK reverses the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in collectively migrating zebrafish keratocytes. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:1288-1295. [PMID: 33710707 PMCID: PMC8252571 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing controversy about the role of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the fibrosis associated with chronic disease. Recent studies suggest that it is not the EMT transcriptional program but differentiation of progenitor cells, response to chronic inflammation, or some combination of both which cause the appearance of fibroblasts and the production of the extracellular matrix. To address this issue, we study the EMT process in the zebrafish keratocytes which migrate from primary explants of epithelial tissue as these cells are both terminally differentiated and able to divide. To firmly place this EMT process in the context of other systems, we first demonstrate that the zebrafish keratocyte EMT process involves nuclear accumulation of twist and snail/slug transcription factors as part of a TGFβR‐mediated EMT process. As assessed by the expression and localization of EMT transcription factors, the zebrafish keratocyte EMT process is reversed by the addition of Rho‐activated kinase (ROCK) in combination with TGFβR inhibitors. The complete cycle of EMT to MET observed in this system links these in vitro results more closely to the process of wound healing in vivo. However, the absence of observable activation of EMT transcription factors when keratocytes are cultured on compliant substrata in a TGFβ1‐containing medium suggests that ROCK signaling, initiated by tension within the sheet, is an essential contributor to the EMT process. Most importantly, the requirement for ROCK activation by culturing on noncompliant substrata suggests that EMT in these terminally differentiated cells would not occur in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes S Pascual
- Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Jose L Rapanan
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Chandana K Uppalapati
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Kimbal E Cooper
- Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Kathryn J Leyva
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Hull
- Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
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29
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Liu X, Zhou XQ, Shang XW, Wang L, Li Y, Yuan H, Hu FQ. Inhibition of chemotherapy-related breast tumor EMT by application of redox-sensitive siRNA delivery system CSO-ss-SA/siRNA along with doxorubicin treatment. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 21:218-233. [PMID: 32133799 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1900468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is one of the main reasons causing death in cancer patients. It was reported that chemotherapy might induce metastasis. In order to uncover the mechanism of chemotherapy-induced metastasis and find solutions to inhibit treatment-induced metastasis, the relationship between epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and doxorubicin (DOX) treatment was investigated and a redox-sensitive small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery system was designed. DOX-related reactive oxygen species (ROS) were found to be responsible for the invasiveness of tumor cells in vitro, causing enhanced EMT and cytoskeleton reconstruction regulated by Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1). In order to decrease RAC1, a redox-sensitive glycolipid drug delivery system (chitosan-ss-stearylamine conjugate (CSO-ss-SA)) was designed to carry siRNA, forming a gene delivery system (CSO-ss-SA/siRNA) downregulating RAC1. CSO-ss-SA/siRNA exhibited an enhanced redox sensitivity compared to nonresponsive complexes in 10 mmol/L glutathione (GSH) and showed a significant safety. CSO-ss-SA/siRNA could effectively transmit siRNA into tumor cells, reducing the expression of RAC1 protein by 38.2% and decreasing the number of tumor-induced invasion cells by 42.5%. When combined with DOX, CSO-ss-SA/siRNA remarkably inhibited the chemotherapy-induced EMT in vivo and enhanced therapeutic efficiency. The present study indicates that RAC1 protein is a key regulator of chemotherapy-induced EMT and CSO-ss-SA/siRNA silencing RAC1 could efficiently decrease the tumor metastasis risk after chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue-Qing Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xu-Wei Shang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fu-Qiang Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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30
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Lv Y, Zhang X, Chen L. Suspension state regulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and stemness of breast tumor cells. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:561-578. [PMID: 33386502 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-03074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The mechanical forces on circulating tumor cells (CTCs) should not be ignored in blood and it is more essential that CTCs can overcome and utilize the mechanical interaction to acquire the ability of distant metastasis. At present there are few studies on how suspension mechanics regulates the behavior of tumor cells. The aim of the study was to explore the effects of suspension state on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stemness of breast CTCs and the molecular mechanisms involved. RESULTS Suspension state could regulate the program of EMT in breast cancer cells, which supported the complex dynamic concept of EMT. It is that the Ras homolog family member A (RhoA)/Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) signaling pathway was activated by suspension state in MCF-7 cells instead of MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, suspension state increased the stemness of breast cancer cells from different aspects. CONCLUSION The study highlighted the emergence of hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal (E/M) state during hematogenous metastasis and the plasticity of CTCs caused by cancer stem cells, further providing novel insights into clinical monitoring of CTCs and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Lv
- Mechanobiology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Mechanobiology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Lini Chen
- Mechanobiology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China
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Parreno J, Amadeo MB, Kwon EH, Fowler VM. Tropomyosin 3.1 Association With Actin Stress Fibers is Required for Lens Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:2. [PMID: 32492110 PMCID: PMC7415280 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.6.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cause of anterior and posterior subcapsular cataracts. Central to EMT is the formation of actin stress fibers. Selective targeting of actin stress fiber-associated tropomyosin (Tpm) in epithelial cells may be a means to prevent stress fiber formation and repress lens EMT. Methods We identified Tpm isoforms in mouse immortalized lens epithelial cells and epithelial and fiber cells from whole lenses by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed Sanger sequencing. We focused on the role of one particular tropomyosin isoform, Tpm3.1, in EMT. To induce EMT, we treated cells or native lenses with TGFβ2. To test the function of Tpm3.1, we exposed cells or whole lenses to a Tpm3.1-specific chemical inhibitor, TR100, as well as investigated lenses from Tpm3.1 knockout mice. We examined stress fiber formation by confocal microscopy and assessed EMT progression by analysis of alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) mRNA (real-time RT-PCR), and protein (Western immunoassay [WES]). Results Lens epithelial cells express eight Tpm isoforms. Cell culture studies showed that TGFβ2 treatment results in the upregulation of Tpm3.1, which associates with actin in stress fibers. TR100 prevents stress fiber formation and reduces αSMA in TGFβ2-treated cells. Using an ex vivo lens culture model, TGFβ2 treatment results in stress fiber formation at the basal regions of the epithelial cells. Genetic knockout of Tpm3.1 or treatment of lenses with TR100 prevents basal stress fiber formation and reduces epithelial αSMA levels. Conclusions Targeting specific stress fiber associated tropomyosin isoform, Tpm3.1, is a means to repress lens EMT.
