1
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Kim SM, Studnitzer B, Esser-Kahn A. Heat Shock Protein 90's Mechanistic Role in Contact Hypersensitivity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2622-2631. [PMID: 35675957 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the known dangers of contact allergens and their long-lasting use as models in immunology, their molecular mode of action largely remains unknown. In this study, we report that a contact allergen, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB), elicits contact hypersensitivity through binding the protein we identify. Starting from an unbiased sampling of proteomics, we found nine candidate proteins with unique DNCB-modified peptide fragments. More than half of these fragments belonged to heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), a common stress-response protein and a damage-associated molecular pattern, and showed the highest probability of incidence. Inhibition and short hairpin RNA knockdown of HSP90 in human monocyte cell line THP-1 suppressed the potency of DNCB by >80%. Next, we successfully reduced DNCB-induced contact hypersensitivity in HSP90-knockout mice, which confirmed our findings. Finally, we hypothesized that DNCB-modified HSP90 activates the immune cells through HSP90's receptor, CD91. Pretreatment of CD91 in THP-1 cell lines and BALB/c mice attenuated the potency of DNCB, consistent with the result of HSP90-knockout mice. Altogether, our data show that DNCB-HSP90 binding plays a role in mediating DNCB-induced contact hypersensitivity, and the activation of CD91 by DNCB-modified HSP90 proteins could mediate this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Min Kim
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Bradley Studnitzer
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Aaron Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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2
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Imai N, Takeyoshi M, Aizawa S, Tsurumaki M, Kurosawa M, Toyoda A, Sugiyama M, Kasahara K, Ogata S, Omori T, Hirota M. Improved performance of the SH test as an in vitro skin sensitization test with a new predictive model and decision tree. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:1029-1043. [PMID: 34927266 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Demands for the elimination and replacement of animal experiments for cosmetic safety assessment have increased in recent years. Evaluation of skin sensitization, however, is a critical issue in cosmetic safety assessment. The SH test is an in vitro skin sensitization test method that evaluates protein binding of chemical substances, which is an important event in skin sensitization. We previously verified the technical transferability and between-laboratory reproducibility of the SH test, a domestic test method for which no scientific research has been conducted, and improved the protocol, but also noted some unresolved issues. Therefore, in the present study, we successfully improved the operational efficiency and clarity of the final judgment of the SH test by (i) developing a new decision-making system that can make a final judgment without statistical processing, (ii) changing the statistical method, and (iii) evaluating and determining the maximum number of repetitions necessary for optimal efficiency. The improved SH test was verified by comparing it with existing test methods already adopted by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The results of this study demonstrated excellent performance of the improved SH test, with high reproducibility, reliable predictability, and good operational efficiency. The predictive performance of the improved method does not differ significantly from that of the conventional method, although it is clearer and more efficient. Therefore, the results of the present improved method are consistent with those obtained using the conventional method, with higher efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyasu Imai
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Midori Takeyoshi
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakiko Aizawa
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Tsurumaki
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaharu Kurosawa
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akemi Toyoda
- Frontier Research Laboratories, POLA Chemical Industries, Inc., Yokohama, Japan
| | - Maki Sugiyama
- Frontier Research Laboratories, POLA Chemical Industries, Inc., Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kasahara
- Frontier Research Laboratories, POLA Chemical Industries, Inc., Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ogata
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takashi Omori
- Division of Biostatistics Department of Social/Community Medicine and Health Science, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Morihiko Hirota
- Brand Value R&D Institute, Shiseido Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Japan
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3
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Imai N, Takeyoshi M, Aizawa S, Tsurumaki M, Kurosawa M, Toyoda A, Sugiyama M, Kasahara K, Hirota M, Ogata S. Enhancing between-facility reproducibility of the SH test as an in vitro skin sensitization test by the improved test method. J Toxicol Sci 2021; 46:235-248. [PMID: 33952800 DOI: 10.2131/jts.46.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
