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Niles MT, Wiltshire S, Lombard J, Branan M, Vuolo M, Chintala R, Tricarico J. Manure management strategies are interconnected with complexity across U.S. dairy farms. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267731. [PMID: 35657780 PMCID: PMC9165779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Among one of the key challenges in dairy production is the management of manure in a way that is beneficial for agricultural production, with minimal environmental and public health impacts. Manure management systems (MMS)—the entire system of handling, storage, and application of manure—are diverse in countries with developed dairy industries such as the United States, enabled by a number of different technologies. The ways in which dairy farmers manage manure is driven by varying tradeoffs, including economic, social, and environmental; however, existing research has not examined the relationships between components of MMS. Here we use data from the National Animal Health Monitoring System’s Dairy 2014 study to explore the ways in which manure handling, storage, and application are related, using a series of logistic regression models and network associations. We found significant associations between how manure is handled, stored, and applied, especially driven by the consistency of manure. For solid manure, we found highly heterogeneous systems, where farmers may have a suite of alternative manure management strategies available to them, and substitution is viable. Conversely, farms using liquid manure systems have very few substitutes in their MMS, suggesting greater investment in certain infrastructures, which are not easily changed. Such findings have important implications for shifting farmers towards management practices with minimal environmental and public health impacts, demonstrating that not all farm systems are easily changed. We highlight these results in light of current policies, which may not fully capture the relationships across the MMS, and suggest that greater financing may be necessary to shift MMS on some farms. Furthermore, we suggest that different MMS have varying tradeoffs across environmental, social, and economic aspects, which demonstrates that MMS are highly individualized to a given farm’s goals and priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith T. Niles
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences & Food Systems Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Serge Wiltshire
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences & Food Systems Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Jason Lombard
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Riverdale, MD, United States of America
| | - Matthew Branan
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Riverdale, MD, United States of America
| | - Matthew Vuolo
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Riverdale, MD, United States of America
| | - Rajesh Chintala
- Dairy Management Inc., Rosemont, IL, United States of America
| | - Juan Tricarico
- Dairy Management Inc., Rosemont, IL, United States of America
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Hu Y, Khomenko O, Shi W, Velasco-Sánchez Á, Ashekuzzaman SM, Bennegadi-Laurent N, Daly K, Fenton O, Healy MG, Leahy JJ, Sørensen P, Sommer SG, Taghizadeh-Toosi A, Trinsoutrot-Gattin I. Systematic Review of Dairy Processing Sludge and Secondary STRUBIAS Products Used in Agriculture. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.763020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide dairy processing plants produce high volumes of dairy processing sludge (DPS), which can be converted into secondary derivatives such as struvite, biochar and ash (collectively termed STRUBIAS). All of these products have high fertilizer equivalent values (FEV), but future certification as phosphorus (P)-fertilizers in the European Union will mean they need to adhere to new technical regulations for fertilizing materials i.e., content limits pertaining to heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn), synthetic organic compounds and pathogens. This systematic review presents the current state of knowledge about these bio-based fertilizers and identifies knowledge gaps. In addition, a review and calculation of greenhouse gas emissions from a range of concept dairy sludge management and production systems for STRUBIAS products [i.e., biochar from pyrolysis and hydrochar from hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)] is presented. Results from the initial review showed that DPS composition depends on product type and treatment processes at a given processing plant, which leads to varied nutrient, heavy metal and carbon contents. These products are all typically high in nutrients and carbon, but low in heavy metals. Further work needs to concentrate on examining their pathogenic microorganism and emerging contaminant contents, in addition to conducting an economic assessment of production and end-user costs related to chemical fertilizer equivalents. With respect to STRUBIAS products, contaminants not present in the raw DPS may need further treatment before being land applied in agriculture e.g., heated producing ashes, hydrochar, or biochar. An examination of these products from an environmental perspective shows that their water quality footprint could be minimized using application rates based on P incorporation of these products into nutrient management planning and application by incorporation into the soil. Results from the concept system showed that elimination of methane emissions was possible, along with a reduction in nitrous oxide. Less carbon (C) is transferred to agricultural fields where DPS is processed into biochar and hydrochar, but due to high recalcitrance, the C in this form is retained much longer in the soil, and therefore STRUBIAS products represent a more stable and long-term option to increase soil C stocks and sequestration.