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32
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Di Gregorio J, Robuffo I, Spalletta S, Giambuzzi G, De Iuliis V, Toniato E, Martinotti S, Conti P, Flati V. The Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition as a Possible Therapeutic Target in Fibrotic Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:607483. [PMID: 33409282 PMCID: PMC7779530 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.607483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a chronic and progressive disorder characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, which leads to scarring and loss of function of the affected organ or tissue. Indeed, the fibrotic process affects a variety of organs and tissues, with specific molecular background. However, two common hallmarks are shared: the crucial role of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and the involvement of the inflammation process, that is essential for initiating the fibrotic degeneration. TGF-β in particular but also other cytokines regulate the most common molecular mechanism at the basis of fibrosis, the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). EMT has been extensively studied, but not yet fully explored as a possible therapeutic target for fibrosis. A deeper understanding of the crosstalk between fibrosis and EMT may represent an opportunity for the development of a broadly effective anti-fibrotic therapy. Here we report the evidences of the relationship between EMT and multi-organ fibrosis, and the possible therapeutic approaches that may be developed by exploiting this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Di Gregorio
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Iole Robuffo
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Section of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sonia Spalletta
- Department of Clinical Pathology, E. Profili Hospital, Fabriano, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giulia Giambuzzi
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Iuliis
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Elena Toniato
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano Martinotti
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Pio Conti
- Postgraduate Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Flati
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
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Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Hushmandi K, Hashemi F, Rahmani Moghadam E, Raei M, Kalantari M, Tavakol S, Mohammadinejad R, Najafi M, Tay FR, Makvandi P. Progress in Natural Compounds/siRNA Co-delivery Employing Nanovehicles for Cancer Therapy. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2020; 22:669-700. [PMID: 33095554 PMCID: PMC8015217 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.0c00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy using natural compounds, such as resveratrol, curcumin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, etoposide, doxorubicin, and camptothecin, is of importance in cancer therapy because of the outstanding therapeutic activity and multitargeting capability of these compounds. However, poor solubility and bioavailability of natural compounds have limited their efficacy in cancer therapy. To circumvent this hurdle, nanocarriers have been designed to improve the antitumor activity of the aforementioned compounds. Nevertheless, cancer treatment is still a challenge, demanding novel strategies. It is well-known that a combination of natural products and gene therapy is advantageous over monotherapy. Delivery of multiple therapeutic agents/small interfering RNA (siRNA) as a potent gene-editing tool in cancer therapy can maximize the synergistic effects against tumor cells. In the present review, co-delivery of natural compounds/siRNA using nanovehicles are highlighted to provide a backdrop for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci
University, Orta Mahalle,
Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı,
Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
- Sabanci
University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla 34956, Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci
University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla 34956, Istanbul Turkey
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department
of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology &
Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1419963114, Iran
| | - Farid Hashemi
- Department
of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rahmani Moghadam
- Department
of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134814336, Iran
| | - Mehdi Raei
- Health Research
Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran
| | - Mahshad Kalantari
- Department
of Genetics, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Azad University, Tehran 19168931813, Iran
| | - Shima Tavakol
- Cellular
and Molecular Research Center, Iran University
of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614525, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics
Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616911319, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Medical
Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
- Radiology
and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
| | - Franklin R. Tay
- College
of Graduate Studies, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, United States
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Centre for Micro-BioRobotics, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa Italy
- Department
of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, 14496-14535 Tehran, Iran
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34
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Hu S, Su D, Sun L, Wang Z, Guan L, Liu S, Zhao B, Liu Y, Shi C, Yu J, Ma X. High-expression of ROCK1 modulates the apoptosis of lens epithelial cells in age-related cataracts by targeting p53 gene. Mol Med 2020; 26:124. [PMID: 33297931 PMCID: PMC7727231 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related cataract (ARC) is a serious visual impairment disease, and its pathogenesis is unclear. This article aims to investigate the role of ROCK1 in the apoptosis of lens epithelial cells (LECs) in age-related cataracts. Methods We collect anterior capsule samples from normal people, patients with age-related cataracts, young mice and naturally aging cataract mice. The oxidative stress-induced apoptosis model was constructed by cultivating HLE-B3 cells with H2O2. MTT, Hoechst 33342, and TUNEL assay were performed to explore proliferation and apoptosis. HE assay was used to observe cell morphology. The gene and protein expression were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR, western blot, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemical staining. Result The results from the clinic and mice experiments showed that the numbers of lens epithelial cells from cataract individuals were less than the control individuals. In vitro, the apoptotic cells were increased in lens epithelial cells under H2O2 treatment. The ROCK1 protein level increased in the lens epithelial cells from age-related cataract patients and the old mice, respectively. Meanwhile, the up-regulation of the ROCK1 gene was associated with H2O2-induced HLE-B3 cells apoptosis. MTT and apoptosis assay showed ROCK1 was necessary in mediating H2O2-induced lens epithelial cells apoptosis through ROCK1 over-expression and knockdown experiment, respectively. Further investigation showed that p53 protein levels had been increased during ROCK1-mediated apoptosis in response to H2O2. Besides, ROCK1 phosphorylated p53 at ser15 to up-regulate its protein level. Conclusions This study established the novel association of ROCK1/p53 signaling with lens epithelial cells apoptosis and age-related cataract genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Hu
- Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical College, 5 Tongxiang Road, Mudanjiang, 157011, Heilongjiang, China. .,Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Dongmei Su
- Department of Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Health Department, Beijing, 100081, China.,Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical College, 5 Tongxiang Road, Mudanjiang, 157011, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhongying Wang
- Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical College, 5 Tongxiang Road, Mudanjiang, 157011, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lina Guan
- Department of Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Health Department, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shanhe Liu
- Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical College, 5 Tongxiang Road, Mudanjiang, 157011, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Baowen Zhao
- Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical College, 5 Tongxiang Road, Mudanjiang, 157011, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Medical Research Center of Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, 157011, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Cuige Shi
- Department of Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Health Department, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianbo Yu
- Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical College, 5 Tongxiang Road, Mudanjiang, 157011, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Xu Ma
- Department of Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Health Department, Beijing, 100081, China. .,Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100081, China.
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35
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Abnormal expression of connective tissue growth factor and its correlation with fibrogenesis in adenomyosis. Reprod Biomed Online 2020; 42:651-660. [PMID: 33431336 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Does connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression relate to adenomyotic fibrosis and determine the correlation between fibrosis with adenomyosis-associated dysmenorrhoea? DESIGN Protein and mRNA expression of CTGF was detected by Western blots and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the endometrium of the control group and the eutopic and ectopic endometrium of the adenomyosis group. Collagen fibres and type I collagen in the myometrium were detected by immunohistochemistry and Masson's trichrome staining, and the correlations of CTGF protein and mRNA levels with the degree of fibrosis were analysed. Furthermore, the relationship between the severity of dysmenorrhoea and the degree of fibrosis was determined, and the correlation between uterus size and the degree of fibrosis was also analysed. RESULTS Levels of CTGF mRNA and protein were significantly higher in patients with adenomyosis than in controls, and CTGF mRNA and protein expression in adenomyosis was positively correlated with fibrosis severity (r = 0.57, P < 0.001 and r = 0.39, P = 0.012), which correlated positively with dysmenorrhoea and uterus size (r = 0.42 and r = 0.6, P < 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Increased CTGF may contribute to the occurrence and fibrogenic progression of adenomyosis and may play an important role in dysmenorrhoea. The present study may provide ideas for treating adenomyosis-associated dysmenorrhoea.
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36
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Wormstone IM, Wormstone YM, Smith AJO, Eldred JA. Posterior capsule opacification: What's in the bag? Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 82:100905. [PMID: 32977000 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cataract, a clouding of the lens, is the most common cause of blindness in the world. It has a marked impact on the wellbeing and productivity of individuals and has a major economic impact on healthcare providers. The only means of treating cataract is by surgical intervention. A modern cataract operation generates a capsular bag, which comprises a proportion of the anterior capsule and the entire posterior capsule. The bag remains in situ, partitions the aqueous and vitreous humours, and in the majority of cases, houses an intraocular lens (IOL). The production of a capsular bag following surgery permits a free passage of light along the visual axis through the transparent intraocular lens and thin acellular posterior capsule. Lens epithelial cells, however, remain attached to the anterior capsule, and in response to surgical trauma initiate a wound-healing response that ultimately leads to light scatter and a reduction in visual quality known as posterior capsule opacification (PCO). There are two commonly-described forms of PCO: fibrotic and regenerative. Fibrotic PCO follows classically defined fibrotic processes, namely hyperproliferation, matrix contraction, matrix deposition and epithelial cell trans-differentiation to a myofibroblast phenotype. Regenerative PCO is defined by lens fibre cell differentiation events that give rise to Soemmerring's ring and Elschnig's pearls and becomes evident at a later stage than the fibrotic form. Both fibrotic and regenerative forms of PCO contribute to a reduction in visual quality in patients. This review will highlight the wealth of tools available for PCO research, provide insight into our current knowledge of PCO and discuss putative management of PCO from IOL design to pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Wormstone
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
| | - Y M Wormstone
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - A J O Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - J A Eldred
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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37
