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Hu XM, Wang CC, Xiao Y, Liu Y, Huang HR, Jiang P, Wang YK, Lin YJ, Li LC, Qi ZQ. Non-Clinical Safety Evaluation of Exosomes Derived from Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Cynomolgus Monkeys. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:4923-4939. [PMID: 38828201 PMCID: PMC11143447 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s454438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose In recent years, exosomes have been proved to be used to treat many diseases. However, due to the lack of uniform quality control standards for exosomes, the safety of exosomes is still a problem to be solved, especially now more and more exosomes are used in clinical trials, and its non-clinical safety evaluation is particularly important. However, there is no safety evaluation standard for exosomes at present. Therefore, this study will refer to the evaluation criteria of therapeutic biological products, adopt non-human primates to evaluate the non-clinical safety of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell exosomes from the general pharmacology and immunotoxicity, aiming at establishing a safety evaluation system of exosomes and providing reference for the clinical application of exosomes in the future. Methods 3.85 × 1012 exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells were injected into cynomolgus monkeys intravenously. The changes of general clinical conditions, hematology, immunoglobulin, Th1/Th2 cytokines, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, and immune organs were observed before and within 14 days after injection. Results The results showed that exosomes did not have obvious pathological effects on the general clinical conditions, blood, coagulation function, organ coefficient, immunoglobulin, Th1/Th2 cytokines, lymphocytes, major organs, and major immune organs (spleen, thymus, bone marrow) of cynomolgus monkeys. However, the number of granulocyte-macrophage colonies in exosomes group was significantly higher than that in control group. Conclusion To sum up, the general pharmacological results and immunotoxicity results showed that the injection of 3.85 × 1012 exosomes may have no obvious adverse reactions to cynomolgus monkeys. This dose of exosomes is relatively safe for treatment, which provides basis research for non-clinical safety evaluation of exosomes and provides reliable research basis for future clinical application of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Mei Hu
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Can-Can Wang
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ri Huang
- Department of Research and Development, Guangxi Taimei Rensheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-Kai Wang
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun-Jin Lin
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang-Cheng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Quan Qi
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China
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Liu YB, Ren BY, Zhou XC, Zhang L, Liu Y, Zheng C, Wei JF, Wu CT, Jin JD. The toxicity assessment of neorudin in cynomolgus monkeys. J Toxicol Sci 2023; 48:179-189. [PMID: 37005276 DOI: 10.2131/jts.48.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the toxicity effects on circulatory system and respiratory system, and the acute toxicity test of recombinant neorudin (EPR-hirudin, EH) in cynomolgus monkeys were evaluated to provide reference information for clinical studies. Eighteen cynomolgus monkeys were randomly divided into three groups for single intravenous administration of 3, 30 mg/kg EH and normal saline, respectively. The changes of respiratory frequency, respiratory intensity, blood pressure and electrocardiogram before and after administration were recorded. In acute toxicity test, six cynomolgus monkeys were intravenously received EH at a single dose of 171, 257, 385, 578, 867 and 1300 mg/kg respectively. The vital signs, hematology, serum biochemistry, coagulation indexes and electrocardiogram indexes of the animals were determined before administration and on the 7th and 14th day after administration. As the results showed that there were no significant abnormal changes in respiratory frequency, respiratory intensity, blood pressure or electrocardiogram in cynomolgus monkeys after receiving EH at 3 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg, and there was no statistical difference between the treated groups and normal saline group. In the acute toxicity test, no significant abnormalities were observed in vital signs, hematology, serum biochemistry, coagulation indexes and electrocardiogram indexes of six cynomolgus monkeys at day 7 and 14 after EH administration. Furthermore, autopsies of all cynomolgus monkeys showed no abnormalities. The results of toxicokinetics showed that AUClast of the drug increased in proportion to the EH dose in the range of 171-578 mg/kg, and increased in over proportion to the EH dose in the range of 578-1300 mg/kg. The variation of Cmax was basically consistent with AUClast. In a sum, A single intravenous injection of 3 and 30 mg/kg of EH did not affect the circulatory system and respiratory system in cynomolgus monkeys and the maximum tolerated dose of EH in cynomolgus monkey is over 1300 mg/kg (equivalent to 619-1300 times of the proposed clinical equivalent dose).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bin Liu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China
| | - Bo-Yuan Ren
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China
| | | | - Lin Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China
| | - Can Zheng
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China
| | - Jin-Feng Wei
- Beijing Union Jianhao Medical Technology Development Co., LTD., China
| | - Chu-Tse Wu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China
| | - Ji-de Jin
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, China
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Bau-Gaudreault L, Arndt T, Provencher A, Brayton CF. Research-Relevant Clinical Pathology Resources: Emphasis on Mice, Rats, Rabbits, Dogs, Minipigs, and Non-Human Primates. ILAR J 2021; 62:203-222. [PMID: 34877602 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical pathology testing for investigative or biomedical research and for preclinical toxicity and safety assessment in laboratory animals is a distinct specialty requiring an understanding of species specific and other influential variables on results and interpretation. This review of clinical pathology principles and testing recommendations in laboratory animal species aims to provide a useful resource for researchers, veterinary specialists, toxicologists, and clinical or anatomic pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Bau-Gaudreault