There has been an increased demand to eliminate animal experiments and to replace the experiments with alternative tests for assessing the safety of cosmetics. The SH test is an in vitro skin sensitization test that evaluates the protein binding abilities of a test substance. Skin sensitization must be evaluated by multiple test methods. The SH test uses the same cell line and measuring instruments as the human Cell-Line Activation Test (h-CLAT), which is one of the test methods used to evaluate different key events and is listed in the OECD test guidelines. There are cost advantages to usher the SH test into facilities that are already running the h-CLAT. The SH test is conducted only at a facility that has developed the SH test because studies on the between-facility reproducibility and validity have not been performed. Therefore, to verify the transferability of the SH test and the between-facilities reproducibility, we evaluated the reproducibility of the SH test results at three facilities, including the development facility. After an initial round of testing, the protocol was refined as follows to improve reproducibility among the three facilities: i) determine the optimum pH range, ii) change the maximum applicable concentration of water-soluble substances, and iii) define the appropriate dispersion conditions for evaluating hydrophobic substances. These refinements markedly enhanced the between-facility reproducibility (from 76.0% to 96.0%) for the 25 substances evaluated in this study. This study confirmed that the SH test is an effective skin sensitization test method with high technical transferability and between-facility reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyasu Imai
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation.,Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University
| | | | - Sakiko Aizawa
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation
| | - Mika Tsurumaki
- Safety and Analytical Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation
| | | | - Akemi Toyoda
- Frontier Research Center, POLA Chemical Industries, Inc
| | - Maki Sugiyama
- Frontier Research Center, POLA Chemical Industries, Inc
| | | | | | - Shinichi Ogata
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University
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4
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Magrone T, Russo MA, Jirillo E. Impact of Heavy Metals on Host Cells: Special Focus on Nickel-Mediated Pathologies and Novel Interventional Approaches. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2019; 20:1041-1058. [PMID: 31782370 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666191129120253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heavy metals [arsenic, aluminium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, nickel (Ni), palladium and titanium] are environmental contaminants able to impact with host human cells, thus, leading to severe damage. OBJECTIVE In this review, the detrimental effects of several heavy metals on human organs will be discussed and special emphasis will be placed on Ni. In particular, Ni is able to interact with Toll-like receptor-4 on immune and non-immune cells, thus, triggering the cascade of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Then, inflammatory and allergic reactions mediated by Ni will be illustrated within different organs, even including the central nervous system, airways and the gastrointestinal system. DISCUSSION Different therapeutic strategies have been adopted to mitigate Ni-induced inflammatoryallergic reactions. In this context, the ability of polyphenols to counteract the inflammatory pathway induced by Ni on peripheral blood leukocytes from Ni-sensitized patients will be outlined. In particular, polyphenols are able to decrease serum levels of interleukin (IL)-17, while increasing levels of IL- 10. These data suggest that the equilibrium between T regulatory cells and T helper 17 cells is recovered with IL-10 acting as an anti-inflammatory cytokine. In the same context, polyphenols reduced elevated serum levels of nitric oxide, thus, expressing their anti-oxidant potential. Finally, the carcinogenic potential of heavy metals, even including Ni, will be highlighted. CONCLUSION Heavy metals, particularly Ni, are spread in the environment. Nutritional approaches seem to represent a novel option in the treatment of Ni-induced damage and, among them, polyphenols should be taken into consideration for their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo A Russo
- MEBIC Consortium, San Raffaele Open University of Rome and IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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5
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Kimani F, Kim SM, Steinhardt R, Esser-Kahn AP. Correlating the structure and reactivity of a contact allergen, DNCB, and its analogs to sensitization potential. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:2985-2990. [PMID: 31128992 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a study that seeks to find a correlation between the overall sensitization potential quantified by the expression of IL-8 by stimulated monocytes and the chemical structure of a model contact allergen, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). We show that structure and reactivity of the chemical compounds play an important role in activation of the monocytes and subsequent inflammation in tissue. However, we observed a non-linear correlation between the rate of reaction and biological activity indicating a required balance of stability and reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Kimani
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Seong-Min Kim
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Rachel Steinhardt
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Aaron P Esser-Kahn
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
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6