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Rytkönen A, Tiwari A, Hokajärvi AM, Uusheimo S, Vepsäläinen A, Tulonen T, Pitkänen T. The Use of Ribosomal RNA as a Microbial Source Tracking Target Highlights the Assay Host-Specificity Requirement in Water Quality Assessments. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:673306. [PMID: 34149662 PMCID: PMC8206488 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.673306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
For microbial source tracking (MST), the 16S ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) of host-specific bacteria and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of animal species, known to cause fecal contamination of water, have been commonly used as molecular targets. However, low levels of contamination might remain undetected by using these DNA-based qPCR assays. The high copy numbers of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) could offer a solution for such applications of MST. This study compared the performance of eight MST assays: GenBac3 (general Bacteroidales), HF183 (human), BacCan (dog), Rum-2-Bac (ruminant), Pig-2-Bac (swine), Gull4 (gull), GFD, and Av4143 (birds) between rRNA-based and rDNA-based approaches. Three mtDNA-based approaches were tested: DogND5, SheepCytB, and HorseCytB. A total of 151 animal fecal samples and eight municipal sewage samples from four regions of Finland were collected for the marker evaluation. The usability of these markers was tested by using a total of 95 surface water samples with an unknown pollution load. Overall, the performance (specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy) of mtDNA-based assays was excellent (95–100%), but these markers were very seldom detected from the tested surface water samples. The rRNA template increased the sensitivity of assays in comparison to the rDNA template. All rRNA-based assays (except Av4143) had more than 80% sensitivity. In contrast, only half (HF183, Rum-2-Bac, Pig-2-Bac, and Gull4) of rDNA-based assays reached this value. For markers targeted to bird feces, the use of the rRNA-based assay increased or at least did not change the performance. Regarding specificity, all the assays had >95% specificity with a DNA template, except the BacCan assay (71%). While using the RNA template for the assays, HF183 and BacCan exhibited only a low level of specificity (54 and 55%, respectively). Further, the HF183 assay amplified from multiple non-targeted animal fecal samples with the RNA template and the marker showed cross-amplification with the DNA template as well. This study recommends using the rRNA-based approach for MST assays targeting bird fecal contamination. In the case of mammal-specific MST assays, the use of the rRNA template increases the sensitivity but may reduce the specificity and accuracy of the assay. The finding of increased sensitivity calls for a further need to develop better rRNA-based approaches to reach the required assay performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annastiina Rytkönen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ananda Tiwari
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Maria Hokajärvi
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sari Uusheimo
- Lammi Biological Station, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Asko Vepsäläinen
- Environmental Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tiina Tulonen
- Lammi Biological Station, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Sherman JF, Young EO, Coblentz WK, Cavadini J. Runoff water quality after low-disturbance manure application in an alfalfa-grass hay crop forage system. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2020; 49:663-674. [PMID: 33016402 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of low-disturbance manure application (LDMA) on runoff water quality in hay crop forages are not well known. Our objective in this study was to determine surface runoff losses of total nitrogen (TN), ammonium N (NH4 -N), nitrate N (NO3 -N), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved reactive P (DRP), and suspended sediment from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)-grass plots in central Wisconsin after surface broadcasting manure and LDMA compared with no application. Treatments were (a) surface banding (BAND), (b) surface banding with aeration (A/B), (c) shallow disk injection (INJECT), (d) surface broadcast (BCAST), and (e) a no-manure control (CONT). Runoff events were generated (n = 7) from replicated plots following a standardized rainfall simulation protocol. Although runoff was variable across plots and within treatments, mean runoff concentrations of TN (P = .03), NH4 -N (P = .03), TP (P = .001), and DRP (P < .0001) were lower for incorporated (INJECT and A/B) vs. unincorporated (BCAST and BAND) treatments. INJECT had lower mean DRP concentration (P = .02) than A/B and was similar to CONT and had lower cumulative TN (P = .05), TP (P = .07), and DRP (P = .01) loads than A/B. Additionally, TP, TN, DRP, and NH4 -N loads and concentrations were strongly related with soil surface manure coverage extent (R2 = 0.50-0.84; P < .0001), suggesting that manure was a main source of N and P losses. Although INJECT appeared to be the most effective in mitigating nutrient loss in surface runoff, more research is needed to determine LDMA impacts on farm economics, soil properties, and runoff water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Sherman
- USDA-ARS, Institute for Environmentally Integrated Dairy Management, 2615 Yellowstone Dr., Marshfield, WI, 54449, USA
| | - Eric O Young
