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De Vos K, Mavrogiannis A, Wolters JC, Schlenner S, Wierda K, Cortés Calabuig Á, Chinnaraj R, Dermesrobian V, Armoudjian Y, Jacquemyn M, Corthout N, Daelemans D, Annaert P. Tankyrase1/2 inhibitor XAV-939 reverts EMT and suggests that PARylation partially regulates aerobic activities in human hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 227:116445. [PMID: 39053638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The maintenance of a highly functional metabolic epithelium in vitro is challenging. Metabolic impairments in primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) over time is primarily due to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitioning (EMT). The immature hepatoma cell line HepG2 was used as an in vitro model to explore strategies for enhancing the hepatic phenotype. The phenotypic characterization includes measuring the urea cycle, lipid storage, tricarboxylic acid-related metabolites, reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticulum calcium efflux, mitochondrial membrane potentials, oxygen consumptions rate, and CYP450 biotransformation capacity. Expression studies were performed with transcriptomics, co-immunoprecipitation and proteomics. CRISPR/Cas9 was also employed to genetically engineer HepG2 cells. After confirming that PHHs develop an EMT phenotype, expression of tankyrase1/2 was found to increase over time. EMT was reverted when blocking tankyrases1/2-dependent poly-ADP-ribosylation (PARylation) activity, by biochemical and genetic perturbation. Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor XAV-939 blocks tankyrase1/2 and treatment elevated several oxygen-consuming reactions (electron-transport chain, OXHPOS, CYP450 mono-oxidase activity, phase I/II xenobiotic biotransformation, and prandial turnover), suggesting that cell metabolism was enhanced. Glutathione-dependent redox homeostasis was also significantly improved in the XAV-939 condition. Oxygen consumption rate and proteomics experiments in tankyrase1/2 double knockout HepG2 cells then uncovered PARylation as master regulator of aerobic-dependent cell respiration. Furthermore, novel tankyrase1/2-dependent PARylation targets, including mitochondrial DLST, and OGDH, were revealed. This work exposed a new mechanistic framework by linking PARylation to respiration and metabolism, thereby broadening the current understanding that underlies these vital processes. XAV-939 poses an immediate and straightforward strategy to improve aerobic activities, and metabolism, in (immature) cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof De Vos
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adamantios Mavrogiannis
- Adaptive Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Justina Clarinda Wolters
- Section Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands
| | - Susan Schlenner
- Adaptive Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Keimpe Wierda
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Electrophysiology Unit, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Reena Chinnaraj
- KU Leuven Flow and Mass Cytometry Facility, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vera Dermesrobian
- KU Leuven Flow and Mass Cytometry Facility, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Maarten Jacquemyn
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nikky Corthout
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB Bio Imaging Core, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Daelemans
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; BioNotus GCV, 2845 Niel, Belgium.
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Jaume G, Peeters T, Song AH, Pettit R, Williamson DFK, Oldenburg L, Vaidya A, de Brot S, Chen RJ, Thiran JP, Le LP, Gerber G, Mahmood F. AI-driven Discovery of Morphomolecular Signatures in Toxicology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.19.604355. [PMID: 39091765 PMCID: PMC11291055 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.19.604355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Early identification of drug toxicity is essential yet challenging in drug development. At the preclinical stage, toxicity is assessed with histopathological examination of tissue sections from animal models to detect morphological lesions. To complement this analysis, toxicogenomics is increasingly employed to understand the mechanism of action of the compound and ultimately identify lesion-specific safety biomarkers for which in vitro assays can be designed. However, existing works that aim to identify morphological correlates of expression changes rely on qualitative or semi-quantitative morphological characterization and remain limited in scale or morphological diversity. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers a promising approach for quantitatively modeling this relationship at an unprecedented scale. Here, we introduce GEESE, an AI model designed to impute morphomolecular signatures in toxicology data. Our model was trained to predict 1,536 gene targets on a cohort of 8,231 hematoxylin and eosin-stained liver sections from Rattus norvegicus across 127 preclinical toxicity studies. The model, evaluated on 2,002 tissue sections from 29 held-out studies, can yield pseudo-spatially resolved gene expression maps, which we correlate with six key drug-induced liver injuries (DILI). From the resulting 25 million lesion-expression pairs, we established quantitative relations between up and downregulated genes and lesions. Validation of these signatures against toxicogenomic databases, pathway enrichment analyses, and human hepatocyte cell lines asserted their relevance. Overall, our study introduces new methods for characterizing toxicity at an unprecedented scale and granularity, paving the way for AI-driven discovery of toxicity biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Jaume