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Jakob A, Mussotter F, Ohnesorge S, Dietz L, Pardo J, Haidl ID, Thierse HJ. Immunoproteomic identification and characterization of Ni 2+-regulated proteins implicates Ni 2+ in the induction of monocyte cell death. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2684. [PMID: 28300831 PMCID: PMC5386519 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nickel allergy is the most common cause of allergic reactions worldwide, with cutaneous and systemic effects potentially affecting multiple organs. Monocytes are precursors of not only macrophages but also dendritic cells, the most potent activators of nickel hypersensitivity. Monocytes are themselves important antigen-presenting cells, capable of nickel-specific T-cell activation in vivo and in vitro, in addition to being important for immediate innate immune inflammation. To elucidate early Ni2+-dependent inflammatory molecular mechanisms in human monocytes, a Ni2+-specific proteomic approach was applied. Quantitative two-dimensional (2D) differential gel electrophoresis and Delta2D software analyses coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) revealed that Ni2+ significantly regulated 56 protein species, of which 36 were analyzed by MALDI-MS. Bioinformatics analyses of all identified proteins resulted in Ni2+-associated functional annotation clusters, such as cell death, metal ion binding, and cytoskeletal remodeling. The involvement of Ni2+ in the induction of monocyte cell death, but not T-cell death, was observed at Ni2+ concentrations at or above 250 μM. Examination of caspase activity during Ni2+-mediated cell death revealed monocytic cell death independent of caspase-3 and -7 activity. However, confocal microscopy analysis demonstrated Ni2+-triggered cytoskeletal remodeling and nuclear condensation, characteristic of cellular apoptosis. Thus, Ni2+-specific peripheral blood mononuclear cell stimulation suggests monocytic cell death at Ni2+ concentrations at or above 250 μM, and monocytic effects on immune regulation at lower Ni2+ concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Jakob
- Laboratory for Immunology and Proteomics, Department of Dermatology and University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Franz Mussotter
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Chemicals and Product Safety, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ohnesorge
- Laboratory for Immunology and Proteomics, Department of Dermatology and University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim 68167, Germany.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, University of Freiburg and Max-Planck-Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Lisa Dietz
- Laboratory for Immunology and Proteomics, Department of Dermatology and University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim 68167, Germany.,Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Julian Pardo
- Aragón I+D Foundation (ARAID), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza/IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain.,Biomedical Research Center of Aragón (CIBA), Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ian D Haidl
- Dalhousie Inflammation Group, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Hermann-Josef Thierse
- Laboratory for Immunology and Proteomics, Department of Dermatology and University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim 68167, Germany.,German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Chemicals and Product Safety, Berlin 10589, Germany.,Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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7
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Ezendam J, Braakhuis HM, Vandebriel RJ. State of the art in non-animal approaches for skin sensitization testing: from individual test methods towards testing strategies. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2861-2883. [PMID: 27629427 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1842-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hazard assessment of skin sensitizers relies mainly on animal testing, but much progress is made in the development, validation and regulatory acceptance and implementation of non-animal predictive approaches. In this review, we provide an update on the available computational tools and animal-free test methods for the prediction of skin sensitization hazard. These individual test methods address mostly one mechanistic step of the process of skin sensitization induction. The adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for skin sensitization describes the key events (KEs) that lead to skin sensitization. In our review, we have clustered the available test methods according to the KE they inform: the molecular initiating event (MIE/KE1)-protein binding, KE2-keratinocyte activation, KE3-dendritic cell activation and KE4-T cell activation and proliferation. In recent years, most progress has been made in the development and validation of in vitro assays that address KE2 and KE3. No standardized in vitro assays for T cell activation are available; thus, KE4 cannot be measured in vitro. Three non-animal test methods, addressing either the MIE, KE2 or KE3, are accepted as OECD test guidelines, and this has accelerated the development of integrated or defined approaches for testing and assessment (e.g. testing strategies). The majority of these approaches are mechanism-based, since they combine results from multiple test methods and/or computational tools that address different KEs of the AOP to estimate skin sensitization potential and sometimes potency. Other approaches are based on statistical tools. Until now, eleven different testing strategies have been published, the majority using the same individual information sources. Our review shows that some of the defined approaches to testing and assessment are able to accurately predict skin sensitization hazard, sometimes even more accurate than the currently used animal test. A few defined approaches are developed to provide an estimate of the potency sub-category of a skin sensitizer as well, but these approaches need further independent evaluation with a new dataset of chemicals. To conclude, this update shows that the field of non-animal approaches for skin sensitization has evolved greatly in recent years and that it is possible to predict skin sensitization hazard without animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Ezendam
- Department of Innovative Testing Strategies, Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Hedwig M Braakhuis
- Department of Innovative Testing Strategies, Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J Vandebriel
