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Dwivedi R, Bala R, Madaan R, Singh S, Sindhu RK. Terpene-based novel invasomes: pioneering cancer treatment strategies in traditional medicine. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2024; 0:jcim-2024-0131. [PMID: 38996385 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2024-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Health care workers have faced a significant challenge because of the rise in cancer incidence around the world during the past 10 years. Among various forms of malignancy skin cancer is most common, so there is need for the creation of an efficient and safe skin cancer treatment that may offer targeted and site-specific tumor penetration, and reduce unintended systemic toxicity. Nanocarriers have thus been employed to get around the issues with traditional anti-cancer drug delivery methods. Invasomes are lipid-based nanovesicles having small amounts of terpenes and ethanol or a mixture of terpenes and penetrate the skin more effectively. Compared to other lipid nanocarriers, invasomes penetrate the skin at a substantially faster rate. Invasomes possess a number of advantages, including improved drug effectiveness, higher compliance, patient convenience, advanced design, multifunctionality, enhanced targeting capabilities, non-invasive delivery methods, potential for combination therapies, and ability to overcome biological barriers,. These attributes position invasomes as a promising and innovative platform for the future of cancer treatment. The current review provides insights into invasomes, with a fresh organizational scheme and incorporates the most recent cancer research, including their composition, historical development and methods of preparation, the penetration mechanism involving effect of various formulation variables and analysis of anticancer mechanism and the application of invasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Dwivedi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bahra University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Rajni Bala
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Reecha Madaan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Sumitra Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Rakesh K Sindhu
- School of Pharmacy, 193167 Sharda University , Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Vieira Nunes Cunha I, Machado Campos A, Passarella Gerola A, Caon T. Effect of invasome composition on membrane fluidity, vesicle stability and skin interactions. Int J Pharm 2023; 646:123472. [PMID: 37788728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Invasomes have been widely exploited to enhance the percutaneous permeation of drugs. On the other hand, few studies have been dedicated to evaluating how their composition impacts the interaction with the skin, vesicle rigidity and stability, which was the focus of this investigation. Light scattering and spectroscopic techniques were considered for vesicle characterization. The addition of cholesterol (CHOL) into the phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles led to increased membrane rigidity (from PC:CHOL 5:0.5) and a concentration-dependent disorder effect on skin domains. Nevertheless, these vesicles were showed to be less stable. Ethanol, in turn, resulted in larger and more flexible vesicles, which can be attributed to its preferential distribution in headgroups of PC. The effect of limonene on membrane rigidity was dependent on the vesicle composition. It reduced the rigidity when few constituents were considered, but an opposite effect was observed for vesicles containing PC, CHOL, ethanol and limonene. Competitive effects of limonene and CHOL by the same domains in PC could explain these findings. Limonene was crucial to obtaining more monodisperse vesicles and it showed a synergistic action with CHOL in the disruption of lipid domains in the skin. Invasomes were more stable than liposomes. CHOL-free invasomes showed to be stable for up to 40 days at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izi Vieira Nunes Cunha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Angela Machado Campos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Caon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
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The thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of midazolam ring closure from benzophenone to benzodiazepine form, its acid–base equilibria and aromaticity: a quantum-chemical study. Struct Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-02108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe process of midazolam ring closure was studied from the thermodynamic and kinetic points of view by means of quantum-chemical methods. B3LYP/6–311 + + G(d,p) model was employed for gas phase and water environment (polarizable continuum model) calculations. It was concluded that the reaction rate determining step is the first step—carbinolamine formation from amine and carbonyl ends of the opened benzodiazepine ring. The Gibbs free energy of activation was calculated as 35.1 kcal/mol for gas- phase and 33.9 kcal/mol for water environment. Intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations were performed to verify that the transition state really connects the substrate and product. Thermodynamically, this reaction is endoergic with ΔG = 9.6 kcal/mol for gas phase and 10.0 kcal/mol for water environment. However, the next step—carbinolamine protonation with immediate water molecule loss is expected to be fast and activation barrierless, which enables further progress of the ring closure, despite the positive ΔG of the fist step. Next, the protonated imine undergoes deprotonation to final closed ring, pharmacologically active molecule of midazolam. The whole chain of reaction is exoergic with ΔG equal to − 5.6 kcal/mol for gas phase and − 7.7 kcal/mol for water environment. In order to understand the role of other than benzodiazepine/imidazole molecular fragments on the ring closure process, a model was build which contains only benzodiazepine and imidazole rings. The activation barrier for the carbinolamine formation of the model is similar to midazolam in the gas phase but higher by about 10 kcal/mol for water environment. The most interesting difference is however that for the model, the carbinolamine formation step is exoergic with ΔG equal to − 2.2 kcal/mol for gas phase and − 1.8 kcal/mol for water environment. This difference can be connected to complicated conformational shape of the midazolam molecule, which during the ring closure undergoes unfavorable deformations with accompanying rise of the energy of the molecule. The protonation sites for both midazolam and the model were also studied. In the case of midazolam, the preferred protonation site is the imidazole ring nitrogen atom, but in the case of the model it is the benzodiazepine ring nitrogen atom. The aromaticity of the 5- and 7-membered rings were analyzed using two aromaticity—HOMA and pEDA. It follows that larger stability of the cation protonated at the benzodiazepine ring is accompanied with substantial increase of the 7-ring aromaticity in the model of midazolam. The complexes of midazolam and its model with a water molecule were analyzed because they are needed for evaluation of the energy of the whole process of ring closure. In the case of midazolam, the water molecule preferentially connects to imidazole ring, but in the case of the model, complexes with both imidazole and benzodiazepine rings have similar stability.