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Cancer Data Science Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Thomas Peeters
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Signal Processing Laboratory, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrew H. Song
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Cancer Data Science Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Rowland Pettit
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Drew F. K. Williamson
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lukas Oldenburg
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Anurag Vaidya
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Cancer Data Science Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard-MIT, Cambridge, MA
| | - Simone de Brot
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse, University of Bern, Switzerland
- COMPATH, Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Richard J. Chen
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Cancer Data Science Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | | | - Long Phi Le
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Harvard Data Science Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Georg Gerber
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard-MIT, Cambridge, MA
| | - Faisal Mahmood
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Cancer Data Science Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Harvard Data Science Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
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Kaito S, Takeshita JI, Iwata M, Sasaki T, Hosaka T, Shizu R, Yoshinari K. Utility of human cytochrome P450 inhibition data in the assessment of drug-induced liver injury. Xenobiotica 2024; 54:411-419. [PMID: 38315106 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2024.2312505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major cause of drug development discontinuation and drug withdrawal from the market, but there are no golden standard methods for DILI risk evaluation. Since we had found the association between DILI and CYP1A1 or CYP1B1 inhibition, we further evaluated the utility of cytochrome P450 (P450) inhibition assay data for DILI risk evaluation using decision tree analysis.The inhibitory activity of drugs with DILI concern (DILI drugs) and no DILI concern (no-DILI drugs) against 10 human P450s was assessed using recombinant enzymes and luminescent substrates. The drugs were also subjected to cytotoxicity assays and high-content analysis using HepG2 cells. Molecular descriptors were calculated by alvaDesc.Decision tree analysis was performed with the data obtained as variables with or without P450-inhibitory activity to discriminate between DILI drugs and no-DILI drugs. The accuracy was significantly higher when P450-inhibitory activity was included. After the decision tree discrimination, the drugs were further discriminated with the P450-inhibitory activity. The results demonstrated that many false-positive and false-negative drugs were correctly discriminated by using the P450 inhibition data.These results suggest that P450 inhibition assay data are useful for DILI risk evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunnosuke Kaito
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Takeshita
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Misaki Iwata
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Sasaki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takuomi Hosaka
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ryota Shizu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kouichi Yoshinari
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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Segovia-Zafra A, Villanueva-Paz M, Serras AS, Matilla-Cabello G, Bodoque-García A, Di Zeo-Sánchez DE, Niu H, Álvarez-Álvarez I, Sanz-Villanueva L, Godec S, Milisav I, Bagnaninchi P, Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Fernández-Checa JC, Cubero FJ, Miranda JP, Nelson LJ. Control compounds for preclinical drug-induced liver injury assessment: Consensus-driven systematic review by the ProEuroDILI network. J Hepatol 2024:S0168-8278(24)00325-8. [PMID: 38703829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a complex and unpredictable event caused by drugs, and herbal or dietary supplements. Early identification of human hepatotoxicity at preclinical stages remains a major challenge, in which the selection of validated in vitro systems and test drugs has a significant impact. In this systematic review, we analyzed the compounds used in hepatotoxicity assays and established a list of DILI-positive and -negative control drugs for validation of in vitro models of DILI, supported by literature and clinical evidence and endorsed by an expert committee from the COST Action ProEuroDILI Network (CA17112). METHODS Following 2020 PRISMA guidelines, original research articles focusing on DILI which used in vitro human models and performed at least one hepatotoxicity assay with positive and negative control compounds, were included. Bias of the studies was assessed by a modified 'Toxicological Data Reliability Assessment Tool'. RESULTS A total of 51 studies (out of 2,936) met the inclusion criteria, with 30 categorized as reliable without restrictions. Although there was a broad consensus on positive compounds, the selection of negative compounds lacked clarity. 