- Department of Innovative Testing Strategies, Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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8
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Oeda S, Hirota M, Nishida H, Ashikaga T, Sasa H, Aiba S, Tokura Y, Kouzuki H. Development of an in vitro photosensitization test based on changes of cell-surface thiols and amines as biomarkers: the photo-SH/NH 2 test. J Toxicol Sci 2016; 41:129-42. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Oeda
- Shiseido Research Center, Shiseido Co. Ltd
| | | | | | | | | | - Setsuya Aiba
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
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9
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Besonderheiten von Haptenen und Allergenen bei Spättypreaktionen. ALLERGOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37203-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Silva A, Nunes C, Martins J, Dinis TCP, Lopes C, Neves B, Cruz T. Respiratory sensitizer hexamethylene diisocyanate inhibits SOD 1 and induces ERK-dependent detoxifying and maturation pathways in dendritic-like cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 72:238-46. [PMID: 24742817 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory allergy to low-molecular-weight chemicals is a current concern in the context of occupational health, and a certified method to identify respiratory allergens is still under investigation. The aim of this work was to unveil some of the poorly understood initial molecular events and toxicity pathways underlying respiratory sensitization, which might be crucial to disclosing the key building blocks of new testing strategies and may contribute to the development of a valid in vitro method for the identification of respiratory allergens. Immortalized human dendritic cell (DC)-like THP-1 cells were exposed to the respiratory allergen hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) for 6h, and the activation of several signaling pathways was analyzed. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) alterations, superoxide anion (O2(-)) production, and gene expression modulation in HDI-treated cells were also evaluated. According to our results, HDI induces O2(-) increase (P < 0.001) through enzymatic inhibition of cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase 1 (P < 0.05), which might reduce MMP, further leading to mitochondrial O2(-) production. Increased O2(-) levels promote ERK phosphorylation (approx sixfold compared to control; P < 0.001) and downstream transcriptional increase of several genes: HMOX1 (P < 0.05), involved in the protection of chemical reactive species; MDR1 (P < 0.01), responsible for the efflux of xenobiotics in the cell; and CD83 (P < 0.05), a DC maturation marker. These results raise new perspectives on the action of respiratory allergens in DCs and point out key molecular events that are crucial for the development of the so-called adverse outcome pathways, particularly regarding O2(-) increase through enzymatic inhibition, and important for ERK activation. Furthermore, our results highlight the role of ERK signaling, but not p38 MAPK, in the activation of vital mechanisms in cells exposed to a respiratory allergen, such as cell detoxification, migration, and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Silva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Nunes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Martins
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa C P Dinis
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Celeste Lopes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Neves
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Center, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Teresa Cruz
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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11
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Dietz L, Kinzebach S, Ohnesorge S, Franke B, Goette I, Koenig-Gressel D, Thierse HJ. Proteomic allergen–peptide/protein interaction assay for the identification of human skin sensitizers. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1157-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Hirota M, Kouzuki H, Ashikaga T, Sono S, Tsujita K, Sasa H, Aiba S. Artificial neural network analysis of data from multiple in vitro assays for prediction of skin sensitization potency of chemicals. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1233-46. [PMID: 23458967 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop in vitro risk assessment systems for skin sensitization, it is important to predict a threshold from the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA). We first confirmed that the combination of the human Cell Line Activation Test (h-CLAT) and the SH test improved the accuracy and sensitivity of prediction of LLNA data compared with each individual test. Next, we assessed the mutual correlations among maximum amount of change of cell-surface thiols (MAC value) in the SH test, CV75 value (concentration giving 75% cell viability) in a cytotoxicity assay, EC150 and EC200 values (thresholds concentrations of CD86 and CD54 expression, respectively) in h-CLAT and published LLNA thresholds of 64 chemicals. Based on the results, we selected MAC value and the minimum of CV75, EC150 (CD86) and EC200 (CD54) as descriptors for the input layer of an artificial neural network (ANN) system. The ANN-predicted values were well correlated with reported LLNA thresholds. We also found a correlation between the SH test and the peptide-binding assay used to evaluate hapten-protein complex formation. Thus, this model, which we designate as the "iSENS ver. 1", may be useful for risk assessment of skin sensitization potential of chemicals from in vitro test data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morihiko Hirota
- Shiseido Research Center, Shiseido Co Ltd, 2-12-1 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-8643, Japan.
