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Loos NHC, Beijnen JH, Schinkel AH. The Mechanism-Based Inactivation of CYP3A4 by Ritonavir: What Mechanism? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179866. [PMID: 36077262 PMCID: PMC9456214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ritonavir is the most potent cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 inhibitor in clinical use and is often applied as a booster for drugs with low oral bioavailability due to CYP3A4-mediated biotransformation, as in the treatment of HIV (e.g., lopinavir/ritonavir) and more recently COVID-19 (Paxlovid or nirmatrelvir/ritonavir). Despite its clinical importance, the exact mechanism of ritonavir-mediated CYP3A4 inactivation is still not fully understood. Nonetheless, ritonavir is clearly a potent mechanism-based inactivator, which irreversibly blocks CYP3A4. Here, we discuss four fundamentally different mechanisms proposed for this irreversible inactivation/inhibition, namely the (I) formation of a metabolic-intermediate complex (MIC), tightly coordinating to the heme group; (II) strong ligation of unmodified ritonavir to the heme iron; (III) heme destruction; and (IV) covalent attachment of a reactive ritonavir intermediate to the CYP3A4 apoprotein. Ritonavir further appears to inactivate CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 with similar potency, which is important since ritonavir is applied in patients of all ethnicities. Although it is currently not possible to conclude what the primary mechanism of action in vivo is, it is unlikely that any of the proposed mechanisms are fundamentally wrong. We, therefore, propose that ritonavir markedly inactivates CYP3A through a mixed set of mechanisms. This functional redundancy may well contribute to its overall inhibitory efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy H. C. Loos
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos H. Beijnen
- Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred H. Schinkel
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-205122046
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Li H, Shi W, Li C, Zhang X, Gong J, Shi J, Koffas MA, Xu Z. Impact of ethylene glycol on DHEA dihydroxylation in Colletotrichum lini: Increasing the expression of cytochrome P450 and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and enhancing the generation of NADPH. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Yoo SE, Yi M, Kim WY, Cho SA, Lee SS, Lee SJ, Shin JG. Influences of cytochrome b5 expression and its genetic variant on the activity of CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 34:201-208. [PMID: 30992242 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of cytochrome b5 (cytb5) on the drug metabolism catalyzed by CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4. Activities of CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 were determined by using the prototypical substrates tolbutamide, omeprazole and midazolam, respectively. Cytb5 protein and mRNA contents showed large inter-individual variations with 11- and 6-fold range, respectively. All of three P450s showed an increased activity in proportion to the amount of cytb5 expression. Particularly, CYP3A4 showed the strongest correlation between cytb5 protein amount and the activity, followed by CYP2C9 and CYP2C19. The putative splicing variant, c.288G>A (rs7238987) was identified and was screened in 36 liver tissues by direct DNA sequencing. Liver tissues having a splicing variant exhibited unexpected sizes of cytb5 mRNA and a decreased expression tendency of cytb5 protein compared to the wild-type. A decreased activity in the metabolism of the CYP2C19 substrate omeprazole was observed in liver tissues carrying the splicing variant when compared to the wild-type Cytb5 (P < 0.05). The present results propose that different expression of cytb5 can cause variations in CYP mediated drug metabolism, which may explain, at least in part, the inter-individual difference in drug responses in addition to the CYP genetic polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Eun Yoo
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - MyeongJin Yi
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ah Cho
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Seop Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Gook Shin
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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Enhancing the catalytic performance of chloroperoxidase by co-immobilization with glucose oxidase on magnetic graphene oxide. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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5