2D monoculture, short exposure times and cytotoxicity endpoints were the most tested, although there was no consensus on drug concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Extensive analysis highlighted the lack of agreement on control compounds for in vitro DILI assessment. Following comprehensive in vitro and clinical data analysis together with input from the expert committee, an evidence-based consensus-driven list of 10 positive and negative control drugs for validation of in vitro models of DILI is proposed. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Prediction of human toxicity early in the drug development process remains a major challenge, necessitating the development of more physiologically relevant liver models and careful selection of drug-induced liver injury (DILI)-positive and -negative control drugs to better predict the risk of DILI associated with new drug candidates. Thus, this systematic study has crucial implications for standardizing the validation of new in vitro models of DILI. By establishing a consensus-driven list of positive and negative control drugs, the study provides a scientifically justified framework for enhancing the consistency of preclinical testing, thereby addressing a significant challenge in early hepatotoxicity identification. Practically, these findings can guide researchers in evaluating safety profiles of new drugs, refining in vitro models, and informing regulatory agencies on potential improvements to regulatory guidelines, ensuring a more systematic and efficient approach to drug safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Segovia-Zafra
- Servicios de Aparato Digestivo y Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Villanueva-Paz
- Servicios de Aparato Digestivo y Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Sofia Serras
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gonzalo Matilla-Cabello
- Servicios de Aparato Digestivo y Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Bodoque-García
- Servicios de Aparato Digestivo y Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Daniel E Di Zeo-Sánchez
- Servicios de Aparato Digestivo y Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Hao Niu
- Servicios de Aparato Digestivo y Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ismael Álvarez-Álvarez
- Servicios de Aparato Digestivo y Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Sanz-Villanueva
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Sergej Godec
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irina Milisav
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Laboratory of oxidative stress research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Pierre Bagnaninchi
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Raúl J Andrade
- Servicios de Aparato Digestivo y Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain; Plataforma de Investigación Clínica y Ensayos Clínicos UICEC-IBIMA, Plataforma ISCIII de Investigación Clínica, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Isabel Lucena
- Servicios de Aparato Digestivo y Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain; Plataforma de Investigación Clínica y Ensayos Clínicos UICEC-IBIMA, Plataforma ISCIII de Investigación Clínica, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José C Fernández-Checa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain; Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Keck School of Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver disease, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Francisco Javier Cubero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain; Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ORL, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joana Paiva Miranda
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Leonard J Nelson
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Faraday Building, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Guo Z, Li H, Yu W, Ren Y, Zhu Z. Insights into the effect of benzotriazoles in liver using integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 187:108716. [PMID: 38723456 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Benzotriazoles (BTRs) are a class of benzoheterocyclic chemicals that are frequently used as metal-corrosive inhibitors, both in industry and daily use. However, the exposure effect information on BTRs remains relatively limited. In this study, an integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic approach was utilized to evaluate the effect of three BTRs, benzotriazole, 6-chloro-1-hydroxi-benzotriazole, and 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole, in the mouse liver with results showing disrupted basal metabolic processes and vitamin and cofactor metabolism after 28 days. The expression of several genes that are related to the inflammatory response and aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathways, such as Gstt2 and Arntl, was altered by the exposure to BTRs. Exposure to BTRs also affected metabolites and genes that are involved in the immune system and xenobiotic responses. The altered expression of several cytochrome P450 family genes reveal a potential detoxification mechanism in the mouse liver. Taken together, our findings provide new insights into the multilayer response of the mouse liver to BTRs exposure as well as a resource for further exploration of the molecular mechanisms by which the response occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeqin Guo
- Medical College, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China.
| | - Huimin Li
- Medical College, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China
| | - Wenmin Yu
- Medical College, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China
| | - Yaguang Ren
- Medical College, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhu
- Medical College, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China; College of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China.