- USDA-ARS, Institute for Environmentally Integrated Dairy Management, 2615 Yellowstone Dr., Marshfield, WI, 54449, USA
| | - Wayne K Coblentz
- USDA-ARS, Institute for Environmentally Integrated Dairy Management, 2615 Yellowstone Dr., Marshfield, WI, 54449, USA
| | - Jason Cavadini
- Marshfield Agricultural Research Station, University of Wisconsin, M605 Drake Ave., Stratford, WI, 54484, USA
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Rankinen K, Butterfield D, Faneca Sànchez M, Grizzetti B, Whitehead P, Pitkänen T, Uusi-Kämppä J, Leckie H. The INCA-Pathogens model: An application to the Loimijoki River basin in Finland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:1611-1621. [PMID: 27302375 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Good hygienic quality of surface waters is essential for drinking water production, irrigation of crops and recreation. Predictions of how and when microbes are transported by rivers are needed to protect downstream water users. In this study we tested the new process-based INCA-Pathogens model in the agricultural Loimijoki River basin (3138km2) in Finland, and we quantified ecosystem services of water purification and water provisioning for drinking and recreation purposes under different scenarios. INCA is a catchment scale process based model to calculate pollutant transfer from terrestrial environment and point sources to the catchment outlet. A clear gradient was observed in the numbers of faecal coliforms along the River Loimijoki. The highest bacterial counts were detected in the middle part of the main stream immediately after small industries and municipal sewage treatment plants. In terms of model performance, the INCA-Pathogen model was able to produce faecal coliform counts and seasonality both in the low pollution level sampling points and in the high pollution level sampling points. The model was sensitive to the parameters defining light decay in river water and in soil compartment, as well as to the amount of faecal coliforms in the manure spread on the fields. The modeling results showed that the number of faecal coliforms repeatedly exceeded 1000 bacteria 100ml-1. Moreover, results lead to the following conclusions: 1) Climate change does not cause a major threat to hygienic water quality as higher precipitation increases runoff and causes diluting effect in the river, 2) Intensification of agriculture is not a threat as long as animal density remains relatively low and environmental legislation is followed, 3) More intensive agriculture without environmental legislation causes a threat especially in tributaries with high field percentage and animal density, and 4) Hygienic water quality in the River Loimijoki can best be improved by improving sewage treatment. We conclude that this catchment scale model is a useful tool for addressing catchment management and water treatment planning issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rankinen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Mechelininkatu 34a, FI 00250 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - D Butterfield
- University of Oxford, School of Geography and the Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - M Faneca Sànchez
- Deltares, Princetonlaan 6-8, 3584 CB Utrecht, P.O. Box 85467, 3508 AL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B Grizzetti
- European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), via Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - P Whitehead
- University of Oxford, School of Geography and the Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - T Pitkänen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Water and Health Unit, Neulaniementie 4, FI 70700 Kuopio, Finland
| | - J Uusi-Kämppä
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Tietotie 4, FI 31600, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - H Leckie
- University of Oxford, School of Geography and the Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
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6
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Sterk A, Schijven J, de Roda Husman AM, de Nijs T. Effect of climate change on runoff of Campylobacter and Cryptosporidium from land to surface water. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 95:90-102. [PMID: 26986498 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Faeces originating from wildlife, domestic animals or manure-fertilized fields, is considered an important source of zoonotic pathogens to which people may be exposed by, for instance, bathing or drinking-water consumption. An increase in runoff, and associated wash-off of animal faeces from fields, is assumed to contribute to the increase of disease outbreaks during periods of high precipitation. Climate change is expected to increase winter precipitation and extreme precipitation events during summer, but has simultaneously also other effects such as temperature rise and changes in evapotranspiration. The question is to what extent the combination of these effects influence the input of zoonotic pathogens to the surface waters. To quantitatively analyse the impacts of climate change on pathogen runoff, pathogen concentrations reaching surface waters through runoff were calculated by combining an input model for catchment pathogen loads with the Wageningen Lowland Runoff Simulator (WALRUS). Runoff of Cryptosporidium and Campylobacter was evaluated under different climate change scenarios and by applying different scenarios for sources of faecal pollution in the catchments, namely dairy cows and geese and manure fertilization. Model evaluation of these scenarios shows that climate change has little overall impact on runoff of Campylobacter and Cryptosporidium from land to the surface waters. Even though individual processes like runoff fluxes, pathogen release and dilution are affected, either positively or negatively, the net effect on the pathogen concentration in surface waters and consequently also on infection risks through recreation seems limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankie Sterk