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Boyle ST, Mittal P, Kaur G, Hoffmann P, Samuel MS, Klingler-Hoffmann M. Uncovering Tumor-Stroma Inter-relationships Using MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:4093-4103. [PMID: 32870688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumorigenesis involves a complex interplay between genetically modified cancer cells and their adjacent normal tissue, the stroma. We used an established breast cancer mouse model to investigate this inter-relationship. Conditional activation of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) in a model of mammary tumorigenesis enhances tumor growth and progression by educating the stroma and enhancing the production and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. We used peptide matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) to quantify the proteomic changes occurring within tumors and their stroma in their regular spatial context. Peptides were ranked according to their ability to discriminate between the two groups, using a receiver operating characteristic tool. Peptides were identified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and protein expression was validated by quantitative immunofluorescence using an independent set of tumor samples. We have identified and validated four key proteins upregulated in ROCK-activated mammary tumors relative to those expressing kinase-dead ROCK, namely, collagen I, α-SMA, Rab14, and tubulin-β4. Rab14 and tubulin-β4 are expressed within tumor cells, whereas collagen I is localized within the stroma. α-SMA is predominantly localized within the stroma but is also expressed at higher levels in the epithelia of ROCK-activated tumors. High expression of COL1A, the gene encoding the pro-α 1 chain of collagen, correlates with cancer progression in two human breast cancer genomic data sets, and high expression of COL1A and ACTA2 (the gene encoding α-SMA) are associated with a low survival probability (COLIA, p = 0.00013; ACTA2, p = 0.0076) in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer patients. To investigate whether ROCK-activated tumor cells cause stromal cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) to upregulate expression of collagen I and α-SMA, we treated CAFs with medium conditioned by primary mammary tumor cells in which ROCK had been activated. This led to abundant production of both proteins in CAFs, clearly highlighting the inter-relationship between tumor cells and CAFs and identifying CAFs as the potential source of high levels of collagen 1 and α-SMA and associated enhancement of tissue stiffness. Our research emphasizes the capacity of MALDI-MSI to quantitatively assess tumor-stroma inter-relationships and to identify potential prognostic factors for cancer progression in human patients, using sophisticated mouse cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Boyle
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
| | - Parul Mittal
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes SA 5095, Australia
| | - Gurjeet Kaur
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Peter Hoffmann
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes SA 5095, Australia
| | - Michael S Samuel
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
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38
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Ichikawa K, Tanaka SI, Miyajima M, Okada Y, Saika S. Inhibition of Rho kinase suppresses capsular contraction following lens injury in mice. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2020; 10:100-105. [PMID: 32874837 PMCID: PMC7442104 DOI: 10.4103/tjo.tjo_80_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: We investigated the effect of systemic fasudil hydrochloride and an inhibitor of nuclear translocation of myocardin-related transcription factor-A (MRTF-A) on capsular contraction in a puncture-injured lens in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lens injury of an anterior capsular break was achieved in male adult C57Bl/6 mice under general and topical anesthesia at 1 h after systemic fasudil hydrochloride (intraperitoneal, 10 mg/kg body weight) or vehicle administration. The mice were allowed to heal after instillation of ofloxacin ointment, for 5 and 10 days with daily administration of fasudil hydrochloride or vehicle. In another series of experiment, we examined the effect of systemic administration of an MRTF-A inhibitor (CCG-203971, 100 mg/kg twice a day) on fibrogenic reaction and tissue contraction in an injured lens on day 5 or 10. The eye was processed for histology and immunohistochemistry for SM22, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), or MRTF-A. In hematoxylin and eosin - stained samples, the distance between each edge of the break of the anterior capsule was measured and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: A cluster of lens cell accumulation was formed adjacent to the edge of the capsular break on day 5. It contained cells labeled for SM22 and PCNA. The size of the cell cluster was larger in fasudil group of mice than in control mice on day 5. Systemic fasudil or CCG-203971 suppressed an excess contraction of the capsular break at certain time points. CONCLUSION: Systemic administration of fasudil hydrochloride could be a treatment strategy of postoperative capsular contraction following cataract-intraocular lens surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Ichikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-0012, Japan
| | - Sai-Ichi Tanaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-0012, Japan
| | - Masayasu Miyajima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-0012, Japan
| | - Yuka Okada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-0012, Japan
| | - Shizuya Saika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-0012, Japan
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Afsar B, Elsurer Afsar R, Sag AA, Kanbay A, Korkmaz H, Cipolla-Neto J, Covic A, Ortiz A, Kanbay M. Sweet dreams: therapeutic insights, targeting imaging and physiologic evidence linking sleep, melatonin and diabetic nephropathy. Clin Kidney J 2020; 13:522-530. [PMID: 32905249 PMCID: PMC7467577 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfz198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is the main biochronologic molecular mediator of circadian rhythm and sleep. It is also a powerful antioxidant and has roles in other physiologic pathways. Melatonin deficiency is associated with metabolic derangements including glucose and cholesterol dysregulation, hypertension, disordered sleep and even cancer, likely due to altered immunity. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a key microvascular complication of both type 1 and 2 diabetes. DN is the end result of a complex combination of metabolic, haemodynamic, oxidative and inflammatory factors. Interestingly, these same factors have been linked to melatonin deficiency. This report will collate in a clinician-oriented fashion the mechanistic link between melatonin deficiency and factors contributing to DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Afsar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Rengin Elsurer Afsar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Alan A Sag
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Asiye Kanbay
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Korkmaz
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - José Cipolla-Neto
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adrian Covic
- Dialysis Unit, School of Medicine, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Nephrology Clinic, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Center, ‘C.I. PARHON’ University Hospital and ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine, Iasi, Romania