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6
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Chang L, Li M, Zhu Y, Fu Y, Li T, Zhao J, Lv Y, Zhang C, Zhu M, Li Z, Zhao W. Omics-based investigation of pathological liver injury induced by Echinococcus multilocularis infection in mice. Acta Trop 2024; 250:107083. [PMID: 38070722 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) can cause severe liver injury and be fatal if left untreated. Currently, there are no effective therapeutic options for AE-induced liver injury. Therefore, by exploring the changes of gene proteins in mice with damaged liver, we attempted to identify the key molecules of liver damage, and provide data that will enable the development of drugs targeting hepatic AE. METHODS BALB/c mice were inoculated with protoscoleces via the hepatic portal vein. Three months later, B-ultrasound examination and Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining were used to confirm liver damage in mice. RNA sequencing and Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were used to screen differentially expressed molecules associated with liver damage through bioinformatics, and Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to verify their expression. RESULTS B-ultrasound examination showed liver lesions in the infected group, and H&E staining showed liver inflammation, fibrosis and liver necrosis. RNA sequencing and LC-MS results showed changes in the levels of more than 1000 genes and proteins, with upregulation of immune and inflammation pathways. By contrast, the downregulated genes and proteins were mostly involved in various metabolic reactions. Correlation analysis was conducted between the transcriptome data and proteome data. The results revealed 240 differentially expressed genes, of which 192 were upregulated, and 48 were downregulated. Many of these genes were involved in metabolic reactions, such as Catalase (Cat), fatty acid synthase (Fasn), and IL-16 genes, which may have relevance to liver injury. The results of qRT-PCR were consistent with those of bioinformatics analysis. CONCLUSIONS The mechanisms of liver injury in mice infected with Echinococcus multilocularis are complex, involving abnormal metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and many other factors. This study provides the data for preliminary exploration for the development of targeted therapies against AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Chang
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan Ningxia China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan Ningxia China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan Ningxia China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan Ningxia China
| | - Yazhou Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan Ningxia China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan Ningxia China
| | - Yong Fu
- Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan Ningxia China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan Ningxia China
| | - Jiaqing Zhao
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan Ningxia China
| | - Yongxue Lv
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan Ningxia China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan Ningxia China
| | - Cuiying Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan Ningxia China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan Ningxia China
| | - Mingxing Zhu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan Ningxia China
| | - Zihua Li
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan Ningxia China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan Ningxia China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan Ningxia China.
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7
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Khan S, Punnoose K, Bishara NZA, Ali R, Khan S, Ahmad S, Marouf HAA, Mirza S, Ishrat R, Haque S. Identification of potential inhibitor molecule against MabA protein of Mycobacterium leprae by integrated in silico approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:11231-11246. [PMID: 36661253 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2160818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Leprosy is one of the chronic diseases with which humanity has struggled globally for millennia. The potent anti-leprosy medications rifampicin, clofazimine and dapsone, among others, are used to treat leprosy. Nevertheless, even in regions of the world where these drugs have been successfully implemented, resistance continues to be observed. Due to the problems with the current treatments, this disease should be fought at every level of society with new drugs. The purpose of this research was to identify natural candidates with the ability to inhibit MabA (gene-fabG1) with fewer negative effects. The work was accomplished through molecular docking, followed by a dynamic investigation of protein-ligand, which play a significant role in the design of pharmaceuticals. After modelling the protein structure with MODELLER 9.21v, AutoDock Vina was used to perform molecular docking with 13 3 D anti-leprosy medicines and a zinc library to determine the optimal protein-ligand interaction. In addition, the docking result was filtered based on binding energy, ADMET characteristics, PASS analysis and the most crucial binding residues. The ZINC08101051 chemical compound was prioritized for further study. Using an all-atom 100 ns MD simulation, the binding pattern and conformational changes in protein upon ligand binding were studied. Recommendation for subsequent validation based on deviation, fluctuation, gyration and hydrogen bond analysis, followed by main component and free energy landscape.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Khan
- Department of Basic Dental and Medical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ha'il University, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kurian Punnoose
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, College of Dentistry, Ha'il University, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nashwa Zaki Ali Bishara