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Inactivation kinetics and residual activity of CYP3A4 after treatment with erythromycin. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2017; 38:420-425. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Stiborová M, Indra R, Frei E, Kopečková K, Schmeiser HH, Eckschlager T, Adam V, Heger Z, Arlt VM, Martínek V. Cytochrome b5 plays a dual role in the reaction cycle of cytochrome P450 3A4 during oxidation of the anticancer drug ellipticine. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2017; 148:1983-1991. [PMID: 29104319 PMCID: PMC5653753 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-017-1986-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Ellipticine is an anticancer agent that forms covalent DNA adducts after enzymatic activation by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, mainly by CYP3A4. This process is one of the most important ellipticine DNA-damaging mechanisms for its antitumor action. Here, we investigated the efficiencies of human hepatic microsomes and human recombinant CYP3A4 expressed with its reductase, NADPH:CYP oxidoreductase (POR), NADH:cytochrome b5 reductase and/or cytochrome b5 in Supersomes™ to oxidize this drug. We also evaluated the effectiveness of coenzymes of two of the microsomal reductases, NADPH as a coenzyme of POR, and NADH as a coenzyme of NADH:cytochrome b5 reductase, to mediate ellipticine oxidation in these enzyme systems. Using HPLC analysis we detected up to five ellipticine metabolites, which were formed by human hepatic microsomes and human CYP3A4 in the presence of NADPH or NADH. Among ellipticine metabolites, 9-hydroxy-, 12-hydroxy-, and 13-hydroxyellipticine were formed by hepatic microsomes as the major metabolites, while 7-hydroxyellipticine and the ellipticine N2-oxide were the minor ones. Human CYP3A4 in Supersomes™ generated only three metabolic products, 9-hydroxy-, 12-hydroxy-, and 13-hydroxyellipticine. Using the 32P-postlabeling method two ellipticine-derived DNA adducts were generated by microsomes and the CYP3A4-Supersome system, both in the presence of NADPH and NADH. These adducts were derived from the reaction of 13-hydroxy- and 12-hydroxyellipticine with deoxyguanosine in DNA. In the presence of NADPH or NADH, cytochrome b5 stimulated the CYP3A4-mediated oxidation of ellipticine, but the stimulation effect differed for individual ellipticine metabolites. This heme protein also stimulated the formation of both ellipticine-DNA adducts. The results demonstrate that cytochrome b5 plays a dual role in the CYP3A4-catalyzed oxidation of ellipticine: (1) cytochrome b5 mediates CYP3A4 catalytic activities by donating the first and second electron to this enzyme in its catalytic cycle, indicating that NADH:cytochrome b5 reductase can substitute NADPH-dependent POR in this enzymatic reaction and (2) cytochrome b5 can act as an allosteric modifier of the CYP3A4 oxygenase. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Indra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Frei
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Kopečková
- Department of Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Heinz H Schmeiser
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tomáš Eckschlager
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Medical Faculty, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Adam
- Laboratory of Metallomics and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Heger
- Laboratory of Metallomics and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH UK
| | - Václav Martínek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Liu S, Cheng Y, Rao M, Tang M, Dong Z. Muscone Induces CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 Enzyme Expression in L02 Human Liver Cells and CYP1A2 and CYP3A11 Enzyme Expression in Kunming Mice. Pharmacology 2017; 99:205-215. [PMID: 28110334 DOI: 10.1159/000455154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the effect of synthetic muscone on the expression of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 enzymes in human liver L02 cells and in the liver tissue of Kunming mice. METHODS The L02 hepatic cell line was used to study the effect of low (10-4 μmol/L), middle (10-3 μmol/L), and high concentrations (10-2 μmol/L) of muscone on the expression of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 enzymes. In addition, the cytochrome P450 (CYP) expression was investigated in Kunming mice after the administration of 10 mg/kg (low), 50 mg/kg (middle), and 100 mg/kg (high) dose of muscone for 6 days. A mixture of phenobarbital (30 mg/kg) and β-napthoflavone (80 mg/kg) was used as positive control and the effects of the compounds on CYP expression were investigated at the end of 6- and 12-day periods. RESULTS Muscone induced the expression of CYP1A2 (middle and low concentrations) and of CYP3A4 (high concentration) enzymes in L02 cells. In vivo, administration of muscone in Kunming mice revealed significant weight reduction at the end of 6- and 12-day periods (middle and high doses, respectively), compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Liver toxicity scores indicated that the liver injuries in the positive control and high doses of muscone group were significantly higher in the 6- and 12-day periods, compared to those in the blank control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, muscone induced CYP1A2 and CYP3A11 expressions in Kunming mice