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Kumar B, Pandey M, Aggarwal R, Sahoo PK. A comprehensive review on invasomal carriers incorporating natural terpenes for augmented transdermal delivery. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-022-00440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Transdermal drug delivery is one of the most widely used drug administration routes, which offer several advantages over other routes of drug delivery. The apical layer of the skin called the stratum corneum is the most dominant obstacle in the transdermal drug delivery, which restricts the passage of drugs across the skin. Considerable strategies have been applied to enhance the rate of permeation across the epithelial cells; however, the most widely used strategy is the use of sorption boosters, also known as permeation enhancers.
Main body
Terpenes were considered as efficient skin permeation enhancers and are generally recognized as safe as per Food and Drug Administration. Terpenes improve the permeability of drugs either by destructing the stratum corneum’s tightly packed lipid framework, excessive diffusivity of drug in cell membrane or by rampant drug partitioning into epithelial cells. Various vesicular systems have been developed and utilized for the transdermal delivery of many drugs. Invasomes are one such novel vesicular system developed which are composed of phospholipids, ethanol and terpenes. The combined presence of ethanol and terpenes provides exceptional flexibility to the vesicles and improves the permeation across the barrier offered due to the stratum corneum as both ethanol and terpenes act as permeation enhancers. Therefore, utilization of invasomes as carriers to facilitate higher rate of drug permeation through the skin can be a very useful approach to improve transdermal drug delivery of a drug.
Conclusion
The paper focuses on a broad updated view of terpenes as effective permeation enhancers and invasomes along with their applications in the pharmaceutical formulations.
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Souza de Araujo GR, Mendonça da Cruz Macieira G, Xavier de Oliveira D, Santos Matos S, Nery Dos Santos Q, Otubo L, Antunes de Souza Araújo A, Cavalcante Duarte M, Moreira Lira AA, de Souza Nunes R, Vitorino Sarmento VH. Microemulsions formed by PPG-5-CETETH-20 at low concentrations for transdermal delivery of nifedipine: Structural and in vitro study. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 214:112474. [PMID: 35338963 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nifedipine is a potent anti-hypertensive, which is poorly orally bioavailable on account of first-pass metabolism, short half-life, and low water solubility. This study aimed to develop a microemulsified system with low surfactant concentration and to evaluate the influence of microemulsion (ME) phase behavior on skin permeation of nifedipine, as drug model. Thereafter, MEs were obtained using PPG-5-CETETH-20, oleic acid, and phosphate buffer at pH 5.0. The selected MEs were isotropic, with droplet diameters less than 10 nm, polydispersity index < 0.25, and pH between 5.0 and 5.2. MEs presented low viscosity and Newtonian behavior. SAXS results confirmed bicontinuous and oil-in-water (o/w) MEs formation. The presence of the drug promoted only very slight modifications in the ME structure. The MEs presented ability to deliver nifedipine via the transdermal route when in comparison with the control. Nevertheless, the skin permeated and retained amounts from the o/w and bicontinuous formulations did not differ significantly. The ATR-FTIR demonstrated that both formulations promoted fluidization and disorganization of lipids and increased the drug diffusion and partition coefficients in the skin. In conclusion, PPG-5-CETETH-20 MEs obtained proved to be effective skin permeation enhancers, acting by rising the coefficients of partition and diffusion of the nifedipine in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Givalda Mendonça da Cruz Macieira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sergipe, Av. Vereador Olimpio Grande, Sítio Porto, Itabaiana, s/n 49506-036 SE, Brazil
| | - Dayane Xavier de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sergipe, Av. Vereador Olimpio Grande, Sítio Porto, Itabaiana, s/n 49506-036 SE, Brazil
| | - Saulo Santos Matos
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, Jd. Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, s/n 49100-000 SE, Brazil
| | - Quesia Nery Dos Santos
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, Jd. Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, s/n 49100-000 SE, Brazil
| | - Larissa Otubo
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN, Cidade Universitária, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, São Paulo, CEP 05508-000 SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano Antunes de Souza Araújo
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, Jd. Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, s/n 49100-000 SE, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Cavalcante Duarte
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, Jd. Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, s/n 49100-000 SE, Brazil
| | - Ana Amélia Moreira Lira
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, Jd. Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, s/n 49100-000 SE, Brazil
| | - Rogéria de Souza Nunes
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, Jd. Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, s/n 49100-000 SE, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Vitorino Sarmento
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sergipe, Av. Vereador Olimpio Grande, Sítio Porto, Itabaiana, s/n 49506-036 SE, Brazil.