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ha'il University, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafat Ali
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Shahira Khan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Saheem Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein Abdel-Aziz Marouf
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, College of Dentistry, Ha'il University, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shadab Mirza
- Department of Health Services Administration, College of Dentistry, Ha'il University, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Romana Ishrat
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing & Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Gajęcka M, Otrocka-Domagała I, Brzuzan P, Zielonka Ł, Dąbrowski M, Gajęcki MT. Influence of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone on the immunohistochemical expression of oestrogen receptors and liver enzyme genes in vivo in prepubertal gilts. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2155-2168. [PMID: 37328583 PMCID: PMC10322793 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) are often detected in plant materials used to produce feed for pre-pubertal gilts. Daily exposure to small amounts of these mycotoxins causes subclinical conditions in pigs and affects various biological processes (e.g. mycotoxin biotransformation). The aim of this preclinical study was to evaluate the effect of low monotonic doses of DON and ZEN (12 µg/kg body weight-BW-and 40 µg/kg BW, respectively), administered alone or in combination to 36 prepubertal gilts for 42 days, on the degree of immunohistochemical expression of oestrogen receptors (ERs) in the liver and the mRNA expression of genes encoding selected liver enzymes during biotransformation processes. The level of expression of the analysed genes proves that the tested mycotoxins exhibit variable biological activity at different stages of biotransformation. The biological activity of low doses of mycotoxins determines their metabolic activity. Therefore, taking into account the impact of low doses of mycotoxins on energy-intensive processes and their endogenous metabolism, it seems that the observed situation may lead to the activation of adaptation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gajęcka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Iwona Otrocka-Domagała
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13D, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Paweł Brzuzan
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Fisheries, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 45G, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Łukasz Zielonka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Michał Dąbrowski
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Maciej T. Gajęcki
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
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9
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Yin X, Ma S, Li M, Lu S, Zhang C, Liu H, Li C, Su P, Bai M, Li Y. Study on the hepatotoxicity and potential mechanism of gefitinib based on CYP450 in mice and AML12 cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 2023; 75:407-414. [PMID: 36656101 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gefitinib is mainly used for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. Hepatotoxicity is one of the main side effects of gefitinib, and seriously affects the treatment process of the disease. However, the hepatotoxicity mechanism of gefitinib remains unclear. METHODS The hepatotoxicity of different doses of gefitinib was investigated in mice and AML-12 cells, and the possible correlation of hepatotoxicity with CYP450 was analysed. KEY FINDINGS The toxic effects of gefitinib were confirmed by the increased liver index, decreased body weight and survival rate, injured liver function and histopathology followed 16 days of oral administration. Gefitinib (400 mg/kg) upregulated the hepatic mRNA expression of CYP1A1 and downregulated the CYP2D9 and CYP2D10 in mice. Furthermore, we verified that gefitinib produced cytotoxicity on AML-12 cells in a dose and time-dependent manner, and confirmed that gefitinib (20 μM) induced cell apoptosis, upregulated mRNA expression of CYP1A1 and downregulated CYP2D9 and CYP2D10. Pearson correlation analysis also showed that the hepatotoxicity of gefitinib was positively correlated with CYP1A1 and negatively correlated with CYP2D9 and CYP2D10. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that the hepatotoxicity gefitinib may be associated with CYP1A1, CYP2D9 and CYP2D10. These findings will contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of gefitinib hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Yin
- Henan Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Suzhen Ma
- College of Basic Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Henan Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shuaifei Lu
- Henan Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Changjing Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Caiyin Li
- Henan Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Pan Su
- Henan Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ming Bai
- Henan Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yucheng Li
- Henan Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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10