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13
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Martin SF, Esser PR, Weber FC, Jakob T, Freudenberg MA, Schmidt M, Goebeler M. Mechanisms of chemical-induced innate immunity in allergic contact dermatitis. Allergy 2011; 66:1152-63. [PMID: 21599706 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02652.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is one of the most prevalent occupational skin diseases and causes severe and long-lasting health problems in the case of chronification. It is initiated by an innate inflammatory immune response to skin contact with low molecular weight chemicals that results in the priming of chemical-specific, skin-homing CD8(+) Tc1/Tc17 and CD4(+) Th1/Th17 cells. Following this sensitization step, T lymphocytes infiltrate the inflamed skin upon challenge with the same chemical. The T cells then exert cytotoxic function and secrete inflammatory mediators to produce an eczematous skin reaction. The recent characterization of the mechanisms underlying the innate inflammatory response has revealed that contact allergens activate innate effector mechanisms and signalling pathways that are also involved in anti-infectious immunity. This emerging analogy implies infection as a potential trigger or amplifier of the sensitization to contact allergens. Moreover, new mechanistic insights into the induction of ACD identify potential targets for preventive and therapeutic intervention. We summarize here the latest findings in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 7, Freiburg, Germany.
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14
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Stephan MT, Irvine DJ. Enhancing Cell therapies from the Outside In: Cell Surface Engineering Using Synthetic Nanomaterials. NANO TODAY 2011; 6:309-325. [PMID: 21826117 PMCID: PMC3148657 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic treatments based on the injection of living cells are in clinical use and preclinical development for diseases ranging from cancer to cardiovascular disease to diabetes. To enhance the function of therapeutic cells, a variety of chemical and materials science strategies are being developed that engineer the surface of therapeutic cells with new molecules, artificial receptors, and multifunctional nanomaterials, synthetically endowing donor cells with new properties and functions. These approaches offer a powerful complement to traditional genetic engineering strategies for enhancing the function of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias T. Stephan
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Darrell J. Irvine
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT and Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
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Adler S, Basketter D, Creton S, Pelkonen O, van Benthem J, Zuang V, Andersen KE, Angers-Loustau A, Aptula A, Bal-Price A, Benfenati E, Bernauer U, Bessems J, Bois FY, Boobis A, Brandon E, Bremer S, Broschard T, Casati S, Coecke S, Corvi R, Cronin M, Daston G, Dekant W, Felter S, Grignard E, Gundert-Remy U, Heinonen T, Kimber I, Kleinjans J, Komulainen H, Kreiling R, Kreysa J, Leite SB, Loizou G, Maxwell G, Mazzatorta P, Munn S, Pfuhler S, Phrakonkham P, Piersma A, Poth A, Prieto P, Repetto G, Rogiers V, Schoeters G, Schwarz M, Serafimova R, Tähti H, Testai E, van Delft J, van Loveren H, Vinken M, Worth A, Zaldivar JM. Alternative (non-animal) methods for cosmetics testing: current status and future prospects-2010. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:367-485. [PMID: 21533817 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The 7th amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive prohibits to put animal-tested cosmetics on the market in Europe after 2013. In that context, the European Commission invited stakeholder bodies (industry, non-governmental organisations, EU Member States, and the Commission's Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety) to identify scientific experts in five toxicological areas, i.e. toxicokinetics, repeated dose toxicity, carcinogenicity, skin sensitisation, and reproductive toxicity for which the Directive foresees that the 2013 deadline could be further extended in case alternative and validated methods would not be available in time. The selected experts were asked to analyse the status and prospects of alternative methods and to provide a scientifically sound estimate of the time necessary to achieve full replacement of animal testing. In summary, the experts confirmed that it will take at least another 7-9 years for the replacement of the current in vivo animal tests used for the safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients for skin sensitisation. However, the experts were also of the opinion that alternative methods may be able to give hazard information, i.e. to differentiate between sensitisers and non-sensitisers, ahead of 2017. This would, however, not provide the complete picture of what is a safe exposure because the relative potency of a sensitiser would not be known. For toxicokinetics, the timeframe was 5-7 years to develop the models still lacking to predict lung absorption and renal/biliary excretion, and even longer to integrate the methods to fully replace the animal toxicokinetic models. For the systemic toxicological endpoints of repeated dose toxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity, the time horizon for full replacement could not be estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Adler
- Centre for Documentation and Evaluation of Alternatives to Animal Experiments (ZEBET), Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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16