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Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, dl-limonene (racemic), CAS Registry Number 138-86-3. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 161 Suppl 1:112764. [PMID: 34896183 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Member Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE, 20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member Expert Panel, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - J Buschmann
- Member Expert Panel, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - M A Cancellieri
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- Member Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member Expert Panel, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Kumar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I Lee
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - H Moustakas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member of Expert Panel, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - D Selechnik
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - F Siddiqi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member Expert Panel, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Editor-in-Chief, Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
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El-Tokhy FS, Abdel-Mottaleb MMA, El-Ghany EA, Geneidi AS. Design of long acting invasomal nanovesicles for improved transdermal permeation and bioavailability of asenapine maleate for the chronic treatment of schizophrenia. Int J Pharm 2021; 608:121080. [PMID: 34506923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Asenapine Maleate (ASPM) is a second generation antipsychotic used for the management of schizophrenia but with very limited oral bioavailability due to its extensive first pass metabolism. Transdermal administration of ASPM using nanocarriers like invasomes might offer an excellent alternative to its oral administration with enhanced bioavailability and a sustained action. ASPM-loaded invasomes were successfully prepared by thin film hydration technique; meanwhile the penetration enhancing effect of terpenes (cineole and limonene) was compared to hydromiscible cosolvent (Transcutol®). Soft nanovesicles containing Transcutol® displayed smaller particle sizes than invasomes containing limonene and cineole while invasomes showed higher efficiency to encapsulate asenapine. Ex- vivo skin permeation revealed that invasomes with limonene are more efficient than those with cineole for the transdermal delivery of asenapine. The optimum nano-invasomes formulation contained 1% Limonene and showed particle size of 82 ± 0.6 nm, entrapment efficiency of 56.6 ± 1.5 % and transdermal flux of 3401.6 ± 604.2 (μg/h.cm2). Transmission electron microscopy of the selected formulation showed uniform spherical vesicles with intense outline and lighter core and FTIR study emphasized that ASPM was completely incorporated within the vesicles. The in- vivo pharmacokinetic study revealed that transdermal invasomes achieved 2 folds higher Cmax compared to oral suspension and delayed the Tmax from 1.5 h to around 4 h. The bioavailability of asenapine loaded invasomes after transdermal application was significantly improved to 54.5% compared to the 3.6 % achieved with the oral administration and exceeding the bioavailability of sublingual tablets currently available in the market and exhibited sustained release kinetics over 72 h which permits reduction of dosing frequency to increase patient adherence to medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Sa'eed El-Tokhy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Egypt
| | - Mona M A Abdel-Mottaleb
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Elsayed A El-Ghany
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Geneidi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Invasome: A Novel Nanocarrier for Transdermal Drug Delivery. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020341. [PMID: 32079276 PMCID: PMC7075144 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Invasomes are novel vesicular systems that exhibit improved transdermal penetration compared to conventional liposomes. These vesicles contain phospholipids, ethanol, and terpene in their structures; these components confer suitable transdermal penetration properties to the soft vesicles. The main advantages of these nanovesicles lie in their ability to increase the permeability of the drug into the skin and decrease absorption into the systemic circulation, thus, limiting the activity of various drugs within the skin layer. In this paper, several features of invasomes, including their structure, mechanism of penetration, applications, characterization, and potential advantages in dermal drug delivery, are highlighted. Overall, this review suggests that enhanced transdermal penetration of drugs using invasomes provides an appropriate opportunity for the development of lipid vesicular carriers.
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9
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Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Francis M, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, La Cava S, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, O'Brien D, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y, Tsang S. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, trans-2-Hexenol, CAS Registry Number 928-95-0. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118 Suppl 1:S49-S58. [PMID: 29932994 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - J Buschmann
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - M L Dagli
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Francis
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - S La Cava
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - D O'Brien
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Patel
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Editor-in-Chief, Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - S Tsang
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
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10
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Quiñones OG, Hossy BH, Padua TA, Miguel NCDO, Rosas EC, Ramos MFDS, Pierre MBR. Copaiba oil enhances in vitro/in vivo cutaneous permeability and in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of celecoxib. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:964-975. [PMID: 29600536 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this article was to use copaiba oil (C.O) to improve skin permeability and topical anti-inflammatory activity of celecoxib (Cxb). METHODS Formulations containing C.O (1-50%) were associated with Cxb (2%). In vitro skin permeability studies were conducted using porcine ear skin. Histological analysis of the hairless mice skin samples after application of formulations was achieved with the routine haematoxylin/eosin technique. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the AA-induced ear oedema mice model. KEY FINDINGS The formulation containing 25% C.O promoted the highest levels of in vitro Cxb permeation through pig ear skin, retention in the stratum corneum (SC) and epidermis/dermis of pig ear skin in vitro (~5-fold) and hairless mice skin in vivo (~2.0-fold), as compared with the control formulation. At 25%, C.O caused SC disorganization and increased cell infiltration and induced angiogenesis without clear signs of skin irritation. The formulation added to 25% C.O as adjuvant inhibited ear oedema and protein extravasation by 77.51 and 89.7%, respectively, and that it was, respectively, 2.0- and 3.4-fold more efficient than the commercial diethylammonium diclofenac cream gel to suppress these inflammatory parameters. CONCLUSIONS 25% C.O is a potential penetration enhancer for lipophilic drugs like Cxb that can improve cutaneous drug penetration and its anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan Hudson Hossy
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Elaine Cruz Rosas
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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11