| | - Mehmet Kanbay
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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40
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Li YY, Jiang GT, Chen LJ, Jiang YH, Jiao JD. Formin mDia1 contributes to migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of tubular epithelial cells exposed to TGF-β1. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:3861-3870. [PMID: 31692057 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Renal tubular epithelial cells may undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in response to stimuli, such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, leading to myofibroblast activation and renal fibrosis. The formin mDia1 is required for nucleation and polymerization of actin and the microtubule cytoskeleton. The present study sought to explore the role of mDia1 in EMT of tubular epithelial cells. A rat model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) was established. The expression of TGF-β1, collagen I, collagen III, and mDia1 in the kidneys was examined at day 7 after surgery. The effect of mDia1 on EMT was explored in NRK-52E cells by exposing them to TGF-β1. Increased expression of TGF-β1, collagen I, collagen III, and mDia1 was found in obstructive kidneys of UUO model rats. Exposing rat tubular epithelial cells to TGF-β1 promoted collagen I and collagen III expression but had no effect on mDia1 expression. Silencing mDia1 expression impeded epithelial cell migration as well as reduced TGF-β1, collagen, and Profilin1 expression, whereas mDia1 overexpression exerted an opposite effect. Furthermore, mDia1 regulated the expression of vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin, and E-cadherin and focal adhesion-kinase (FAK)/Src activation through Profilin1. Inhibition of the mDia1 activator RhoA by fasudil reversed EMT, and FAK/Src activation induced by mDia1. In conclusion, mDia1 regulated tubular epithelial cell migration, collagen expression, and EMT in NRK-52E cells exposed to TGF-β1. Thus, suppression of mDia1 activation might be a strategy to counteract renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ying Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,Department of Nephrology, The 962 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guo-Tao Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Li-Jie Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yan-Hong Jiang
- Department of Paediatrics, Hefei BOE Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jun-Dong Jiao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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41
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Pyo MC, Chae SA, Yoo HJ, Lee KW. Ochratoxin A induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and renal fibrosis through TGF-β/Smad2/3 and Wnt1/β-catenin signaling pathways in vitro and in vivo. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3329-3342. [PMID: 32617660 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02829-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxin produced by fungi such as Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. The key target organ of OTA toxicity is the kidney, and it is known that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) leading to fibrosis is enhanced after long-term exposure of the kidney to OTA. However, the mechanisms responsible for this onset are not precisely known. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of OTA-induced EMT and fibrosis in human proximal tubule HK-2 cells and mouse kidneys. Cells were treated for 48 h with various concentrations of OTA (50, 100, and 200 nM) and mice underwent oral administration of various doses of OTA (200 and 1000 μg/kg body weight) for 12 weeks. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were increased in the serum of OTA-treated mice, and fibrosis was observed in kidney tissues. Furthermore, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and fibronectin levels were increased, and E-cadherin level was decreased by OTA in both HK-2 cells and kidney tissues. In addition, the expression levels of TGF-β, smad2/3, and β-catenin were increased after OTA treatment. α-SMA, E-cadherin, and fibronectin were shown to be regulated by the activation of transcription factors, smad2/3 and β-catenin. These results demonstrated that OTA induces EMT and renal fibrosis through Smad2/3 and β-catenin signaling pathways in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cheol Pyo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung A Chae
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Joon Yoo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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42
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Abstract
Epithelial cells form highly organized polarized sheets with characteristic cell morphologies and tissue architecture. Cell–cell adhesion and intercellular communication are prerequisites of such cohesive sheets of cells, and cell connectivity is mediated through several junctional assemblies, namely desmosomes, adherens, tight and gap junctions. These cell–cell junctions form signalling hubs that not only mediate cell–cell adhesion but impact on multiple aspects of cell behaviour, helping to coordinate epithelial cell shape, polarity and function. This review will focus on the tight and adherens junctions, constituents of the apical junctional complex, and aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the complex signalling that underlies junction assembly, integrity and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra D Rusu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Marios Georgiou
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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Tucker T, Tsukasaki Y, Sakai T, Mitsuhashi S, Komatsu S, Jeffers A, Idell S, Ikebe M. Myocardin Is Involved in Mesothelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Human Pleural Mesothelial Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 61:86-96. [PMID: 30605348 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0121oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleural fibrosis is characterized by severe inflammation of the pleural space and pleural reorganization. Subsequent thickening of the visceral pleura contributes to lung stiffness and impaired lung function. Pleural mesothelial cells (PMCs) can become myofibroblasts via mesothelial-mesenchymal transition (MesoMT) and contribute to pleural organization, fibrosis, and rind formation. However, the mechanisms that underlie MesoMT remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of myocardin in the induction of MesoMT. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and thrombin induced MesoMT and markedly upregulated the expression of myocardin, but not myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTF-A) or MRTF-B, in human PMCs (HPMCs). TGF-β stimulation notably induced the nuclear translocation of myocardin in HPMCs, whereas nuclear translocation of MRTF-A and MRTF-B was not observed. Several genes under the control of myocardin were upregulated in cells undergoing MesoMT, an effect that was accompanied by a dramatic cytoskeletal reorganization of HPMCs consistent with a migratory phenotype. Myocardin gene silencing blocked TGF-β- and thrombin-induced MesoMT. Although myocardin upregulation was blocked, MRTF-A and MRTF-B were unchanged. Myocardin, α-SMA, calponin, and smooth muscle myosin were notably upregulated in the thickened pleura of carbon black/bleomycin and empyema mouse models of fibrosing pleural injury. Similar results were observed in human nonspecific pleuritis. In a TGF-β mouse model of pleural fibrosis, PMC-specific knockout of myocardin protected against decrements in lung function. Further, TGF-β-induced pleural thickening was abolished by PMC-specific myocardin knockout, which was accompanied by a marked reduction of myocardin, calponin, and α-SMA expression compared with floxed-myocardin controls. These novel results show that myocardin participates in the development of MesoMT in HPMCs and contributes to the pathogenesis of pleural organization and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torry Tucker