at the middle dose and all doses during the 12-day period as demonstrated by immunoblotting experiments. A low dose of mucone induced the CYP enzyme expression more rapidly, whereas a high dose of muscone caused the longest inductive effect. The results were confirmed by immunohistochemistry experiments and real-time PCR studies, where similar patterns of muscone-mediated inductive effects were noted. CONCLUSIONS Muscone induces CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 expression in liver cells in vitro and in vivo. In addition, it exhibits liver toxicity in Kunming mice at concentrations higher than 50 mg/kg. The CYP-inductive effect that is caused by muscone encompasses a 6- to 12-day period of activity after drug administration as demonstrated by follow-up in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Lolodi O, Wang YM, Wright WC, Chen T. Differential Regulation of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 and its Implication in Drug Discovery. Curr Drug Metab 2017; 18:1095-1105. [PMID: 28558634 PMCID: PMC5709240 DOI: 10.2174/1389200218666170531112038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cells use several mechanisms to resist the cytotoxic effects of drugs, resulting in tumor progression and invasion. One such mechanism capitalizes on the body's natural defense against xenobiotics by increasing the rate of xenobiotic efflux and metabolic inactivation. Xenobiotic metabolism typically involves conversion of parent molecules to more soluble and easily excreted derivatives in reactions catalyzed by Phase I and Phase II drug metabolizing enzymes. METHODS We performed a structured search of peer-reviewed literature on P450 (CYP) 3A, with a focus on CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. RESULTS Recent reports indicate that components of the xenobiotic response system are upregulated in some diseases, including many cancers. Such components include the pregnane X receptor (PXR), CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 enzymes. The CYP3A enzymes are a subset of the numerous enzymes that are transcriptionally activated following the interaction of PXR and many ligands. CONCLUSION Intense research is ongoing to understand the functional ramifications of aberrant expression of these components in diseased states with the goal of designing novel drugs that can selectively target them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogheneochukome Lolodi
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yue-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - William C. Wright
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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9
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Zhong S, Han W, Hou C, Liu J, Wu L, Liu M, Liang Z, Lin H, Zhou L, Liu S, Tang L. Relation of Transcriptional Factors to the Expression and Activity of Cytochrome P450 and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases 1A in Human Liver: Co-Expression Network Analysis. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 19:203-214. [PMID: 27681103 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9990-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYPs) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) play important roles in the metabolism of exogenous and endogenous compounds. The gene transcription of CYPs and UGTs can be enhanced or reduced by transcription factors (TFs). This study aims to explore novel TFs involved in the regulatory network of human hepatic UGTs/CYPs. Correlations between the transcription levels of 683 key TFs and CYPs/UGTs in three different human liver expression profiles (n = 640) were calculated first. Supervised weighted correlation network analysis (sWGCNA) was employed to define hub genes among the selected TFs. The relationship among 17 defined TFs, CYPs/UGTs expression, and activity were evaluated in 30 liver samples from Chinese patients. The positive controls (e.g., PPARA, NR1I2, NR1I3) and hub TFs (NFIA, NR3C2, and AR) in the GreysWGCNA Module were significantly and positively associated with CYPs/UGTs expression. And the cancer- or inflammation-related TFs (TEAD4, NFKB2, and NFKB1) were negatively associated with mRNA expression of CYP2C9/CYP2E1/UGT1A9. Furthermore, the effect of NR1I2, NR1I3, AR, TEAD4, and NFKB2 on CYP450/UGT1A gene transcription translated into moderate influences on enzyme activities. To our knowledge, this is the first study to integrate Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets and supervised weighted correlation network analysis (sWGCNA) for defining TFs potentially related to CYPs/UGTs. We detected several novel TFs involved in the regulatory network of hepatic CYPs and UGTs in humans. Further validation and investigation may reveal their exact mechanism of CYPs/UGTs regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Weichao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Chuqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Junjin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lili Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Menghua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Haoming Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Lili Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Lan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Burkhardt T, Letzel T, Drewes JE, Grassmann J. Comprehensive assessment of Cytochrome P450 reactions: A multiplex approach using real-time ESI-MS. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:2573-81. [PMID: 26409144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The detailed analysis of Cytochrome P450 (CYP) catalyzed reactions is of great interest, since those are of importance for biotechnical applications, drug interaction studies and environmental research. Often cocktail approaches are carried out in order to monitor several CYP activities in a single experiment. Commonly in these approaches product formation is detected and IC50 values are determined. METHODS In the present work, the reactions of two different CYP isoforms were monitored using real-time electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Multiplex experiments using the highly specific CYP2A6 with its corresponding substrate coumarin as well as the highly promiscuous CYP3A4 with testosterone were conducted. Product formation and substrate depletion were simultaneously monitored and compared to the single CYP experiments. The diffusion-controlled rate of reaction and conversion rates that are used as parameters to assess the enzymatic activity were calculated for all measurements conducted. RESULTS Differences in conversion rates and the theoretical rate of reaction that were observed for single CYP and multiplex experiments, respectively, reveal the complexity of the underlying mechanisms. Findings of this study imply that there might be distinct deviations between product formation and substrate degradation when mixtures are used. CONCLUSIONS Detailed results indicate that for a comprehensive assessment of these enzymatic reactions both product and substrate should be considered. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The direct hyphenation of enzymatic reactions to mass spectrometry allows for a comprehensive assessment of enzymatic behavior. Due to the benefits of this technique, the entire system which includes substrate, product and intermediates can be investigated. Thus, besides IC50 values further information regarding the enzymatic behavior offers the opportunity for a more detailed insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Burkhardt
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Thomas Letzel
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Johanna Grassmann
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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11
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Gnedenko OV, Ivanov AS, Yablokov EO, Usanov SA, Mukha DV, Sergeev GV, Kuzikov AV, Bulko TV, Moskaleva NE, Shumyantseva VV, Archakov AI. [Protein-protein interactions of cytochromes P450 3A4 and 3A5 with their intermediate redox partners cytochromes b5]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2015; 61:468-73. [PMID: 26350737 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20156104468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Molecular interactions between proteins redox partners (cytochromes Р450 3А4, 3А5 and cytochrome b5) within the monooxygenase system, which is known to be involved in drug biotransformation, were investigated. Human cytochromes Р450 3А4 and 3А5 (CYP3A4 and CYP3A5) form complexes with various cytochromes b5: the microsomal (b5mc) and mitochondrial (b5om) forms of this protein, as well as with 2 "chimeric" proteins, b5(om-mc), b5(mc-om). Kinetic constants and equilibrium dissociation constants were determined by the SPR biosensor. Essential distinction between CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 was only observed upon their interactions with cytochrome b5om. Electroanalytical characteristics of electrodes with immobilized hemoproteins were obtained. The electrochemical analysis of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, b5mc, b5om, b5(om-mc), and b5(mc-om) immobilized on screen printed graphite electrodes modified with membranous matrix revealed that these proteins have very close reduction potentials -0.435 -0.350 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Cytochrome b5mc was shown to be capable of stimulating the electrocatalytic activity of CYP3A4 in the presence of its substrate testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Gnedenko
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - A S Ivanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - E O Yablokov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - S A Usanov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of NAS, Minsk, Belarus
| | - D V Mukha
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of NAS, Minsk, Belarus
| | - G V Sergeev
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of NAS, Minsk, Belarus