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Ita KB, Popova IE. Influence of sonophoresis and chemical penetration enhancers on percutaneous transport of penbutolol sulfate. Pharm Dev Technol 2015; 21:990-995. [PMID: 26383739 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2015.1086373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of ultrasound and chemical penetration enhancers on transcutaneous flux of penbutolol sulfate across split-thickness porcine skin was investigated. Penbutolol sulfate is a potent, noncardioselective beta-blocker, which is used for the management of hypertension. The drug is one of the most lipid soluble of the β-adrenoceptor antagonists used clinically. It has an n-octanol/pH 7.4 buffer partition coefficient of 179 compared to a value of 22 for propranolol. The amount of penbutolol sulfate transported across the skin is low. In this project, we studied the effect of sonophoresis and chemical penetration enhancers on transdermal delivery of penbutolol sulfate. Low-frequency sonophoresis at a frequency of 20 kHz increased transcutaneous flux of penbutolol sulfate by 3.5-fold (27.37 ± μg cm-2 h-1) compared to passive delivery (7.82 ± 1.72 μg cm-2 h-1). We also investigated the effect of 50% ethanol, 1% limonene and 2% isopropyl myristate (IPM) on transcutaneous permeation of penbutolol sulfate. IPM, ethanol and limonene at the concentration of 1%, 50% and 2%, respectively, increased the steady-state flux values of penbutolol sulfate 2.2- (17.07 ± 3.24 μg cm-2 h-1), 2.6 - (19.40 ± 6.40 μg cm-2 h-1) and 3.4-times (26.38 ± 5.01 μg cm-2 h-1) compared to passive delivery (7.76 ± 2.9 μg cm-2 h-1). The results demonstrate that although there were slight increases in flux values, ultrasound, ethanol, limonene and IPM did not significantly enhance the transdermal delivery of penbutolol sulfate. Future studies will examine ways of optimizing sonophoretic and chemical enhancer parameters to achieve flux enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Ita
- a College of Pharmacy, Touro University , Mare Island-Vallejo , CA , USA and
| | - Inna E Popova
- b Department of Plant , Soil and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho , Moscow , ID , USA
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12
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Api AM, Belsito D, Bhatia S, Bruze M, Calow P, Dagli ML, Dekant W, Fryer AD, Kromidas L, La Cava S, Lalko JF, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, Miyachi Y, Politano VT, Ritacco G, Salvito D, Shen J, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Wall B, Wilcox DK. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, (2E,6Z)-Nona-2,6-dien-1-ol, CAS registry number 28069-72-9. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 84 Suppl:S57-65. [PMID: 26140952 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA.
| | - D Belsito
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - S Bhatia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo SE-20502, Sweden
| | - P Calow
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Nebraska Lincoln, 230 Whittier Research Center, Lincoln, NE 68583-0857, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - W Dekant
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - A D Fryer
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - L Kromidas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - S La Cava
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - J F Lalko
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
| | - Y Miyachi
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - V T Politano
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - J Shen
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN 37996- 4500, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ 85724-5050, USA
| | - B Wall
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D K Wilcox
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
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13
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Api AM, Belsito D, Bhatia S, Bruze M, Calow P, Dagli ML, Dekant W, Fryer AD, Kromidas L, La Cava S, Lalko JF, Lapczynski A, Liebler DC, Miyachi Y, Politano VT, Ritacco G, Salvito D, Shen J, Schultz TW, Sipes IG, Wall B, Wilcox DK. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, (Z)-2-penten-1-ol, CAS Registry Number 1576-95-0. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 84 Suppl:S66-75. [PMID: 26140953 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA.
| | - D Belsito
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - S Bhatia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo SE-20502, Sweden
| | - P Calow
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Nebraska Lincoln, 230 Whittier Research Center, Lincoln, NE 68583-0857, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - W Dekant
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - A D Fryer
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - L Kromidas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - S La Cava
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - J F Lalko
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
| | - Y Miyachi
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - V T Politano
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - J Shen
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN 37996-4500, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member RIFM Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ 85724-5050, USA
| | - B Wall
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - D K Wilcox
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
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14
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Shah SM, Ashtikar M, Jain AS, Makhija DT, Nikam Y, Gude RP, Steiniger F, Jagtap AA, Nagarsenker MS, Fahr A. LeciPlex, invasomes, and liposomes: A skin penetration study. Int J Pharm 2015; 490:391-403. [PMID: 26002568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study compares three vesicular systems, cationic LeciPlex, invasomes, and conventional liposomes for their ability to deliver drugs deep into the skin. Skin penetration ability of the three vesicular systems was studied for two drugs namely idebenone (antioxidant/anticancer) and azelaic acid (antiacne). All systems showed sizes in nanometer range with small polydispersity indices. Vesicular systems were characterized by CryoTEM studies to understand the differences in morphology of the vesicular systems. Ex vivo human skin penetration studies suggested a pattern in penetration of drugs in different layers of the skin: LeciPlex showed higher penetration for idebenone whereas invasomes showed higher penetration of azelaic acid. Ex vivo study using a fluorescent dye (DiI) was performed to understand the differences in the penetration behavior of the three vesicular systems on excised human skin. In vitro cytotoxicity studies on B16F10 melanoma cell lines revealed, when loaded with idebenone, LeciPlex formulations had the superior activity followed by invasomes and liposomes. In vitro antimicrobial study of azelaic acid loaded systems on Propionibacterium acne revealed high antimicrobial activity for DDAB leciplex followed by almost equal activity for invasomes and CTAB LeciPlex followed by liposomes. Whereas antiacne efficacy study in rats for azelaic acid loaded systems, invasomes exhibited the best antiacne efficacy followed by liposomes and LeciPlex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket M Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (East), 400098 Mumbai, India
| | - Mukul Ashtikar
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Pharmazie, Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ankitkumar S Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (East), 400098 Mumbai, India
| | - Dinesh T Makhija
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (East), 400098 Mumbai, India
| | - Yuvraj Nikam
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, 410210 Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Rajiv P Gude
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, 410210 Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Frank Steiniger
- Elektronenmikroskopisches Zentrum, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Ziegelmühlenweg 1, D07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Aarti A Jagtap
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (East), 400098 Mumbai, India
| | - Mangal S Nagarsenker
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (East), 400098 Mumbai, India.