- Clinical Laboratories, Charles River Laboratories - ULC, Senneville, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tara Arndt
- Labcorp Drug Development, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Anne Provencher
- Clinical Laboratories, Charles River Laboratories - ULC, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, John Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Ablat N, Ablimit M, Abudoukadier A, Kadeer B, Yang L. Investigating the hemostatic effect of medicinal plant Arnebia euchroma (Royle) I.M.Johnst extract in a mouse model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 278:114306. [PMID: 34111535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Arnebia euchroma (Royle) I.M.Johnst (AE) has been reported to be a potentially useful medicinal herb for the treatment of several circulatory diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. It shows effects such as "cooling of the blood," promotion of blood circulation, detoxification, and rash clearance. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore the hemostatic effect of the ethyl acetate extract of AE in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we explored the effects of AE on bleeding time, blood coagulation time, platelet count, and blood coagulation parameters in normal Kunming mice. Different doses of the AE extract (5, 10, and 20 g kg-1·day-1) were administered to mice for 14 days. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na at 0.5%) and Yunnan Baiyao (0.8 g kg-1·day-1) were administered as negative and positive control treatments, respectively. Bleeding time, blood coagulation time, platelet count, blood platelet aggregation, blood platelet adhesion to fibrinogen, platelet factor 4 (PF-4) secretions from blood platelets, and blood coagulation parameters including prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), thrombin time (TT), and fibrinogen (FIB) levels were measured on day 15 of administration. RESULTS Bleeding and blood coagulation time were significantly lower and TT was shorter in the AE extract-treated groups than in the control groups. Furthermore, FIB levels and platelet count were higher, whereas blood platelet aggregation, blood platelet adhesion to fibrinogen, and PF-4 secretion from blood platelets were more obvious in the AE extract-treated groups than in the control group. However, no significant differences were detected for PT and aPTT between the extract-treated and control groups. CONCLUSIONS The ethyl acetate extract of AE showed potential hemostasis effects in mice by shortening the bleeding and coagulation time. In addition, the extract increased platelet count and induced blood platelet aggregation, blood platelet adhesion to fibrinogen, PF-4 secretion from blood platelets, and FIB level, while it shortened TT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuramatjan Ablat
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China; School of Medicine, Huanghuai University, Henan Province, 463000, China.
| | - Mihray Ablimit
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Shache County Dunbag Township Health Center, 844700, China.
| | - Abudoureheman Abudoukadier
- Department of Cardiology, Urumqi City Friendship Hospital, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830049, China.
| | - Buhaiqiemu Kadeer
- Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830000, China.
| | - Lei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Huanghuai University, Henan Province, 463000, China.
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Methods for measurement of platelet function in the assessment of nonclinical drug safety and implications for translatability. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Brooks MB, Stablein AP, Johnson L, Schultze AE. Preanalytic processing of rat plasma influences thrombin generation and fibrinolysis assays. Vet Clin Pathol 2017; 46:496-507. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marjory B. Brooks
- Departments of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca NY USA
| | - Alyssa P. Stablein
- Departments of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca NY USA
| | - Lynn Johnson
- Cornell Statistical Consulting Unit; Cornell University; Ithaca NY USA
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Tomlinson L, Boone LI, Ramaiah L, Penraat KA, von Beust BR, Ameri M, Poitout-Belissent FM, Weingand K, Workman HC, Aulbach AD, Meyer DJ, Brown DE, MacNeill AL, Bolliger AP, Bounous DI. Best practices for veterinary toxicologic clinical pathology, with emphasis on the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. Vet Clin Pathol 2013; 42:252-69. [PMID: 23889060 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper by the Regulatory Affairs Committee (RAC) of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) is to review the current regulatory guidances (eg, guidelines) and published recommendations for best practices in veterinary toxicologic clinical pathology, particularly in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, and to utilize the combined experience of ASVCP RAC to provide updated recommendations. Discussion points include (1) instrumentation, validation, and sample collection, (2) routine laboratory variables, (3) cytologic laboratory variables, (4) data interpretation and reporting (including peer review, reference intervals and statistics), and (5) roles and responsibilities of clinical pathologists and laboratory personnel. Revision and improvement of current practices should be in alignment with evolving regulatory guidance documents, new technology, and expanding understanding and utility of clinical pathology. These recommendations provide a contemporary guide for the refinement of veterinary toxicologic clinical pathology best practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Tomlinson