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Postbus 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jack Schijven
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Postbus 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Utrecht University, Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Domplein 29, 3512 JE Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Ana Maria de Roda Husman
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Postbus 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Domplein 29, 3512 JE, the Netherlands
| | - Ton de Nijs
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Postbus 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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7
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Ekholm P, Rankinen K, Rita H, Räike A, Sjöblom H, Raateland A, Vesikko L, Cano Bernal JE, Taskinen A. Phosphorus and nitrogen fluxes carried by 21 Finnish agricultural rivers in 1985-2006. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:216. [PMID: 25819924 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4417-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The Finnish Agri-Environmental Programme aims to reduce nutrient load to waters. Using national monitoring data, we estimated the agricultural load (incl. natural background) of total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) transported by 21 Finnish rivers to the northern Baltic Sea and analysed the flow-adjusted trends in the loads and concentrations from 1985 to 2006. We also related the loads to spatial and temporal patterns in catchment and agricultural characteristics. Agricultural load of TN increased, especially in the rivers discharging into the Bothnian Bay, while the load of TP decreased in most of the rivers, except those discharging into the Archipelago Sea. The trends may partly be related to a decrease in grassed area (TP, TN) and increased mineralisation (TN), but the available data on catchment and agricultural characteristics did not fully explain the observed pattern. Our study showed that data arising from relatively infrequent monitoring may prove useful for analysing long-term trend. The mutual correlation among the explaining variables hampered the analysis of the load generating factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri Ekholm
- Finnish Environment Institute SYKE, P.O. Box 140, 00251, Helsinki, Finland,
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8
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Messiga AJ, Ziadi N, Jouany C, Virkajärvi P, Suomela R, Sinaj S, Bélanger G, Stroia C, Morel C. Soil test phosphorus and cumulative phosphorus budgets in fertilized grassland. AMBIO 2015; 44 Suppl 2:S252-62. [PMID: 25681982 PMCID: PMC4329157 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-015-0628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the linearity of relationships between soil test P (STP) and cumulative phosphorus (P) budget using data from six long-term fertilized grassland sites in four countries: France (Ercé and Gramond), Switzerland (Les Verrières), Canada (Lévis), and Finland (Maaninka and Siikajoki). STP was determined according to existing national guidelines. A linear-plateau model was used to determine the presence of deflection points in the relationships. Deflection points with (x, y) coordinates were observed everywhere but Maaninka. Above the deflection point, a significant linear relationship was obtained (0.33 < r (2) < 0.72) at four sites, while below the deflection point, the relationship was not significant, with a negligible rate of STP decrease. The relationship was not linear over the range of STP encountered at most sites, suggesting a need for caution when using the P budget approach to predict STP changes in grasslands, particularly in situations of very low P fertilization. Our study provides insights and description of a tool to improve global P strategies aimed at maintaining STP at levels adequate for grassland production while reducing the risk of P pollution of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimé Jean Messiga
- Environmental and Resource Studies Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8 Canada
| | - Noura Ziadi
- Soils and Crops Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2560 Hochelaga Blvd., Quebec, QC G1V 2J3 Canada
| | - Claire Jouany
- INRA UMR1248, Chemin Borde Rouge, BP27, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
- INPT, UMR AGIR, Université Toulouse, 31029 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Raija Suomela
- MTT, Ruukki, Tutkimusasemantie 15, 92400 Ruukki, Finland
| | - Sokrat Sinaj
- Institute for Plant Production Sciences, Agroscope, Route de Duillier 50, Case Postale 1012, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Bélanger
- Soils and Crops Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2560 Hochelaga Blvd., Quebec, QC G1V 2J3 Canada
| | - Ciprian Stroia
- Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Christian Morel
- INRA, UMR 1391 ISPA, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon Cedex, France
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR 1391 ISPA, 33170 Gradignan, France