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Yoshikazu Tsukasaki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Tsuyoshi Sakai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Shinya Mitsuhashi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Satoshi Komatsu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Ann Jeffers
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Steven Idell
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Mitsuo Ikebe
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
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44
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Maddala R, Mongan M, Xia Y, Rao PV. Calponin-3 deficiency augments contractile activity, plasticity, fibrogenic response and Yap/Taz transcriptional activation in lens epithelial cells and explants. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1295. [PMID: 31992794 PMCID: PMC6987178 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58189-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The transparent ocular lens plays a crucial role in vision by focusing light on to the retina with loss of lens transparency leading to impairment of vision. While maintenance of epithelial phenotype is recognized to be essential for lens development and function, knowledge of the identity of different molecular mechanisms regulating lens epithelial characteristics remains incomplete. This study reports that CNN-3, the acidic isoform of calponin, an actin binding contractile protein, is expressed preferentially and abundantly relative to the basic and neutral isoforms of calponin in the ocular lens, and distributes predominantly to the epithelium in both mouse and human lenses. Expression and MEKK1-mediated threonine 288 phosphorylation of CNN-3 is induced by extracellular cues including TGF-β2 and lysophosphatidic acid. Importantly, siRNA-induced deficiency of CNN3 in lens epithelial cell cultures and explants results in actin stress fiber reorganization, stimulation of focal adhesion formation, Yap activation, increases in the levels of α-smooth muscle actin, connective tissue growth factor and fibronectin, and decreases in E-cadherin expression. These results reveal that CNN3 plays a crucial role in regulating lens epithelial contractile activity and provide supporting evidence that CNN-3 deficiency is associated with the induction of epithelial plasticity, fibrogenic activity and mechanosensitive Yap/Taz transcriptional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupalatha Maddala
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Maureen Mongan
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Ponugoti Vasantha Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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45
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Das SJ, Wishart TFL, Jandeleit-Dahm K, Lovicu FJ. Nox4-mediated ROS production is involved, but not essential for TGFβ-induced lens EMT leading to cataract. Exp Eye Res 2020; 192:107918. [PMID: 31926131 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species (ROS) producing enzyme, NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4), is upregulated in response to TGFβ in lens epithelial cells in vitro, and its selective inhibition was shown to block aspects of TGFβ-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In the present in situ study we validate the role(s) of Nox4 in TGFβ-induced lens EMT leading to anterior subcapsular cataract (ASC) formation. Mice overexpressing TGFβ in the lens, that develop ASC, were crossed to Nox4-deficient mice. When comparing mice overexpressing TGFβ in lens, to mice that were also deficient for Nox4, we see the delayed onset of cataract, along with a delay in EMT protein markers normally associated with TGFβ-induced fibrotic cataracts. In the absence of Nox4, we also see elevated levels of ERK1/2 activity that was shown to be required for TGFβ/Smad2/3-signaling. qRT-PCR revealed upregulation of Nox2 and its regulatory subunit in TGFβ-overexpressing lens epithelial cells devoid of Nox4. Taken together, these findings provide an improved platform to delineate putative Nox4 (and ROS) interactions with Smad2/3 and/or ERK1/2, in particular in the development of fibrotic diseases, such as specific forms of cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Das
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - T F L Wishart
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - K Jandeleit-Dahm
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - F J Lovicu
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology & Eye Health, Save Sight Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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46
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Huang YQ, Peng ZR, Huang FL, Yang AL. Mechanism of delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:2286-2295. [PMID: 32594050 PMCID: PMC7749483 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.284995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many hypotheses exist regarding the mechanism underlying delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning (DEACMP), including the inflammation and immune-mediated damage hypothesis and the cellular apoptosis and direct neuronal toxicity hypothesis; however, no existing hypothesis provides a satisfactory explanation for the complex clinical processes observed in DEACMP. Leucine-rich repeat and immunoglobulin-like domain-containing protein-1 (LINGO-1) activates the Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA)/Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2 (ROCK2) signaling pathway, which negatively regulates oligodendrocyte myelination, axonal growth, and neuronal survival, causing myelin damage and participating in the pathophysiological processes associated with many central nervous system diseases. However, whether LINGO-1 is involved in DEACMP remains unclear. A DEACMP model was established in rats by allowing them to inhale 1000 ppm carbon monoxide gas for 40 minutes, followed by 3000 ppm carbon monoxide gas for an additional 20 minutes. The results showed that compared with control rats, DEACMP rats showed significantly increased water maze latency and increased protein and mRNA expression levels of LINGO-1, RhoA, and ROCK2 in the brain. Compared with normal rats, significant increases in injured neurons in the hippocampus and myelin sheath damage in the lateral geniculate body were observed in DEACMP rats. From days 1 to 21 after DEACMP, the intraperitoneal injection of retinoic acid (10 mg/kg), which can inhibit LINGO-1 expression, was able to improve the above changes observed in the DEACMP model. Therefore, the overexpression of LINGO-1 appeared to increase following carbon monoxide poisoning, activating the RhoA/ROCK2 signaling pathway, which may be an important pathophysiological mechanism underlying DEACMP. This study was reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Xiangya Hospital of Central South Hospital (approval No. 201612684) on December 26, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qing Huang