| | - Alfred Fahr
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Pharmazie, Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
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15
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Leite MCA, de Brito Bezerra AP, de Sousa JP, de Oliveira Lima E. Investigating the antifungal activity and mechanism(s) of geraniol against Candida albicans strains. Med Mycol 2014; 53:275-84. [PMID: 25480017 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myu078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans can be a yeast that is a commensal on the human body but can cause opportunistic or pathogenic infections. Candida infections may create serious health problems and as a result has initiated a search for new drugs with an antifungal action. Geraniol is an acyclic monoterpene alcohol with known pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial activity. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antifungal activity and mechanism(s) of geraniol against C. albicans strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined through broth microdilution techniques. We investigated possible geraniol activity on the fungal cell wall (sorbitol protect effect), cell membrane (geraniol to ergosterol binding), the time-kill curve, and its biological activity on the yeast's morphology. Amphotericin B was used as control, and all tests were performed in duplicate. The MIC of geraniol was 16 μg/ml (for 90% of isolates) but its probable mechanism of action did not involve the cell wall and ergosterol binding. In the morphological interference assay, we observed that the product inhibited pseudohyphae and chlamydoconidia formation. Time-dependent kill curve assay demonstrated that the fungicidal activity for MIC × 2 started at 2 h for the ATCC 76485 strain, and at 4 h for the LM-70 strain. Geraniol showed in vitro antifungal potential against strains of C. albicans but did not involve action on the cell wall or ergosterol. This study contributes to the development of new antifungal drugs, especially against Candida spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clerya Alvino Leite
- Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Paraíba (IFPB), Itaporanga, Paraíba, Brazil Mycology Laboratory, Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, 58051-970, Brazil
| | - André Parente de Brito Bezerra
- Mycology Laboratory, Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, 58051-970, Brazil
| | - Janiere Pereira de Sousa
- Mycology Laboratory, Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, 58051-970, Brazil
| | - Edeltrudes de Oliveira Lima
- Mycology Laboratory, Departament of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, 58051-970, Brazil
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16
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Li Q, Yang D, Liu J, Zhang H, Zhang J. Intravenous Lipid Emulsion Improves Recovery Time and Quality from Isoflurane Anaesthesia: A Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 115:222-8. [PMID: 24612915 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Translational Neuroscience Center; West China Hospital of Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Translational Neuroscience Center; West China Hospital of Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Translational Neuroscience Center; West China Hospital of Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Translational Neuroscience Center; West China Hospital of Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Translational Neuroscience Center; West China Hospital of Sichuan University; Chengdu China
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17
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Erdal MS, Peköz AY, Aksu B, Araman A. Impacts of chemical enhancers on skin permeation and deposition of terbinafine. Pharm Dev Technol 2013; 19:565-70. [PMID: 23841559 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2013.813538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Sedef Erdal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116 Beyazıt , Istanbul , Turkey and
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18
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A comparative study of cytotoxic, membrane and DNA damaging effects of Origanum majorana’s essential oil and its oxygenated monoterpene component linalool on parental and epirubicin-resistant H1299 cells. Biologia (Bratisl) 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-013-0196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Viciolle E, Castilho P, Rosado C. In vitro and in vivo assessment of the effect of Laurus novocanariensis oil and essential oil in human skin. Int J Cosmet Sci 2012; 34:546-50. [PMID: 22827296 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00745.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Laurus novocanariensis is an endemic plant from the Madeira Island forest that derives a fatty oil, with a strong spicy odour, from its berries that has been used for centuries in traditional medicine to treat skin ailments. This work aimed to investigate the effect of the application of both the oil and its essential oil on normal skin, to assess their safety and potential benefits. Diffusion studies with Franz cells using human epidermal membranes were conducted. The steady-state fluxes of two model molecules through untreated skin were compared with those obtained after a 2-h pre-treatment with either the oil or the essential oil. Additionally, eleven volunteers participated in the in vivo study that was conducted on the forearm and involved daily application of the oil for 5 days. Measurements were performed every day in the treated site with bioengineering methods that measure erythema, irritation and loss of barrier function. Slightly higher steady-state fluxes were observed for both the lipophilic and the hydrophilic molecule when the epidermal membranes were pre-treated. Nevertheless, such differences had no statistical significance, which seems to confirm that neither the oil nor the essential oil impaired the epidermal barrier. Results collected with the Chromameter, the Laser Doppler Flowmeter and the visual scoring are in agreement with those established in the in vitro study. They indicate that the repeated application of the oil did not cause erythema, because the results observed in the first day of the study were maintained throughout the week. Application of the oil did not affect the skin barrier function, because the transepidermal water loss remained constant throughout the study. The stratum corneum hydration was slightly reduced on days 4 and 5. This work shows that both the oil and the essential oil were well tolerated by the skin and did not cause significant barrier impairment or irritation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Viciolle