- Drug Safety and Research Development, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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Schultze AE, Walker DB, Turk JR, Tarrant JM, Brooks MB, Pettit SD. Current practices in preclinical drug development: gaps in hemostasis testing to assess risk of thromboembolic injury. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 41:445-53. [PMID: 22991386 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312460924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Health and Environmental Sciences Institute Cardiac Biomarkers Working Group surveyed the pharmaceutical development community to investigate practices in assessing hemostasis, including detection of hypocoagulable and hypercoagulable states. Scientists involved in discovery, preclinical, and clinical research were queried on laboratory evaluation of endothelium, platelets, coagulation, and fibrinolysis during safety assessment studies. Results indicated that laboratory assessment of hemostasis is inconsistent among institutions and not harmonized between preclinical and clinical studies. Hemostasis testing in preclinical drug safety studies primarily focuses on the risk of bleeding, whereas the clinical complication of thrombosis is seldom assessed. Our results reveal the need for broader utilization of biomarkers to detect altered hemostasis (e.g., endothelial and platelet activation) to improve preclinical safety assessments early in the drug development process. Survey respondents indicated a critical lack of validated markers of hypercoagulability and subclinical thrombosis in animal testing. Additional obstacles included limited blood volume, lack of cross-reacting antibodies for hemostasis testing in laboratory species, restricted availability of specialized hemostasis analyzers, and few centers of expertise in animal hemostasis testing. Establishment of translatable biomarkers of prothrombotic states in multiple species and strategic implementation of testing on an industry-wide basis are needed to better avert untoward drug complications in patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Eric Schultze
- Department of Pathology, Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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da Cunha AA, Scherer E, da Cunha MJ, Schmitz F, Machado FR, Lima DD, Delwing D, Wyse ATS. Acute hyperhomocysteinemia alters the coagulation system and oxidative status in the blood of rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 360:205-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Rizzo F, Papasouliotis K, Crawford E, Dodkin S, Cue S. Measurement of prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) on canine citrated plasma samples following different storage conditions. Res Vet Sci 2008; 85:166-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sakaguchi Y, Suga S, Oshida K, Miyamoto-Kuramitsu K, Ueda K, Miyamoto Y. Anticoagulant effect of sodium dehydroacetate (DHA-S) in rats. J Appl Toxicol 2008; 28:524-9. [PMID: 17941040 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sodium dehydroacetate (DHA-S) is used as a food additive, preservative and antimicrobial agent. Repeated oral administration of DHA-S in rats induced severe hemorrhage in multiple organs and prolongation of blood coagulation factors. To determine the mechanism of hemorrhage, the protective effect of vitamin K (VK) was investigated. Increased VK-dependent blood coagulation parameters, a prolonged prothrombin time (PT) and an activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were observed in rats when DHA-S alone was administered, while only a slight change was observed in animals that received a single injection of vitamin K2 following the DHA-S dosing. These results suggest that DHA-S-induced hemorrhage is caused by a deficiency of vitamin K. In addition, the inhibitory effect of DHA-S on vitamin K1 epoxide reductase (VKOR) activity was measured with an in vitro system using liver microsomes of normal male rats. DHA-S concentration-dependently inhibited VKOR activity similar to warfarin, but the inhibitory concentration was high. Therefore, it was concluded that the DHA-S-induced hemorrhage was caused by a depletion of blood VK, associated with any factors including VKOR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Sakaguchi
- Toxicology and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 10-1, Tebiro 6-chome, Kamakura, Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
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de Perrot M, McRae K, Anraku M, Karkouti K, Waddell TK, Pierre AF, Darling G, Keshavjee S, Johnston MR. Risk Factors for Major Complications After Extrapleural Pneumonectomy for Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. Ann Thorac Surg 2008; 85:1206-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Koga T, Kanefuji K, Nakama K. Individual reference intervals of hematological and serum biochemical parameters in cynomolgus monkeys. Int J Toxicol 2005; 24:377-85. [PMID: 16257857 DOI: 10.1080/10915810500208058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cynomolgus monkeys, one of a number of primates phylogenetically close to humans, are commonly used in animal studies. The purpose of this study was to assess biological variations in hematological and serum biochemical parameters in cynomolgus monkeys. Summary statistics and reference intervals were calculated using data from 95 male and 95 female Chinese-bred cynomolgus monkeys aged 3 to 7 years showing no abnormalities during the breeding period. Within- and between-animal variations were estimated using a random-effect analysis of variance (ANOVA), then, a simple method that applies prior information was proposed to estimate individual reference intervals. Parameters including MCV, MCH, PT, ALP, total cholesterol, and creatinine appeared to show a large between-animal variation; thus, it is considered that individual reference intervals for these parameters would be relatively small in comparison with overall reference intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Koga
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd. (SNBL), Kagoshima, Japan.
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Altshuler IM, Zhulidov PA, Bogdanova EA, Mudrik NN, Shagin DA. Application of the Duplex-Specific Nuclease Preference Method to the Analysis of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Human Genes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11171-005-0078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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