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zheng-Rong Peng
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Fang-Ling Huang
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - A-Li Yang
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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47
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Bastounis EE, Yeh YT, Theriot JA. Subendothelial stiffness alters endothelial cell traction force generation while exerting a minimal effect on the transcriptome. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18209. [PMID: 31796790 PMCID: PMC6890669 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells respond to changes in subendothelial stiffness by altering their migration and mechanics, but whether those responses are due to transcriptional reprogramming remains largely unknown. We measured traction force generation and also performed gene expression profiling for two endothelial cell types grown in monolayers on soft or stiff matrices: primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and immortalized human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). Both cell types respond to changes in subendothelial stiffness by increasing the traction stresses they exert on stiffer as compared to softer matrices, and exhibit a range of altered protein phosphorylation or protein conformational changes previously implicated in mechanotransduction. However, the transcriptome has only a minimal role in this conserved biomechanical response. Only few genes were differentially expressed in each cell type in a stiffness-dependent manner, and none were shared between them. In contrast, thousands of genes were differentially regulated in HUVEC as compared to HMEC-1. HUVEC (but not HMEC-1) upregulate expression of TGF-β2 on stiffer matrices, and also respond to application of exogenous TGF-β2 by enhancing their endogenous TGF-β2 expression and their cell-matrix traction stresses. Altogether, these findings provide insights into the relationship between subendothelial stiffness, endothelial mechanics and variation of the endothelial cell transcriptome, and reveal that subendothelial stiffness, while critically altering endothelial cells’ mechanical behavior, minimally affects their transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effie E Bastounis
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1800, USA
| | - Yi-Ting Yeh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1800, USA.
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48
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Kariri YA, Joseph C, Kurozumi S, Toss MS, Alsaleem M, Raafat S, Mongan NP, Aleskandarany MA, Green AR, Rakha EA. Prognostic significance of KN motif and ankyrin repeat domains 1 (KANK1) in invasive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 179:349-357. [PMID: 31679074 PMCID: PMC6987050 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05466-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background KN motif and ankyrin repeat domains 1 (KANK1) plays an important role in cytoskeleton maintenance and contributes to the regulation of cell proliferation, adhesion and apoptosis. KANK1 is involved in progression of a variety of solid tumours; however, its role in invasive breast cancer (BC) remains unknown. This study aims to evaluate the clinicopathological and prognostic value of KANK1 expression in operable BC. Methods KANK1 expression was assessed at the transcriptomic level using multiple BC cohorts; the Molecular Taxonomy of BC International Consortium cohort (METABRIC; n = 1980), The Cancer Genome Atlas BC cohort (TCGA; n = 949) and the publicly available BC transcriptomic data hosted by BC Gene-Expression Miner (bc-GenExMiner v4.0) and Kaplan–Meier plotter?. The Nottingham BC cohort (n = 1500) prepared as tissue microarrays was used to assess KANK1 protein expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The association between clinicopathological variables and patient outcome was investigated. Results In the METABRIC cohort, high expression of KANK1 mRNA was associated with characteristics of good prognosis including lower grade, absence of lymphovascular invasion and HER2 negativity (all; p < 0.001) and with better outcome [p = 0.006, Hazards ratio, (HR) 0.70, 95% CI 0.54–0.91]. High KANK1 protein expression was correlated with smaller tumour size and HER2 negativity, and better outcome in terms of longer breast cancer-specific survival [p = 0.013, HR 0.7, 95% CI 0.536–0.893] and time to distant metastasis [p = 0.033, HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.51–0.819]. Conclusion These results supported that upregulation of KANK1 works as a tumour suppressor gene in BC and is associated with improved patients’ outcomes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10549-019-05466-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousif A Kariri
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Nottingham City Hospital, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chitra Joseph
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Nottingham City Hospital, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sasagu Kurozumi
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Nottingham City Hospital, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Michael S Toss
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Nottingham City Hospital, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mansour Alsaleem
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Nottingham City Hospital, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sara Raafat
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Nottingham City Hospital, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nigel P Mongan
- Cancer Biology and Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Mohammed A Aleskandarany
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Nottingham City Hospital, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrew R Green
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Nottingham City Hospital, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Nottingham City Hospital, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. .,Department of Histopathology, Nottingham University Hospital NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK.