- Centro de Química da Madeira-CCEEE, Campus Universitário da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9000-390 Madeira, Portugal
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20
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Zore GB, Thakre AD, Jadhav S, Karuppayil SM. Terpenoids inhibit Candida albicans growth by affecting membrane integrity and arrest of cell cycle. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 18:1181-1190. [PMID: 21596542 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Anti-Candida potential of six terpenoids were evaluated in this study against various isolates of Candida albicans (n=39) and non-C. albicans (n=9) that are differentially susceptible to fluconazole. All the six terpenoids tested, showed excellent activity and were equally effective against isolates of Candida sps., tested in this study. Linalool and citral were the most effective ones, inhibiting all the isolates at ≤0.064% (v/v). Five among the six terpenoids tested were fungicidal. Time dependent kill curve assay showed that MFCs of linalool and eugenol were highly toxic to C. albicans, killing 99.9% inoculum within seven min of exposure, while that of citronellal, linalyl acetate and citral required 15min, 1h and 2h, respectively. FIC index values (Linalool - 0.140, benzyl benzoate - 0.156, eugenol - 0.265, citral - 0.281 and 0.312 for linalyl acetate and citronellal) and isobologram obtained by checker board assay showed that all the six terpenoids tested exhibit excellent synergistic activity with fluconazole against a fluconazole resistant strain of C. albicans. Terpenoids tested arrested C. albicans cells at different phases of the cell cycle i.e. linalool and LA at G1, citral and citronellal at S phase and benzyl benzoate at G2-M phase and induced apoptosis. Linalool, citral, citronellal and benzyl benzoate caused more than 50% inhibition of germ tube induction at 0.008%, while eugenol and LA required 0.032 and 0.016% (v/v) concentrations, respectively. MICs of all the terpenoids for the C. albicans growth were non toxic to HeLa cells. Terpenoids tested exhibited excellent activity against C. albicans yeast and hyphal form growth at the concentrations that are non toxic to HeLa cells. Terpenoids tested in this study may find use in antifungal chemotherapy, not only as antifungal agents but also as synergistic agents along with conventional drugs like fluconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan B Zore
- DST-FIST Sponsored School of Life Sciences, SRTM University, Nanded 431606, MS, India.
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21
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Okyar A, Nuriyev M, Yildiz A, Pala-Kara Z, Ozturk N, Kaptan E. The effect of terpenes on percutaneous absorption of tiaprofenic acid gel. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1781-8. [PMID: 21116781 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-1110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tiaprofenic acid is a potent analgesic and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and like any other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, oral administration of the conventional dosage forms of tiaprofenic acid invariably causes gastrointestinal side effects. In an effort to eliminate these side effects while enhancing the drug concentration at the target tissue, an epidermal application of tiaprofenic acid seems to be an effective alternative drug delivery modality. This study attempts to demonstrate the influence of different terpenes (d-limonene, menthol and nerolidol) in various combinations of preparations on the percutaneous penetration of tiaprofenic acid from Carbopol(®) 940 based gel formulations (1%) in an ex vivo experiment using Franz-type diffusion cells. The enhancement effect of terpenes on skin absorption of tiaprofenic acid was further evaluated by an in vivo method in rats. Amongst the terpenes used, d-limonene was the most outstanding penetration enhancer that was reference to penetration of tiaprofenic acid through rat skin ex vivo. In vivo penetration study shows that the AUC₀(-)₄₈(h) was increased by about 10 fold by the addition of 5% d-limonene to the formulation. Histological studies show that d-limonene causes disruption on the skin surface and is responsible for enhanced penetration of tiaprofenic acid. Since tiaprofenic acid is known to cause gastrointestinal disturbances following systemic administration, topical formulations of tiaprofenic acid in gel form including 5% d-limonene could be suggested as an alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Okyar
- Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul University, Beyazit-Istanbul, Turkey.
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Balaguer-Fernández C, Femenía-Font A, Muedra V, Merino V, López-Castellano A. Combined strategies for enhancing the transdermal absorption of midazolam through human skin. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:1096-102. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Midazolam administration by intravenous or intramuscular injection produces pain and stress. For this reason, alternative methods of administration have been proposed. The transdermal administration of midazolam could improve patient comfort, which is especially important for children in the pre-operative period. We aimed to assess the effect of iontophoresis and chemical percutaneous enhancers applied individually and together, to determine if a synergistic effect is achieved when both enhancement techniques are simultaneously employed.
