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Posobiec LM, Kopp C, Murzyn SM, Olitan T, Rendemonti J, French J, Tamborini E, Campey J, Longo M, Danberry T, Vaillancourt M, Nowland W, Daoud M, Qualls C, Harris SB. Harmonization of criteria and terminology in fetal rat skeletal evaluations. Birth Defects Res 2023. [PMID: 37243321 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A survey of laboratories in North American and Europe that routinely conduct fetal skeletal examinations was performed with the purpose of (1) understanding current terminology used for classifying skeletal findings in developmental toxicity (DT) studies and (2) understanding the criteria used to identify relatively common findings that sufficiently deviate from normal. The goal was to promote terminology harmonization and improve interlaboratory consistency in the criteria used to identify developmental anomalies. METHODS The survey, designed based on terminology for developmental anomalies recommended by an international collaboration (Makris et al., Congenital Anomalies, 2009;49(3):123-246), was conducted by a subgroup (authors of this publication) of the Royal Society of Biology's International Register of Fetal Morphologists (IRFM). RESULTS Individual and summarized anonymized responses are provided here. The authors, who are expert fetal morphologists with experience performing fetal examinations, reviewed the responses and generated recommendations on preferred terminology and criteria for determining when morphological variations deviate from normal and warrant recording of the findings for skeletal observations in Sprague Dawley (SD) fetal rats. The objective of these recommendations is to complement Makris et al. (Congenital Anomalies, 2009;49(3):123-246). CONCLUSION The broad application will improve interlaboratory harmonization of recording fetal skeleton findings in developmental toxicity studies intended for regulatory submissions, including SEND (Standard for Exchange of Nonclinical Data).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Kopp
- Charles River Laboratories, Ashland, OH, USA
| | | | - T Olitan
- TAO DART Technical Consulting, LLC, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - J French
- Syngenta Limited, Bracknell, United Kingdom
| | | | - J Campey
- Labcorp, Harrogate, United Kingdom
| | - M Longo
- Accelera S.r.l., Nerviano, Italy
| | - T Danberry
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - M Daoud
- CRL, Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | | | - S B Harris
- Stephen B Harris Group, San Diego, CA, USA
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Decreased sensitivity to antidepressant drugs in Wistar Hannover rats submitted to two animal models of depression. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2023; 35:35-49. [PMID: 36101010 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2022.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The Wistar Hannover rat (WHR) is a strain commonly used for toxicity studies but rarely used in studies investigating depression neurobiology. In this study, we aimed to characterise the behavioural responses of WHR to acute and repeated antidepressant treatments upon exposure to the forced swim test (FST) or learned helplessness (LH) test. WHR were subjected to forced swimming pre-test and test with antidepressant administration (imipramine, fluoxetine, or escitalopram) at 0, 5 h and 23 h after pre-test. WHR displayed high immobility in the test compared to unstressed controls (no pre-swim) and failed to respond to the antidepressants tested. The effect of acute and repeated treatment (imipramine, fluoxetine, escitalopram or s-ketamine) was then tested in animals not previously exposed to pre-test. Only imipramine (20 mg/kg, 7 days) and s-ketamine (acute) reduced the immobility time in the test. To further investigate the possibility that the WHR were less responsive to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, the effect of repeated treatment with fluoxetine (20 mg/kg, 7 days) was investigated in the LH model. The results demonstrated that fluoxetine failed to reduce the number of escape failures in two different protocols. These data suggest that the WHR do not respond to the conventional antidepressant treatment in the FST or the LH. Only s-ketamine and repeated imipramine were effective in WHR in a modified FST protocol. Altogether, these results indicate that WHR may be an interesting tool to investigate the mechanisms associated with the resistance to antidepressant drugs and identify more effective treatments.