| | - A V Kuzikov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - A I Archakov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Niwa T, Murayama N, Imagawa Y, Yamazaki H. Regioselective hydroxylation of steroid hormones by human cytochromes P450. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:89-110. [PMID: 25678418 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1011658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews in vitro metabolic activities [including Michaelis constants (Km), maximal velocities (Vmax) and Vmax/Km] and drug-steroid interactions [such as induction and cooperativity (activation)] of cytochromes P450 (P450 or CYP) in human tissues, including liver and adrenal gland, for 14 kinds of endogenous steroid compounds, including allopregnanolone, cholesterol, cortisol, cortisone, dehydroepiandrosterone, estradiol, estrone, pregnenolone, progesterone, testosterone and bile acids (cholic acid). First, we considered the drug-metabolizing P450s. 6β-Hydroxylation of many steroids, including cortisol, cortisone, progesterone and testosterone, was catalyzed primarily by CYP3A4. CYP1A2 and CYP3A4, respectively, are likely the major hepatic enzymes responsible for 2-/4-hydroxylation and 16α-hydroxylation of estradiol and estrone, steroids that can contribute to breast cancer risk. In contrast, CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 predominantly metabolized estrone and estradiol to 2- and 4-catechol estrogens, which are endogenous ultimate carcinogens if formed in the breast. Some metabolic activities of CYP3A4, including dehydroepiandrosterone 7β-/16α-hydroxylation, estrone 2-hydroxylation and testosterone 6β-hydroxylation, were higher than those for polymorphically expressed CYP3A5. Next, we considered typical steroidogenic P450s. CYP17A1, CYP19A1 and CYP27A1 catalyzed steroid synthesis, including hydroxylation at 17α, 19 and 27 positions, respectively. However, it was difficult to predict which hepatic drug-metabolizing P450 or steroidogenic P450 will be mainly responsible for metabolizing each steroid hormone in vivo based on these results. Further research is required on the metabolism of steroid hormones by various P450s and on prediction of their relative contributions to in vivo metabolism. The findings collected here provide fundamental and useful information on the metabolism of steroid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Niwa
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University , Okayama , Japan and
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13
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Henderson CJ, McLaughlin LA, Scheer N, Stanley LA, Wolf CR. Cytochrome b5 is a major determinant of human cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 activity in vivo. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 87:733-9. [PMID: 25657337 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.097394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P450-dependent mono-oxygenase system is responsible for the metabolism and disposition of chemopreventive agents, chemical toxins and carcinogens, and >80% of therapeutic drugs. Cytochrome P450 (P450) activity is regulated transcriptionally and by the rate of electron transfer from P450 reductase. In vitro studies have demonstrated that cytochrome b5 (Cyb5) also modulates P450 function. We recently showed that hepatic deletion of Cyb5 in the mouse (HBN) markedly alters in vivo drug pharmacokinetics; a key outstanding question is whether Cyb5 modulates the activity of the major human P450s in drug disposition in vivo. To address this, we crossed mice humanized for CYP2D6 or CYP3A4 with mice carrying a hepatic Cyb5 deletion. In vitro triazolam 4-hydroxylation (probe reaction for CYP3A4) was reduced by >50% in hepatic microsomes from CYP3A4-HBN mice compared with controls. Similar reductions in debrisoquine 4-hydroxylation and metoprolol α-hydroxylation were observed using CYP2D6-HBN microsomes, indicating a significant role for Cyb5 in the activity of both enzymes. This effect was confirmed by the concentration-dependent restoration of CYP3A4-mediated triazolam turnover and CYP2D6-mediated bufuralol and debrisoquine turnover on addition of Escherichia coli membranes containing recombinant Cyb5. In vivo, the peak plasma concentration and area under the concentration time curve from 0 to 8 hours (AUC0-8 h) of triazolam were increased 4- and 5.7-fold, respectively, in CYP3A4-HBN mice. Similarly, the pharmacokinetics of bufuralol and debrisoquine were significantly altered in CYP2D6-HBN mice, the AUC0-8 h being increased ∼1.5-fold and clearance decreased by 40-60%. These data demonstrate that Cyb5 can be a major determinant of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 activity in vivo, with a potential impact on the metabolism, efficacy, and side effects of numerous therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Henderson
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.J.H., L.A.M., C.R.W.), TaconicArtemis, Cologne, Germany (N.S.); and Consultant in Investigative Toxicology, Linlithgow, United Kingdom (L.A.S.)