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Hirota M, Motoyama A, Suzuki M, Yanagi M, Kitagaki M, Kouzuki H, Hagino S, Itagaki H, Sasa H, Kagatani S, Aiba S. Changes of cell-surface thiols and intracellular signaling in human monocytic cell line THP-1 treated with diphenylcyclopropenone. J Toxicol Sci 2011; 35:871-9. [PMID: 21139337 DOI: 10.2131/jts.35.871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Changes of cell-surface thiols induced by chemical treatment may affect the conformations of membrane proteins and intracellular signaling mechanisms. In our previous study, we found that a non-toxic dose of diphenylcyclopropene (DPCP), which is a potent skin sensitizer, induced an increase of cell-surface thiols in cells of a human monocytic cell line, THP-1. Here, we examined the influence of DPCP on intracellular signaling. First, we confirmed that DPCP induced an increase of cell-surface thiols not only in THP-1 cells, but also in primary monocytes. The intracellular reduced-form glutathione/oxidized-form glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG ratio) was not affected by DPCP treatment. By means of labeling with a membrane-impermeable thiol-reactive compound, Alexa Fluor 488 C5 maleimide (AFM), followed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), we identified several proteins whose thiol contents were modified in response to DPCP. These proteins included cell membrane components, such as actin and β-tubulin, molecular chaperones, such as heat shock protein 27A and 70, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-inducible proteins. Next, we confirmed the expression in DPCP-treated cells of spliced XBP1, a known marker of ER stress. We also detected the phosphorylation of SAPK/JNK and p38 MAPK, which are downstream signaling molecules in the IRE1α-ASK1 pathway, which is activated by ER stress. These data suggested that increase of cell-surface thiols might be associated with activation of ER stress-mediated signaling.
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17
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Neves BM, Gonçalo M, Figueiredo A, Duarte CB, Lopes MC, Cruz MT. Signal transduction profile of chemical sensitisers in dendritic cells: an endpoint to be included in a cell-based in vitro alternative approach to hazard identification? Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 250:87-95. [PMID: 20950635 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of non-animal testing methods for the assessment of skin sensitisation potential is an urgent challenge within the framework of existing and forthcoming legislation. Efforts have been made to replace current animal tests, but so far no alternative methods have been developed. It is widely recognised that alternatives to animal testing cannot be accomplished with a single approach, but rather will require the integration of results obtained from different in vitro and in silico assays. The argument subjacent to the development of in vitro dendritic cell (DC)-based assays is that sensitiser-induced changes in the DC phenotype can be differentiated from those induced by irritants. This assumption is derived from the unique capacity of DC to convert environmental signals encountered at the skin into a receptor expression pattern (MHC class II molecules, co-stimulatory molecules, chemokine receptors) and a soluble mediator release profile that will stimulate T lymphocytes. Since signal transduction cascades precede changes in surface marker expression and cytokine/chemokine secretion, these phenotypic modifications are a consequence of a signal transduction profile that is specifically triggered by sensitisers and not by irritants. A limited number of studies have addressed this subject and the present review attempts to summarise and highlight all of the signalling pathways modulated by skin sensitisers and irritants. Furthermore, we conclude this review by focusing on the most promising strategies suitable for inclusion into a cell-based in vitro alternative approach to hazard identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Miguel Neves
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal
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18
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Dietz L, Esser PR, Schmucker SS, Goette I, Richter A, Schnölzer M, Martin SF, Thierse HJ. Tracking human contact allergens: from mass spectrometric identification of peptide-bound reactive small chemicals to chemical-specific naive human T-cell priming. Toxicol Sci 2010; 117:336-47. [PMID: 20631061 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modification of proteins by reactive small chemicals is a key step in the activation of chemical-specific T cells in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). However, an integrated approach to characterize both the precise nature of chemically modified proteins and the chemical-specific T cells is currently lacking. Here, we analyze the molecular conditions for adduct formation of the strong human contact sensitizer 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and its water-soluble form, 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (DNBS), with both an all amino acid-containing model peptide (± Cys) and the protein human serum albumin (HSA). Mass spectrometric detection and quantification revealed thiol-dependent peptide adduct formation at all pH values found in human skin layers. Highest modification rates were obtained with DNBS. Accordingly, DNBS- but not DNCB-modified human immature dendritic cells (iDC) induced in vitro primary human T-cell responses as did 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-modified iDC as measured by dinitrophenyl (DNP)- and trinitrophenyl (TNP)-specific T-cell proliferation and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets. Moreover, DNP-modified HSA protein effectively induced primary T-cell responses when processed by iDC. Thus, an integrated approach that combines efficient skin-related in chemico coupling analyses with an in vitro T-cell priming assay can be used to predict in vivo reactions of chemical contact allergens with extracellular and cellular proteins. This strategy supports the development of chemical-specific in vitro assays that are urgently required in predictive hazard identification and risk assessment of allergenic and nonallergenic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Dietz