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Masumura K, Ando T, Ukai A, Fujiwara S, Yokose S, You X, Suzuki T, Hayashi H, Nohmi T, Takagi H, Honma M. New homozygous gpt delta transgenic rat strain improves an efficiency of the in vivo mutagenicity assay. Genes Environ 2021; 43:25. [PMID: 34158118 PMCID: PMC8220708 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gene mutation assays in transgenic rodents are useful tools to investigate in vivo mutagenicity in a target tissue. Using a lambda EG10 transgene containing reporter genes, gpt delta transgenic mice and rats have been developed to detect point mutations and deletions. The transgene is integrated in the genome and can be rescued through an in vitro packaging reaction. However, the packaging efficiency is lower in gpt delta rats than in mice, because of the transgene in gpt delta rats being heterozygous and in low copy number. To improve the packaging efficiency, we herein describe a newly developed homozygous gpt delta rat strain. Results The new gpt delta rat has a Wistar Hannover background and has been successfully maintained as homozygous for the transgene. The packaging efficiency in the liver was 4 to 8 times higher than that of existing heterozygous F344 gpt delta rats. The frequency of gpt point mutations significantly increased in the liver and bone marrow of N-nitroso-N-ethylurea (ENU)- and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-treated rats. Spi− deletion frequencies significantly increased in the liver and bone marrow of BaP-treated rats but not in ENU-treated rats. Whole genome sequencing analysis identified ≥ 30 copies of lambda EG10 transgenes integrated in rat chromosome 1. Conclusions The new homozygous gpt delta rat strain showed a higher packaging efficiency, and could be useful for in vivo gene mutation assays in rats. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41021-021-00195-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Masumura
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Ando
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Akiko Ukai
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Sho Fujiwara
- Biotechnical Center, Japan SLC, Inc., 3-5-1, Aoihigashi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu-shi, Shizuoka, 433-8114, Japan
| | - Shigeo Yokose
- Biotechnical Center, Japan SLC, Inc., 3-5-1, Aoihigashi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu-shi, Shizuoka, 433-8114, Japan
| | - Xinyue You
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, 210-9501, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan.,School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hiroyuki Hayashi
- Biologics Business Planning & Operation Dept, Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd, 2-4-16 Kyobashi Chuo- ku, Tokyo, 104-8002, Japan
| | - Takehiko Nohmi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Takagi
- Biotechnical Center, Japan SLC, Inc., 3-5-1, Aoihigashi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu-shi, Shizuoka, 433-8114, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Honma
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
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Antioxidant Effects of Walnut ( Juglans regia L.) Kernel and Walnut Septum Extract in a D-Galactose-Induced Aging Model and in Naturally Aged Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050424. [PMID: 32423149 PMCID: PMC7278598 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant dietary intervention is considered a potential strategy in delaying age-related dysfunctions. In this study of 56 days, we assessed the antioxidant effects of walnut kernel (WK) and walnut septum extract (WSE) in a D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging model and in a naturally aged rat model. Young Wistar rats, treated with D-gal (1200 mg/week), and old rats received daily WK or WSE added to the feed. After 8 weeks, blood, liver, and brain samples were collected and hematological, biochemical, oxidative stress biomarkers, histological, and immunohistochemical analyses were performed. Moreover, acetylcholinesterase activity was investigated in brain homogenates. The outcomes demonstrated significant improvement in cellular antioxidant activity and/or decrease of reactive oxygen species, advanced glycation end products, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, or increase of glutathione after WK or WSE intake in both models. Additionally, WSE showed hypoglycemic effect, and both WK and WSE lowered acetylcholinesterase activity. Both diets could protect neurons against the induced senescence and could reverse the pathological conditions in the physiological aged brain. Thus, dietary supplementation with WK or WSE can maintain the liver and brain health and reduce the risk of age-related diseases, as well as delaying the onset of aging processes.
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Kuwagata M, Senuma M, Todoroki M, Kumagai F, Kumamoto T, Ogawa T. Induction of a thoracolumbar supernumerary rib in rat developmental toxicity studies: A short discussion on the critical window. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2019; 59:190-192. [PMID: 30499140 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Thoracolumbar supernumerary ribs (TSRs) are classified as less severe skeletal anomalies in rat developmental toxicity studies, although their incidence is relatively high in rodent studies. To investigate the characteristics of the critical window for chemically-induced TSR, in this study, rats were administered 5-fluorocytocine (5-FC) or sodium salicylate (SAL) at one of three time periods on gestational day (GD) 9, early morning (7:00 am), midday (12:00 pm to 1:00 pm), or late afternoon (4:00 pm or 7:00 pm). The incidence of TSR and other anomalies were assessed in GD20 fetuses. A single treatment with both chemicals on GD9-induced TSR, with the incidence highest when administered at 7:00 Am, decreasing gradually when administered later. This trajectory was clearer in rats treated with 5-FC than with SAL. The critical period of TSR induction is shorter in rats administered 5-FC than SAL. The characteristics of the critical window may cause variability in the incidence of TSR observed in developmental toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Kuwagata
- Laboratory of Safety Evaluation, Division of Safety, Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Hadano, Japan
| | - Mika Senuma
- Laboratory of Safety Evaluation, Division of Safety, Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Hadano, Japan
| | - Mai Todoroki
- Laboratory of Safety Evaluation, Division of Safety, Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Hadano, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Kumagai
- Laboratory of Safety Evaluation, Division of Safety, Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Hadano, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuo Ogawa
- Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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Kuwagata M, Sakai Y, Tanaka S, Takashima H, Katagiri R, Matsuoka T, Noritake K, Senuma M, Shimizu T, Hojo H, Ibi K, Kudo S, Oota T, Ube M, Miwa Y, Kajita S, Uesugi T, Yabe K, Tateishi T, Nakano N, Taniguchi T, Yamashita A, Hirano T, Kirihata Y, Sakai Y, Nishizawa S, Fujiwara M, Mineshima H, Horimoto M, Ema M. Historical control data on developmental toxicity studies in rats. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2019; 59:125-131. [PMID: 30084506 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Historical control data from prenatal developmental toxicity studies in rats have been used to evaluate whether toxicology outcomes were induced by exposure to a chemical or were within the range of spontaneous variation. These data are also important for monitoring animal characteristics. As a follow-up to historical control data from 1998 to 2010, this study analyzed control data from prenatal developmental studies performed in rats from 2011 to 2015. Data were collected from studies performed by 24 Japanese laboratories, including 15 pharmaceutical and chemical companies and nine contract research organizations, in Sprague-Dawley and two-sub-strains of Wistar Hannover rats. The data included maternal reproductive findings at terminal cesarean section and fetal findings, including incidences of spontaneous external, visceral, and skeletal anomalies. No noticeable differences in maternal reproductive data were observed among laboratories. The inter-laboratory variations in the incidences of fetal anomalies seemed to be due to differences in the selection of observation parameters, observation criteria, and classification of the findings, as well as to differences in terminology of fetal alterations. These historical control data may be helpful for adequate interpretation of experimental results and for evaluating the reproductive and developmental toxicities of various chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Kuwagata
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Sakai
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sho Tanaka
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Ryuichi Katagiri
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiki Matsuoka
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kenichi Noritake
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mika Senuma
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Shimizu
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hojo
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kanata Ibi
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kudo
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takafumi Oota
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ube
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoji Miwa
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shimpei Kajita
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tohru Uesugi
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yabe
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Taishi Tateishi
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nao Nakano
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Akihito Yamashita
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hirano
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuka Kirihata
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yumi Sakai
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shino Nishizawa
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Michio Fujiwara
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mineshima
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masao Horimoto
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Ema
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, Kanagawa, Japan
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Gauvin DV, Dalton JA, Harter ML, Holdsworth D, May J, Tapp R, Zimmermann ZJ, Kilgus Q, Baird TJ. Relative equivalence of CNS safety (FOB) assessment outcomes in male and female Wistar-Han and Sprague-Dawley rats. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2018; 95:2-11. [PMID: 30476622 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In 2006 the National Toxicology Program (NTP) of the FDA shifted to the preferred use of Wistar-Han rats from the more commonly used Sprague-Dawley (SD) strain - and industry followed. While European laboratories preferred the Wistar-Han line, there was a paucity of relevant historical control data in many US research institutions for the new "industry standard" rat strain. In 2010 the NTP reversed its decision and shifted back to SD rats because of reproductive issues with the Wistar strain. For post hoc comparative analyses, we report minimal practical differences in Functional Observational Battery (FOB) data from a large sample of male and female Wistar-Han and SD rats. In summarizing data from the preclinical safety evaluations of the CNS effects of new drugs using the FOB, it is crucial to understand the value of not only how the functional expression of drug effects in the rat are predictive of the human response, but also how and why they differ. What we can predict from the behavioral and physiological response of the designated test system to drug administration is the foundation of "generalizability" to the human's response. Here, we conclude that the use of either SD or WH rat strains in standard CNS safety studies provide equivalent supportive data for CNS safety assessment required for IND approval under the harmonized guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jonelle May
- Safety Pharmacology Department, United States
| | - Rachel Tapp
- Neurobehavioral Sciences Department, United States
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Gotardo AT, Dipe VV, Hueza IM, Górniak SL. Maternal feed restriction during pregnancy in Wistar rats: Evaluation of offspring using classical and immunoteratology protocols. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 36:603-615. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327116660750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies have revealed that impairment of the pregnant body weight reduces the fetal body weight and causes minor changes in skeletal development. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of maternal feed restriction during pregnancy in offspring immune system development. Pregnant Wistar rats were distributed into 5 groups: 1 control in which dams received food ad libitum and 4 experimental groups in which dams were fed restricted amounts of rodent ration (16, 12, 9, or 6 g/rat/day) from the 6th to 17th gestation day. Teratogenicity was assessed using classical teratological evaluation and developmental immunotoxicology protocols. Maternal body weight gain, fetus weight, and placenta weight were reduced for feed-restricted females from the groups fed 12, 9, and 6 g/rat/day ( p < 0.05). No pup mortality was observed immediately after cesarean sections among the groups, and no visceral or skeletal malformations were detected. An immunoteratological study revealed an increase in the relative weight of the thymus and an increase in the phorbol myristate-acetate solution-induced hydrogen peroxide release by inflammatory cells in 21-day-old pups. Alterations in the delayed-type hypersensitivity response and the humoral immune response against sheep red blood cells were observed in pups from feed-restricted mothers. Feed restriction in Wistar rats during organogenesis did not promote structural malformations but resulted in offspring with lower birth weights and promoted significant changes in the immune responses of the rat pups.
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Affiliation(s)
- AT Gotardo
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Research Centre for Veterinary Toxicology (CEPTOX), University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - VV Dipe
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Research Centre for Veterinary Toxicology (CEPTOX), University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - IM Hueza
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (ICAQF-UNIFESP), Campus Diadema, Diadema, Brazil
| | - SL Górniak
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Research Centre for Veterinary Toxicology (CEPTOX), University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
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