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Yoda T, Tochitani T, Usui T, Kouchi M, Inada H, Hosaka T, Kanno Y, Miyawaki I, Yoshinari K. Involvement of the CYP1A1 inhibition-mediated activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in drug-induced hepatotoxicity. J Toxicol Sci 2022; 47:359-373. [PMID: 36047110 DOI: 10.2131/jts.47.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Hepatotoxicity is one of the most common toxicities observed in non-clinical safety studies of drug candidates, and it is important to understand the hepatotoxicity mechanism to assess the risk of drug-induced liver injury in humans. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of hepatotoxicity caused by 2-[2-Methyl-1-(oxan-4-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl]-1,3-benzoxazole (DSP-0640), a drug candidate that showed hepatotoxicity characterized by centrilobular hypertrophy and vacuolation of hepatocytes in a 4-week oral repeated-dose toxicity study in male rats. In the liver of rats treated with DSP-0640, the expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) target genes, including Cyp1a1, was upregulated. In in vitro reporter assays, however, DSP-0640 showed only minimal AHR-activating potency. Therefore, we investigated the possibility that DSP-0640 indirectly activated AHR by inhibiting the CYP1 enzyme-dependent clearance of endogenous AHR agonists. In in vitro assays, DSP-0640 showed inhibitory effects on both rat and human CYP1A1 and enhanced rat and human AHR-mediated reporter gene expression induced by 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole, a well-known endogenous AHR agonist. The possible involvement of CYP1A1 inhibition in AHR activation was also demonstrated with other hepatotoxic compounds tacrine and albendazole. These results suggest that CYP1A1 inhibition-mediated AHR activation is involved in the hepatotoxicity caused by DSP-0640 and that DSP-0640 might induce hepatotoxicity in humans as well. We propose that CYP1A1 inhibition-mediated AHR activation is a novel mechanism for drug-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Yoda
- Preclinical Research Unit, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd.,Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | | | - Toru Usui
- Preclinical Research Unit, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd
| | - Mami Kouchi
- Preclinical Research Unit, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd
| | | | - Takuomi Hosaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Yuichiro Kanno
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | | | - Kouichi Yoshinari
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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11
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Mirahmad M, Sabourian R, Mahdavi M, Larijani B, Safavi M. In vitro cell-based models of drug-induced hepatotoxicity screening: progress and limitation. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:161-193. [PMID: 35403528 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2064487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the major causes of post-approval withdrawal of therapeutics. As a result, there is an increasing need for accurate predictive in vitro assays that reliably detect hepatotoxic drug candidates while reducing drug discovery time, costs, and the number of animal experiments. In vitro hepatocyte-based research has led to an improved comprehension of the underlying mechanisms of chemical toxicity and can assist the prioritization of therapeutic choices with low hepatotoxicity risk. Therefore, several in vitro systems have been generated over the last few decades. This review aims to comprehensively present the development and validation of 2D (two-dimensional) and 3D (three-dimensional) culture approaches on hepatotoxicity screening of compounds and highlight the main factors affecting predictive power of experiments. To this end, we first summarize some of the recognized hepatotoxicity mechanisms and related assays used to appraise DILI mechanisms and then discuss the challenges and limitations of in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mirahmad
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Sabourian
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Safavi
- Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Kodama S, Yoshii N, Ota A, Takeshita JI, Yoshinari K, Ono A. Association between in vitro nuclear receptor-activating profiles of chemical compounds and their in vivo hepatotoxicity in rats. J Toxicol Sci 2021; 46:569-587. [PMID: 34853243 DOI: 10.2131/jts.46.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays critical roles to maintain homeostasis of living organisms and is also a major target organ of chemical toxicity. Meanwhile, nuclear receptors (NRs) are known to regulate major liver functions and also as a critical target for hepatotoxic compounds. In this study, we established mammalian one-hybrid assay systems for five rat-derived NRs, namely PXR, PPARα, LXRα, FXR and RXRα, and evaluated a total of 326 compounds for their NR-activating profiles. Then, we assessed the association between their NR-activating profile and hepatotoxic endpoints in repeated-dose toxicity data of male rats from Hazard Evaluation Support System. In the in vitro cell-based assays, 68, 38, 20, 17 and 17 compounds were identified as positives for PXR, PPARα, LXRα, FXR and RXRα, respectively. The association analyses demonstrated that the PXR-positive compounds showed high frequency of endpoints related to liver hypertrophy, such as centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy, suggesting that PXR activation is involved in chemical-induced liver hypertrophy in rats. It is intriguing to note that the PXR-positive compounds also showed statistically significant associations with both prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time and prolonged prothrombin time, suggesting a possible involvement of PXR in the regulation of blood clotting factors. Collectively, our approach may be useful for discovering new functions of NRs as well as understanding the complex mechanism for hepatotoxicity caused by chemical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Kodama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Nao Yoshii
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Akihiro Ota
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Jun-Ichi Takeshita
- Reserach Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Kouichi Yoshinari
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Atsushi Ono
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
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