Methods
This work reports the characterization of the passive diffusion of midazolam hydrochloride through human skin in vitro and evaluates the effect of iontophoresis application and chemical percutaneous enhancers on said diffusion when employed both individually and in combination.
Key findings
Percutaneous absorption assays demonstrated that the physical technique of iontophoresis, when applied alone, moderately increased midazolam hydrochloride permeation flux through human skin, producing a similar effect to that obtained with R-(+)-limonene chemical enhancer. Among the strategies assayed, it was observed that Azone produced the most pronounced enhancement effect when applied separately. The combination of pre-treatment with Azone and iontophoresis exhibited a higher capacity for enhancing the transdermal flux of midazolam through human skin than Azone alone.
Conclusions
In conclusion, when applied individually, Azone exhibited the greatest enhancement effect on the transdermal diffusion of midazolam of the various strategies assayed. The combination of Azone and iontophoresis produce the highest transdermal steady-state flux of midazolam but no synergic effect was achieved when the two enhancement strategies were applied in combination, showing that although selecting the best conditions for iontophoresis application, it is less effective for augmenting the transdermal delivery of midazolam than the chemical enhancer Azone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Balaguer-Fernández
- Departamento de Fisiología, Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Moncada, Spain
| | - Andrés Femenía-Font
- Departamento de Fisiología, Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Moncada, Spain
| | - Vicente Muedra
- Servicio de Anestesiología y Reanimación, Hospital de la Ribera, Alzira, Spain
| | - Virginia Merino
- Instituto de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Centro Mixto, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Universidad de Valencia, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjasot, Spain
| | - Alicia López-Castellano
- Departamento de Fisiología, Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Moncada, Spain
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Transdermal therapeutic system of isradipine: Effect of hydrophilic and hydrophobic matrix on In Vitro and Ex vivo characteristics. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1025-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-0708-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Zore GB, Thakre AD, Rathod V, Karuppayil SM. Evaluation of anti-Candida potential of geranium oil constituents against clinical isolates of Candida albicans differentially sensitive to fluconazole: inhibition of growth, dimorphism and sensitization. Mycoses 2010; 54:e99-109. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01852.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Dragicevic-Curic N, Scheglmann D, Albrecht V, Fahr A. Development of liposomes containing ethanol for skin delivery of temoporfin: Characterization and in vitro penetration studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009; 74:114-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2009] [Revised: 06/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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The influence of alcohol, propylene glycol and 1,2-pentanediol on the permeability of hydrophilic model drug through excised pig skin. Int J Pharm 2009; 374:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Dragicevic-Curic N, Scheglmann D, Albrecht V, Fahr A. Development of different temoporfin-loaded invasomes—novel nanocarriers of temoporfin: Characterization, stability and in vitro skin penetration studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009; 70:198-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Suppasrivasuseth J, Bellantone RA, Plakogiannis FM, Stagni G. Permeability and Retention Studies of (-)Epicatechin Gel Formulations in Human Cadaver Skin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 32:1007-17. [PMID: 17012113 DOI: 10.1080/03639040600599889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
(-)Epicatechin (EC) is a major antioxidant component of grape seed extract which has become increasingly popular in topical skin preparations. This study assessed the following: (1) the permeability through cellulose membranes of EC in three different gel formulations (Carbopol 940, Klucel, and Ultrez 10); (2) the effect of three different antioxidants (butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), alpha-tocopherol (VE), and ascorbic acid (AA)) on the stability and penetration properties of EC; and (3) the permeability and retention of EC in Ultrez 10 gels, supplemented with BHT or VE, on human cadaver skin. Permeability studies through cellulose membranes showed that different gelling agents do not significantly affect the permeability of EC (n = 7/gel; p > 0.05). BHT and VE have antioxidant properties superior to AA (p < 0.05) and preserve 100% of the initial content of EC for 28 days. Permeation studies on cadaver human skin, following application of two anhydrous gel formulations (0.5% EC in Ultrez 10 containing BHT or VE), showed that EC was not detectable in the receiving solution. However, the EC amount in viable skin increased with time, indicating that EC penetrated and was retained in the upper part of the skin for approximately 1% and 3% of the dose for the formulations containing BHT and VE, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Suppasrivasuseth
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
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29
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Topical application of temoporfin-loaded invasomes for photodynamic therapy of subcutaneously implanted tumours in mice: A pilot study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2008; 91:41-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2007] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Dragicevic-Curic N, Scheglmann D, Albrecht V, Fahr A. Temoporfin-loaded invasomes: development, characterization and in vitro skin penetration studies. J Control Release 2007; 127:59-69. [PMID: 18281119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2007] [Revised: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Temoporfin (mTHPC) is a highly hydrophobic second generation photosensitizer with low percutaneous penetration. In order to enhance its percutaneous penetration it was necessary to develop a mTHPC-loaded drug carrier system for enhanced skin delivery. mTHPC-loaded invasomes were developed, characterized and investigated for the in vitro percutaneous penetration of mTHPC into abdominal human skin using Franz diffusion cells. mTHPC-loaded invasomes were prepared using non-hydrogenated soybean lecithin (10% w/v), ethanol (3.3% w/v) and a mixture of terpenes (0.5 and 1% w/v). The invasomes obtained were of a sufficiently small particle size (<150 nm) and polydispersity index (<0.3). The particle size of invasomes increased following an increase in the amount of terpenes in the invasomes. All invasomes possessed a negative surface charge. The vesicles appeared to be unilamellar and oligolamellar, spherical and oval in shape. An interesting phenomenon was the finding that with increasing the amount of terpenes, the number of deformed vesicles in the dispersion increased. In vitro skin penetration data revealed that the invasome dispersion with 1% of the mixture of terpenes showed a significantly enhanced deposition (p<0.05) of the drug in the SC compared to liposomes without terpenes and the ethanolic solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dragicevic-Curic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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31