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Li H, Liu J, Li G, Shen J, Bergström L, Zhang F. Past, present, and future use of phosphorus in Chinese agriculture and its influence on phosphorus losses. AMBIO 2015; 44 Suppl 2:S274-85. [PMID: 25681984 PMCID: PMC4329154 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-015-0633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Large inputs of phosphorus (P) in chemical fertilizers and feed supplements since 1978 have improved soil P status in arable land in China, but have also created challenges by increasing P concentrations in manure and exacerbating water quality degradation. Arable land in China can be divided into five management zones based on soil P chemistry, with 15-92 % of arable land having lower P status than the agronomic optimum and 0.3-7.2 % having severe risks of P leaching losses. A scenario analysis of soil P budget and agronomic P demand during 2011-2030 highlighted the great pressure China faces in sustainable P management and the need for drastic changes in current practices. This includes new policies to reduce P supplementation of feed and improved P use efficiency by livestock and programs to expand the adoption of appropriate fertilization, soil conservation, and drainage management practices to minimize P losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haigang Li
- Center for Resources, Environment and Food Security (CREFS), China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
- Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Guohua Li
- Center for Resources, Environment and Food Security (CREFS), China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jianbo Shen
- Center for Resources, Environment and Food Security (CREFS), China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Lars Bergström
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7014, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fusuo Zhang
- Center for Resources, Environment and Food Security (CREFS), China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
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10
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Alitalo A, Alakukku L, Aura E. Process design and dynamics of a series of continuously fed aerated tank reactors treating dairy manure. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 144:350-359. [PMID: 23886853 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.06.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A 6-month trial was carried out to study operational conditions and process dynamics in a system of six continuously fed aerated tank bioreactors grouped by serial connection. Feedback was with NH3-stripped solution after biological treatment, with the purpose of lowering the NH3 content of the feedback solution in order to improve the process. The fate of carbon and nutrients during treatment were determined, as well as the ammonia stripping performance of the biological treatment. The results of the study confirmed the dynamic nature of the serial system and indicated its resistance to process disturbances. The feedback of slurry resulted in a dilution effect and significantly reduced the carbon and nutrients concentrations in the first tank, increasing the treatment efficiency. Overall, after mechanical separation, low intensity aeration treatment and ammonia stripping, up to 61%, 67%, 79% and 83% average reductions of TS, Ntot, NH4(+)-N and Ptot, respectively, were reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Alitalo
- MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Helsinki, Finland.
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11
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McConnell DA, Ferris CP, Doody DG, Elliott CT, Matthews DI. Phosphorus losses from low-emission slurry spreading techniques. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2013; 42:446-454. [PMID: 23673837 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2012.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Low emission slurry spreading techniques are known to improve nitrogen use efficiency, but their impact on phosphorus (P) losses in surface runoff has received little attention. The current study was designed to examine the effect of slurry spreading technique on P losses in runoff. Twelve treatments were examined on 0.5- m by 1.0-m plots in a nominal 2 × 6 factorial design experiment. Treatments comprised grass swards at two different stages of growth, a stubble and a 4-wk regrowth, and six different slurry application treatments: control (no slurry), and slurry applied to simulate splash-plate, injection (across and down slope), and trailing shoe (across and down slope) spreading. Slurry was applied by hand (40 m ha). Rainfall simulations (40 mm h) were conducted at 2, 9, and 28 d post-slurry application. When slurry was applied to the stubble, dissolved reactive P (DRP) concentrations in runoff at Day 2 were 47 and 37% lower ( < 0.05) from the injection and trailing shoe treatments compared with the splash-plate treatment. Similarly, at Day 2, TP concentrations in runoff from the injection treatments were 27% lower ( < 0.05) than the splash-plate treatment. In contrast, application technique had no effect ( 0.05) on P concentrations in runoff following slurry application to the regrowth treatment. Phosphorus concentrations in runoff were unaffected by direction of slurry spreading (across or down) at both applications. Our results indicate that trailing shoe and injection techniques offer the potential to reduce DRP concentrations in runoff during the period immediately after slurry application.