| | - Lesley A McLaughlin
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.J.H., L.A.M., C.R.W.), TaconicArtemis, Cologne, Germany (N.S.); and Consultant in Investigative Toxicology, Linlithgow, United Kingdom (L.A.S.)
| | - Nico Scheer
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.J.H., L.A.M., C.R.W.), TaconicArtemis, Cologne, Germany (N.S.); and Consultant in Investigative Toxicology, Linlithgow, United Kingdom (L.A.S.)
| | - Lesley A Stanley
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.J.H., L.A.M., C.R.W.), TaconicArtemis, Cologne, Germany (N.S.); and Consultant in Investigative Toxicology, Linlithgow, United Kingdom (L.A.S.)
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom (C.J.H., L.A.M., C.R.W.), TaconicArtemis, Cologne, Germany (N.S.); and Consultant in Investigative Toxicology, Linlithgow, United Kingdom (L.A.S.)
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Gnedenko OV, Ivanov AS, Yablokov EO, Usanov SA, Mukha DV, Sergeev GV, Kuzikov AV, Moskaleva NE, Bulko TV, Shumyantseva VV, Archakov AI. Protein-protein interactions in the systems of cytochromes P450 3A4 and 3A5. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750814030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Gnedenko O, Yablokov E, Usanov S, Mukha D, Sergeev G, Bulko T, Kuzikov A, Moskaleva N, Shumyantseva V, Ivanov A, Archakov A. SPR and electrochemical analyses of interactions between CYP3A4 or 3A5 and cytochrome b5. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Shirasaka Y, Chang SY, Grubb MF, Peng CC, Thummel KE, Isoherranen N, Rodrigues AD. Effect of CYP3A5 expression on the inhibition of CYP3A-catalyzed drug metabolism: impact on modeling CYP3A-mediated drug-drug interactions. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1566-74. [PMID: 23723360 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.049940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of CYP3A5 expression on inhibitory potency (Ki or IC50 values) of CYP3A inhibitors, using recombinant CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 (rCYP3A4 and rCYP3A5) and CYP3A5 genotyped human liver microsomes (HLMs). IC50 ratios between rCYP3A4 and rCYP3A5 (rCYP3A5/rCYP3A4) of ketoconazole (KTZ) and itraconazole (ITZ) were 8.5 and 8.8 for midazolam (MDZ), 4.7 and 9.1 for testosterone (TST), 1.3 and 2.8 for terfenadine, and 0.6 and 1.7 for vincristine, respectively, suggesting substrate- and inhibitor-dependent selectivity of the two azoles. Due to the difference in the IC50 values for CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, nonconcordant expression of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 protein can significantly affect the observed magnitude of CYP3A-mediated drug-drug interactions in humans. Indeed, the IC50 values of KTZ and ITZ for CYP3A-catalyzed MDZ and TST metabolism were significantly higher in HLMs with CYP3A5*1/*1 and CYP3A5*1/*3 genotypes than in HLMs with the CYP3A5*3/*3 genotype, showing CYP3A5 expression-dependent IC50 values. Moreover, when IC50 values of KTZ and ITZ for different HLMs were kinetically simulated based on CYP3A5 expression level and enzyme-specific IC50 values, a good correlation between the simulated and the experimentally measured IC50 values was observed. Further simulation analysis revealed that both the Ki ratio (for inhibitors) and Vmax/Km ratio (for substrates) between CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 were major factors for CYP3A5 expression-dependent IC50 values. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that CYP3A5 genotype and expression level have a significant impact on inhibitory potency for CYP3A-catalyzed drug metabolism, but that the magnitude of its effect is inhibitor-substrate pair specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Shirasaka
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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