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Tas C, Ozkan Y, Okyar A, Savaser A. In vitro and ex vivo permeation studies of etodolac from hydrophilic gels and effect of terpenes as enhancers. Drug Deliv 2007; 14:453-9. [PMID: 17994363 DOI: 10.1080/10717540701603746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Etodolac, a highly lipophilic anti-inflammatory drug, is widely used in rheumatoid arthritis usually at an oral dose of 200 mg twice daily. The commonest side effects during therapy with etodolac is generally gastrointestinal disturbances these are usually mild and reversible but in some patients are peptic ulcer and severe gastrointestinal bleeding. To eliminate these side effects and obtain high drug concentration at the application side, dermal application of etodolac seems to be an ideal route for administration. Hydrophilic gel formulations of etodolac were prepared with carboxymethylcellulose sodium. The effect of different terpenes (anethole, carvacrol, and menthol) as an enhancer on the percutaneous absorption of etodolac was also investigated. Permeation studies were carried out with unjacketed modified horizontal diffusion cells through cellulose membrane and rat skin. In vitro studies with cellulose membrane showed that all formulations presented the same drug release profile (p > 0.05). Ex vivo studies with excised rat skin revealed that etodolac was released and penetrated into rat skin quickly. Anethole, a hydrophobic terpene, enhanced the absorption of etodolac significantly (p < 0.05). This result is consistent with the fact that hydrophobic terpenes are effective on the percutaneous absorption of lipophilic drugs. Menthol and carvacrol, hydrophilic terpenes, did not enhance the absorption of etodolac. The lipophilicity of the enhancers seems an important factor in promoting penetration of etodolac through the skin. Since etodolac creates gastrointestinal disturbances, topical formulations of etodolac in gel form including 1% anethole could be an alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cetin Tas
- Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Etlik-Ankara, Turkey.
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32
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Aqil M, Ahad A, Sultana Y, Ali A. Status of terpenes as skin penetration enhancers. Drug Discov Today 2007; 12:1061-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Trommer H, Neubert RHH. Overcoming the Stratum Corneum: The Modulation of Skin Penetration. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2006; 19:106-21. [PMID: 16685150 DOI: 10.1159/000091978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is preferred that topically administered drugs act either dermally or transdermally. For that reason they have to penetrate into the deeper skin layers or permeate the skin. The outermost layer of the human skin, the stratum corneum, is responsible for its barrier function. Most topically administered drugs do not have the ability to penetrate the stratum corneum. In these cases modulations of the skin penetration profiles of these drugs and skin barrier manipulations are necessary. A skin penetration enhancement can be achieved either chemically, physically or by use of appropriate formulations. Numerous chemical compounds have been evaluated for penetration-enhancing activity, and different modes of action have been identified for skin penetration enhancement. In addition to chemical methods, skin penetration of drugs can be improved by physical options such as iontophoresis and phonophoresis, as well as by combinations of both chemical and physical methods or by combinations of several physical methods. There are cases where skin penetration of the drug used in the formulation is not the aim of the topical administration. Penetration reducers can be used to prevent chemicals entering the systemic circulation. This article concentrates on the progress made mainly over the last decade by use of chemical penetration enhancers. The different action modes of these substances are explained, including the basic principles of the physical skin penetration enhancement techniques and examples for their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Trommer
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Martin Luther University, Halle, Germany.
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Femenía-Font A, Balaguer-Fernández C, Merino V, Rodilla V, López-Castellano A. Effect of chemical enhancers on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of sumatriptan succinate. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2005; 61:50-5. [PMID: 15925502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2005.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Revised: 02/18/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of percutaneous enhancers on the transdermal absorption of sumatriptan succinate were investigated by in vitro permeation studies. Pretreatment of porcine skin with ethanol (vehicle), polyethylene glycol 600, Span 20, oleic acid, R-(+)-limonene, alpha-bisabolol and 1,8-cineole (at 5% in ethanol, w/w) produced in all cases an increase in the flux of sumatriptan. The amount of sumatriptan retained in the skin was also determined. Ethanol has showed a low but significant increment on the drug transdermal flux. Treatment of the skin with alpha-bisabolol shows the same enhancer effect than ethanol. Span 20, oleic acid, and polyethylene glycol 600 have shown a moderate enhancing activity on transdermal flux of sumatriptan. R-(+)-limonene showed the greatest ability to enhance the flux of sumatriptan.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Femenía-Font
- Departamento de Fisiología, Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales y de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, Moncada, Spain
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