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12
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Liu J, Aronsson H, Bergström L, Sharpley A. Phosphorus leaching from loamy sand and clay loam topsoils after application of pig slurry. SPRINGERPLUS 2012; 1:53. [PMID: 23487521 PMCID: PMC3593004 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-1-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate management of animal waste is essential for guaranteeing good water quality. A laboratory leaching study with intact soil columns was performed to investigate the risk of phosphorus (P) leaching from a clay loam and a loamy sand. The columns (0.2 m deep) were irrigated before and after application of pig slurry on the surface or after incorporation, or application of mineral P, each at a rate of 30 kg P ha(-1). The two soils had different initial P contents (i.e. the ammonium lactate-extractable P was 65 and 142 mg kg(-1) for the clay loam and loamy sand, respectively), but had similar P sorption characteristics (P sorption index 3.0) and degree of P saturation (17-21%). Concentrations of dissolved reactive P (DRP) and total P (TP) before P application were significantly higher in leachate from the loamy sand (TP 0.21 mg L(-1)) than from the clay loam (TP 0.13 mg L(-1)), but only increased significantly after P application to the clay loam. The highest concentrations were found when slurry was surface-applied (DRP 1.77 mg L(-1)), while incorporation decreased the DRP concentration by 64% in the clay loam. Thus moderate slurry application to a sandy soil with low P saturation did not pose a major risk of P leaching. However, application of P increased the risk of P leaching from the clay loam, irrespective of application method and despite low P saturation. The results show the importance of considering soil texture and structure in addition to soil chemical characteristics in risk assessments of P leaching. Structured soils such as the clay loam used in this study are high risk soils and application of P to bare soil during wet periods, e.g. in autumn or spring, should be followed by incorporation or avoided completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7014, 75651 Uppsala, Sweden
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Forslund A, Markussen B, Toenner-Klank L, Bech TB, Jacobsen OS, Dalsgaard A. Leaching of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, Escherichia coli, and a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium bacteriophage through intact soil cores following surface application and injection of slurry. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:8129-38. [PMID: 21948848 PMCID: PMC3208979 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05675-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing amounts of livestock manure are being applied to agricultural soil, but it is unknown to what extent this may be associated with contamination of aquatic recipients and groundwater if microorganisms are transported through the soil under natural weather conditions. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate how injection and surface application of pig slurry on intact sandy clay loam soil cores influenced the leaching of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium bacteriophage 28B, Escherichia coli, and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. All three microbial tracers were detected in the leachate on day 1, and the highest relative concentration was detected on the fourth day (0.1 pore volume). Although the concentration of the phage 28B declined over time, the phage was still found in leachate at day 148. C. parvum oocysts and chloride had an additional rise in the relative concentration at a 0.5 pore volume, corresponding to the exchange of the total pore volume. The leaching of E. coli was delayed compared with that of the added microbial tracers, indicating a stronger attachment to slurry particles, but E. coli could be detected up to 3 months. Significantly enhanced leaching of phage 28B and oocysts by the injection method was seen, whereas leaching of the indigenous E. coli was not affected by the application method. Preferential flow was the primary transport vehicle, and the diameter of the fractures in the intact soil cores facilitated transport of all sizes of microbial tracers under natural weather conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Forslund
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Groennegaardsvej 15, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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