- Laboratory of Immunology & Proteomics, Department of Dermatology and University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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Migdal C, Foggia L, Tailhardat M, Courtellemont P, Haftek M, Serres M. Sensitization effect of thimerosal is mediated in vitro via reactive oxygen species and calcium signaling. Toxicology 2010; 274:1-9. [PMID: 20457211 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thimerosal, a mercury derivative composed of ethyl mercury chloride (EtHgCl) and thiosalicylic acid (TSA), is widely used as a preservative in vaccines and cosmetic products and causes cutaneous reactions. Since dendritic cells (DCs) play an essential role in the immune response, the sensitization potency of chemicals was studied in vitro using U937, a human promyelomonocytic cell line that is used as a surrogate of monocytic differentiation and activation. Currently, this cell line is under ECVAM (European Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods) validation as an alternative method for discriminating chemicals. Thimerosal and mercury derivatives induced in U937 an overexpression of CD86 and interleukin (IL)-8 secretion similarly to 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB), a sensitizer used as a positive control for DC activation. Non-sensitizers, dichloronitrobenzene (DCNB), TSA and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), an irritant, had no effect. U937 activation was prevented by cell pretreatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) but not with thiol-independent antioxidants except vitamin E which affected CD86 expression by preventing lipid peroxidation of cell membranes. Thimerosal, EtHgCl and DNCB induced glutathione (GSH) depletion and reactive oxygen species (ROS) within 15 min; another peak was detected after 2h for mercury compounds only. MitoSOX, a specific mitochondrial fluorescent probe, confirmed that ROS were essentially produced by mitochondria in correlation with its membrane depolarization. Changes in mitochondrial membrane permeability induced by mercury were reversed by NAC but not by thiol-independent antioxidants. Thimerosal and EtHgCl also induced a calcium (Ca2+) influx with a peak at 3h, suggesting that Ca2+ influx is a secondary event following ROS induction as Ca2+ influx was suppressed after pretreatment with NAC but not with thiol-independent antioxidants. Ca2+ influx was also suppressed when culture medium was deprived of Ca2+ confirming the specificity of the measure. In conclusion, these data suggest that thimerosal induced U937 activation via oxidative stress from mitochondrial stores and mitochondrial membrane depolarization with a primordial effect of thiol groups. A cross-talk between ROS and Ca2+ influx was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Migdal
- EA 41-69, Université Lyon 1, Pavillon R, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, 69437 Lyon Cedex 03, France
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Kagatani S, Sasaki Y, Hirota M, Mizuashi M, Suzuki M, Ohtani T, Itagaki H, Aiba S. Oxidation of Cell Surface Thiol Groups by Contact Sensitizers Triggers the Maturation of Dendritic Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:175-83. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Kurowska E, Bal W. Recent Advances in Molecular Toxicology of Cadmium and Nickel. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-0854(10)04003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Evaluation of changes of cell-surface thiols as a new biomarker for in vitro sensitization test. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:687-96. [PMID: 19490838 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to find a novel biomarker for a simple assay to predict skin sensitization, we evaluated cell-surface thiols as a biomarker reflecting intracellular signaling in THP-1 cells (human monocytic cell line). First, we found that a decrease of cell-surface thiols on hapten-treated THP-1 cells was induced in parallel with phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. Next, we confirmed that 2-mercaptoethanol in the culture medium and the differentiation state of THP-1 cells did not affect the changes of cell-surface thiols by hapten. Changes of cell-surface thiols on THP-1 cells were detected after 2h treatment with most allergens (e.g., DNCB, NiSO(4)), as well as some non-allergens (e.g., Tween80, benzalkonium chloride), though other non-allergens (e.g., SDS, glycerol) had no effect. When either a significant decrease or increase of cell-surface thiols (more than 15% in each case) was used as a criterion, the results using 36 allergens and 16 non-allergens were in good accordance with those of in vivo assays. Finally, we confirmed that ATP, which is released as a consequence of cytotoxicity, did not affect the changes of cell-surface thiols. Our results suggest that changes of cell-surface thiols may be useful for an in vitro sensitization assay, which we designate as the SH test.
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