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49
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Nishizuka M, Komada R, Imagawa M. Knockdown of RhoE Expression Enhances TGF-β-Induced EMT (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition) in Cervical Cancer HeLa Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194697. [PMID: 31546735 PMCID: PMC6801947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer with early metastasis of the primary tumor is associated with poor prognosis and poor therapeutic outcomes. Since epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a role in acquisition of the ability to invade the pelvic lymph nodes and surrounding tissue, it is important to clarify the molecular mechanism underlying EMT in cervical cancer. RhoE, also known as Rnd3, is a member of the Rnd subfamily of Rho GTPases. While previous reports have suggested that RhoE may act as either a positive or a negative regulator of cancer metastasis and EMT, the role of RhoE during EMT in cervical cancer cells remains unclear. The present study revealed that RhoE expression was upregulated during transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-mediated EMT in human cervical cancer HeLa cells. Furthermore, reduced RhoE expression enhanced TGF-β-mediated EMT and migration of HeLa cells. In addition, we demonstrated that RhoE knockdown elevated RhoA activity and a ROCK inhibitor partially suppressed the acceleration of TGF-β-mediated EMT by RhoE knockdown. These results indicate that RhoE suppresses TGF-β-mediated EMT, partially via RhoA/ROCK signaling in cervical cancer HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nishizuka
- Department of Applied Biology and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Rina Komada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Masayoshi Imagawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan.
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50
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Burat B, Faucher Q, Čechová P, Arnion H, Di Meo F, Sauvage F, Marquet P, Essig M. Cyclosporine A inhibits MRTF-SRF signaling through Na +/K + ATPase inhibition and actin remodeling. FASEB Bioadv 2019; 1:561-578. [PMID: 32123851 PMCID: PMC6996406 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2019-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) are the pillars of immunosuppression in transplantation. However, they display a potent nephrotoxicity whose mechanisms remained widely unsolved. We used an untargeted quantitative proteomic approach (iTRAQ technology) to highlight new targets of CNI in renal proximal tubular cells (RPTCs). CNI-treated RPTCs proteome displayed an over-representation of actin-binding proteins with a CNI-specific expression profile. Cyclosporine A (CsA) induced F-actin remodeling and depolymerization, decreased F-actin-stabilizing, polymerization-promoting cofilin (CFL) oligomers, and inhibited the G-actin-regulated serum response factor (SRF) pathway. Inhibition of CFL canonical phosphorylation pathway reproduced CsA effects; however, S3-R, an analogue of the phosphorylation site of CFL prevented the effects of CsA which suggests that CsA acted independently from the canonical CFL regulation. CFL is known to be regulated by the Na+/K+-ATPase. Molecular docking calculations identified two inhibiting sites of CsA on Na+/K+-ATPase and a 23% decrease in Na+/K+-ATPase activity of RPTCs was observed with CsA. Ouabain, a specific inhibitor of Na+/K+-ATPase also reproduced CsA effects on actin organization and SRF activity. Altogether, these results described a new original pathway explaining CsA nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Burat
- Centre for Biology & Health Research, UMR INSERM 1248 IPPRIT (Individual Profiling and Prevention of RIsks in Transplantation)Limoges UniversityLimogesFrance
| | - Quentin Faucher
- Centre for Biology & Health Research, UMR INSERM 1248 IPPRIT (Individual Profiling and Prevention of RIsks in Transplantation)Limoges UniversityLimogesFrance
| | - Petra Čechová
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of SciencePalacký University OlomoucOlomoucCzech Republic
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of SciencePalacký University OlomoucOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Hélène Arnion
- Centre for Biology & Health Research, UMR INSERM 1248 IPPRIT (Individual Profiling and Prevention of RIsks in Transplantation)Limoges UniversityLimogesFrance
| | - Florent Di Meo
- Centre for Biology & Health Research, UMR INSERM 1248 IPPRIT (Individual Profiling and Prevention of RIsks in Transplantation)Limoges UniversityLimogesFrance
| | - François‐Ludovic Sauvage
- Centre for Biology & Health Research, UMR INSERM 1248 IPPRIT (Individual Profiling and Prevention of RIsks in Transplantation)Limoges UniversityLimogesFrance
| | - Pierre Marquet
- Centre for Biology & Health Research, UMR INSERM 1248 IPPRIT (Individual Profiling and Prevention of RIsks in Transplantation)Limoges UniversityLimogesFrance
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyLimoges University HospitalLimogesFrance
| | - Marie Essig
- Centre for Biology & Health Research, UMR INSERM 1248 IPPRIT (Individual Profiling and Prevention of RIsks in Transplantation)Limoges UniversityLimogesFrance
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